FILED
JUNE 24, 2014
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 31609-2-111 ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) BENJAMIN R. CAMDEN, ) ) Appellant. )
LAWRENCE- BERREY, J. - A jury found Benjamin Camden guilty of first degree
burglary and second degree assault after Mr. Camden hit an employee of the PDQ
convenience store, causing the employee to suffer a serious concussion and two losses of
consciousness. Mr. Camden appeals. He contends that the State's evidence was not
sufficient to support the verdicts. He also contends that the trial court erred when it
denied to instruct the jury on fourth degree assault and second degree criminal trespass.
We hold that a loss of consciousness is a temporary but substantial impainnent of
an organ, i.e., the brain, and, therefore, constitutes a second degree assault. We also hold
that where, as here, the facts support a second degree assault, but not a fourth degree
assault, a defendant is not entitled to a lesser degree instruction. We, therefore, affinn. No. 31609-2-III State v. Camden
FACTS
Mr. Camden hit Steven Laws once in the face at the PDQ convenience store in
Dayton, Washington, after Mr. Laws refused to sell Mr. Camden cigarettes or liquor a
few days earlier. Mr. Laws, an employee of the store, immediately reported the incident
to law enforcement. While he waited for the police, Mr. Laws performed other tasks,
such as rewinding the video recording from the store security camera to review the
incident. Mr. Laws's neck, upper back, and side of his head began to hurt. The pain shot
down to both hands and his back.
Deputy Donald Foley arrived. Mr. Laws told Deputy Foley about the pain. The
two men watched the security video. Deputy Foley recognized Mr. Camden. According
to Deputy Foley, Mr. Camden appeared to strike Mr. Laws in the left side of the head
with a closed fist. After watching the video, Deputy Foley noticed that Mr. Laws was still
in pain. He became concerned that Mr. Laws may have a head injury. He saw that one of
Mr. Laws's pupils was bigger than the other. Mr. Laws agreed to go to the hospital.
While at the hospital, advanced registered nurse practitioner (ARNP) Dawn
Meicher examined Mr. Laws. She noted that Mr. Laws was confused about the date and
time and that he lost consciousness twice. Mr. Laws was diagnosed with a grade three
concussion and thoracic and cervical sprain/strain. He was released from the hospital
No. 31609-2-III State v. Camden
after a few hours and remained at home in bed for two days, unable to engage in his
normal activities. For a few weeks after, Mr. Laws was tender, had limited range of
motion, and felt pain.
ARNP Meicher reexamined Mr. Laws five days after the incident. She observed
good range of motion in Mr. Laws's neck, but also found that Mr. Laws was still
experiencing pain in his upper thoracic spine. She allowed Mr. Laws to return to work,
but instructed him not to lift anything over 20 pounds for some time because he needed
time to heal.
Mr. Camden was charged with and found guilty of first degree burglary and
second degree assault. Mr. Camden appeals. He contends that sufficient evidence does
not support the verdict for second degree assault. He also assigns error to the trial court's
refusal to give jury instructions for fourth degree assault. In his statement of additional
grounds for review (SAG), Mr. Camden challenges the evidence used to support his first
degree burglary conviction and the trial court's denial to give a jury instruction on second
degree criminal trespass.
ANALYSIS
ProofofSecond Degree Assault. In every criminal prosecution, due process
requires that the State prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, every fact necessary to
No. 31609-2-111 State v. Camden
constitute the charged crime. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S. Ct. 1068,25 L. Ed.
2d 368 (1970). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, the proper
inquiry is "whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State,
any rational trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." State v.
Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192,201,829 P.2d 1068 (1992) (citing State v. Green, 94 Wn.2d 216,
220-22,616 P.2d 628 (1980)). "[A]ll reasonable inferences from the evidence must be
drawn in favor of the State and interpreted most strongly against the defendant." Id.
(citing State v. Partin, 88 Wn.2d 899, 906-07,567 P.2d 1136 (1977)). Furthermore, "[a]
claim of insufficiency admits the truth of the State's evidence and all inferences that
reasonably can be drawn therefrom." Id. (citing State v. Theroff, 25 Wn. App. 590, 593,
608 P.2d 1254, aff'd, 95 Wn.2d 385,622 P.2d 1240 (1980)).
According to the jury instructions, in order for Mr. Camden to be guilty of second
degree assault, the jury had to find that Mr. Camden intentionally assaulted Mr. Laws,
and, in doing so, recklessly inflicted substantial bodily harm on Mr. Laws. The
instructions defined substantial bodily harm as "bodily injury that involves a temporary
but substantial disfigurement, or that causes a temporary but substantial loss or
impairment of the function of any bodily part or organ, or that causes a fracture of any
bodily part." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 157. "Substantial" means'" considerable in amount,
value,orworth.'" State v. McKague, 172 Wn.2d 802,806,262 P.3d 1225 (2011)
(quoting WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 2280 (2002».
In McKague, the Supreme Court concluded that the evidence was sufficient for the
jury to find that the victim suffered a temporary but substantial impairment of a body part
or an organ's function when the victim suffered a concussion, which caused dizziness and
the inability to stand. Id. at 806-07. The court applied the definition of "substantial" and
held that the State's evidence was sufficient to meet the substantial bodily harm element
of second degree assault. Id.
Here, like in McKague, the evidence is sufficient to support the substantial bodily
harm element of second degree assault. As a result of the assault, Mr. Laws suffered a
substantial impairment of an organ's function. The assault caused Mr. Laws to suffer a
serious concussion, loss of consciousness, and a cervical sprain or strain. While the loss
of consciousness was brief, the loss was still considerable as it occurred twice and caused
Mr. Laws to lose all ability to function. Sufficient evidence supports the substantial
bodily harm element of second degree assault.
Necessity orLesser Offense Instruction. "When determining if the evidence at trial
was sufficient to support the giving of an instruction, the appellate court is to view the
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FILED
JUNE 24, 2014
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 31609-2-111 ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) BENJAMIN R. CAMDEN, ) ) Appellant. )
LAWRENCE- BERREY, J. - A jury found Benjamin Camden guilty of first degree
burglary and second degree assault after Mr. Camden hit an employee of the PDQ
convenience store, causing the employee to suffer a serious concussion and two losses of
consciousness. Mr. Camden appeals. He contends that the State's evidence was not
sufficient to support the verdicts. He also contends that the trial court erred when it
denied to instruct the jury on fourth degree assault and second degree criminal trespass.
We hold that a loss of consciousness is a temporary but substantial impainnent of
an organ, i.e., the brain, and, therefore, constitutes a second degree assault. We also hold
that where, as here, the facts support a second degree assault, but not a fourth degree
assault, a defendant is not entitled to a lesser degree instruction. We, therefore, affinn. No. 31609-2-III State v. Camden
FACTS
Mr. Camden hit Steven Laws once in the face at the PDQ convenience store in
Dayton, Washington, after Mr. Laws refused to sell Mr. Camden cigarettes or liquor a
few days earlier. Mr. Laws, an employee of the store, immediately reported the incident
to law enforcement. While he waited for the police, Mr. Laws performed other tasks,
such as rewinding the video recording from the store security camera to review the
incident. Mr. Laws's neck, upper back, and side of his head began to hurt. The pain shot
down to both hands and his back.
Deputy Donald Foley arrived. Mr. Laws told Deputy Foley about the pain. The
two men watched the security video. Deputy Foley recognized Mr. Camden. According
to Deputy Foley, Mr. Camden appeared to strike Mr. Laws in the left side of the head
with a closed fist. After watching the video, Deputy Foley noticed that Mr. Laws was still
in pain. He became concerned that Mr. Laws may have a head injury. He saw that one of
Mr. Laws's pupils was bigger than the other. Mr. Laws agreed to go to the hospital.
While at the hospital, advanced registered nurse practitioner (ARNP) Dawn
Meicher examined Mr. Laws. She noted that Mr. Laws was confused about the date and
time and that he lost consciousness twice. Mr. Laws was diagnosed with a grade three
concussion and thoracic and cervical sprain/strain. He was released from the hospital
No. 31609-2-III State v. Camden
after a few hours and remained at home in bed for two days, unable to engage in his
normal activities. For a few weeks after, Mr. Laws was tender, had limited range of
motion, and felt pain.
ARNP Meicher reexamined Mr. Laws five days after the incident. She observed
good range of motion in Mr. Laws's neck, but also found that Mr. Laws was still
experiencing pain in his upper thoracic spine. She allowed Mr. Laws to return to work,
but instructed him not to lift anything over 20 pounds for some time because he needed
time to heal.
Mr. Camden was charged with and found guilty of first degree burglary and
second degree assault. Mr. Camden appeals. He contends that sufficient evidence does
not support the verdict for second degree assault. He also assigns error to the trial court's
refusal to give jury instructions for fourth degree assault. In his statement of additional
grounds for review (SAG), Mr. Camden challenges the evidence used to support his first
degree burglary conviction and the trial court's denial to give a jury instruction on second
degree criminal trespass.
ANALYSIS
ProofofSecond Degree Assault. In every criminal prosecution, due process
requires that the State prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, every fact necessary to
No. 31609-2-111 State v. Camden
constitute the charged crime. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S. Ct. 1068,25 L. Ed.
2d 368 (1970). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, the proper
inquiry is "whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State,
any rational trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." State v.
Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192,201,829 P.2d 1068 (1992) (citing State v. Green, 94 Wn.2d 216,
220-22,616 P.2d 628 (1980)). "[A]ll reasonable inferences from the evidence must be
drawn in favor of the State and interpreted most strongly against the defendant." Id.
(citing State v. Partin, 88 Wn.2d 899, 906-07,567 P.2d 1136 (1977)). Furthermore, "[a]
claim of insufficiency admits the truth of the State's evidence and all inferences that
reasonably can be drawn therefrom." Id. (citing State v. Theroff, 25 Wn. App. 590, 593,
608 P.2d 1254, aff'd, 95 Wn.2d 385,622 P.2d 1240 (1980)).
According to the jury instructions, in order for Mr. Camden to be guilty of second
degree assault, the jury had to find that Mr. Camden intentionally assaulted Mr. Laws,
and, in doing so, recklessly inflicted substantial bodily harm on Mr. Laws. The
instructions defined substantial bodily harm as "bodily injury that involves a temporary
but substantial disfigurement, or that causes a temporary but substantial loss or
impairment of the function of any bodily part or organ, or that causes a fracture of any
bodily part." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 157. "Substantial" means'" considerable in amount,
value,orworth.'" State v. McKague, 172 Wn.2d 802,806,262 P.3d 1225 (2011)
(quoting WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 2280 (2002».
In McKague, the Supreme Court concluded that the evidence was sufficient for the
jury to find that the victim suffered a temporary but substantial impairment of a body part
or an organ's function when the victim suffered a concussion, which caused dizziness and
the inability to stand. Id. at 806-07. The court applied the definition of "substantial" and
held that the State's evidence was sufficient to meet the substantial bodily harm element
of second degree assault. Id.
Here, like in McKague, the evidence is sufficient to support the substantial bodily
harm element of second degree assault. As a result of the assault, Mr. Laws suffered a
substantial impairment of an organ's function. The assault caused Mr. Laws to suffer a
serious concussion, loss of consciousness, and a cervical sprain or strain. While the loss
of consciousness was brief, the loss was still considerable as it occurred twice and caused
Mr. Laws to lose all ability to function. Sufficient evidence supports the substantial
bodily harm element of second degree assault.
Necessity orLesser Offense Instruction. "When determining if the evidence at trial
was sufficient to support the giving of an instruction, the appellate court is to view the
supporting evidence in the light most favorable to the party that requested the
instruction." State v. Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wn.2d 448,455-56,6 P.3d 1150 (2000).
"More specifically, a requested jury instruction on a lesser included or inferior degree
offense should be administered '[i]fthe evidence would permit a jury to rationally find a
defendant guilty of the lesser offense and acquit him of the greater.'" Id. at 456
(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Warden, 133 Wn.2d 559,563,947 P.2d 708
(1997».
An inferior degree instruction is appropriate when (1) the statutes for both the
charged offense and the inferior degree offense'" proscribe but one offense' "; (2) the
charged offense is divided into degrees, one of which is the inferior degree offense; and
(3) evidence establishes that the defendant committed only the inferior offense. State v.
Tamalini, 134 Wn.2d 725, 732, 953 P.2d 450 (1998) (quoting State v. Foster, 91 Wn.2d
466,472,589 P.2d 789 (1979». To satisfy the third, factual component of the test for an
inferior degree offense instruction, the record must support a rational inference that the
defendant committed only the lesser degree offense to the exclusion of the greater
offense. Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wn.2d at 461.
Second degree assault, as charged here, occurs when a person "[i]ntentionally
assaults another and thereby recklessly inflicts substantial bodily harm."
RCW 9A.36.021(l)(a). Fourth degree assault occurs when a person assaults another,
"under circumstances not amounting to assault in the first, second, or third degree, or
custodial assault." RCW 9A.36.041(l).
The trial court did not err in refusing to give an instruction for fourth degree
assault. The factual prong of the test was not met: The evidence was undisputed that Mr.
Laws suffered a serious concussion that resulted in two losses of consciousness. The
record does not support a rational inference that the defendant committed only the fourth
degree assault to the exclusion of second degree assault.
Mr. Camden was not entitled to a jury instruction for fourth degree assault.
Statement ofAdditional Grounds fOr Review. In his SAG, Mr. Camden contends
that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury's finding of first degree burglary. He
contends that video evidence shows that he did not enter the store.
As stated in Mr. Camden's jury instructions, "A person commits the crime of
burglary in the first degree when he or she enters or remains unlawfully in a building with
intent to commit a crime against a person or property therein, and if, in entering or while
in the building or in immediate flight therefrom, that person or an accomplice in the crime
assaults any person." CP at 141. "A person enters or remains unlawfully in or upon
premises when he or she is not then licensed, invited, or otherwise privileged." CP at
No. 31609-2-II1 State v. Camden
144. "The tenn enter includes ... the insertion of any part of the person's body." CP at
145.
The evidence is sufficient to support the jury's finding of gUilt for first degree
burglary. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier
of fact could have found gUilt beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Camden knew he was
prohibited from entering store property and that he entered the store when his hand broke
the plane of the doorway during the assault. Mr. Laws testified that he told Mr. Camden a
few days before that he was not supposed to be at the store. Mr. Laws and Mr. Camden
both testified that the parties met at the door. Mr. Camden stated that Mr. Laws was
standing in the doorway, holding the door halfway open. The jury was shown a video of
the incident and the State pointed out the point where Mr. Camden's hand passed inside
the doorway when striking Mr. Laws.
While Mr. Camden testified that he did not know he was banned from the store
and that his hand did not enter the store, these issues of conflicting testimony and
credibility of witnesses are matters for the trier of fact and are not subject to review. State
v. Thomas, 150 Wn.2d 821,874-75,83 P.3d 970 (2004). Drawing all reasonable
inferences from the evidence in favor of the State, the evidence is sufficient to support the
jury's finding of guilt.
8 No. 31609-2-III State v. Camden
Mr. Camden also contends that the trial court improperly denied his request to give
an instruction for second degree criminal trespass. His contention fails. For a defendant
to be entitled to a lesser offense instruction, two conditions must be satisfied. First, each
of the elements of the lesser offense must be a necessary element of the crime charged.
Second, the evidence must support an inference that the lesser crime was committed.
State v. Pacheco, 107 Wn.2d 59, 68-69, 726 P.2d 981 (1986). These requirements are
referred to as the "legal" and the "factual" prongs of the Workman 1 test. State v.
Rodriguez, 48 Wn. App. 815, 817, 740 P.2d 904 (1987).
Here, the State charged Mr. Camden with first degree burglary. First degree
burglary requires, in part, entry into a building. RCW 9A.52.020(1). Whereas, second
degree criminal trespass requires, in part, proof that the defendant knowingly entered or
remained unlawfully on the property of another. RCW 9A.52.080(1). The elements of
second degree criminal trespass are not necessary elements of first degree burglary.
Therefore, the defendant has not met the legal prong of the Workman test, and the trial
court properly refused to instruct the jury on second degree criminal trespass.
Mr. Camden also complains that "almost everybody that was in the jury pool has
either worked with the prosecutor or were really good friends with her and her family,
I State v. Workman, 90 Wn.2d 443,584 P.2d 382 (1978).
9 No.31609-2-III State v. Camden
[and] I believe that my trial was not a fair trial and was biast [sic]. [O]ne juror told my
wife they didn't look at the evidence they found me guilty so they could leave." SAG
at I. Mr. Camden fails to cite the record for these claimed errors, and we decline to
search the record to find whether the claims are supported. RAP 10.1 O( c).
We affirm.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Lawrence-Berrey, J.
WE CONCUR:
~J- (J Brown, J.