IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 75230-8-1 ) Respondent, ) DIVISION ONE ) v. ) ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ARTURO SPENCER MARTIN, ) ) Appellant. ) FILED: November 21, 2016 ) LEACH, J. — Arturo Martin appeals his conviction and sentence for second
degree assault. He claims that a 15-month delay in bringing him to trial violated
his constitutional speedy trial rights and the interstate agreement on detainers
(1AD).1 Also, he claims that he did not receive effective assistance of counsel
due to an alleged conflict between him and his trial counsel. Because most of
the trial delay resulted from continuances requested by defense counsel to
prepare for trial and sentencing, the delay did not violate Martin's speedy trial
rights. The delay did not violate the IAD because it was the result of reasonable
and necessary continuances granted for good cause shown in open court. And,
because Martin does not show that his attorney had a conflict of interest, his
ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails. We therefore affirm Martin's
conviction.
1RCW 9.100.010. No. 75230-8-1 / 2
Martin also claims that a 1983 California second degree burglary
conviction should not have been included in his offender score calculation.
Because the California conviction is factually comparable to Washington's
second degree burglary statute, the trial court properly included it. We affirm
Martin's sentence.
FACTS
In February 2012, the State charged Arturo Martin with second degree
assault with a domestic violence aggravator, felony harassment, and interference
with the reporting of domestic violence. These charges arose out of events
occurring in Washington in December 2011. The court issued a bench warrant in
connection with these Washington offenses, but law enforcement could not find
Martin.
In December 2012, the State of Wyoming charged Martin with several
crimes. In March 2013, Martin pleaded guilty to those Wyoming crimes and was
sentenced to three to five years' confinement in a Wyoming Department of
Corrections facility.
On January 9, 2014, Martin requested disposition of his Washington
charges. In May 2014, while still serving his Wyoming sentence, Martin was
extradited to Washington state. The trial court arraigned him on May 7 and set
trial for June 30, 2014.
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At a June 12 hearing, Martin's assigned defense counsel, Mark Quigley,
requested a trial continuance to provide more time to prepare and to investigate
Martin's numerous out-of-state convictions. Over Martin's objection, the trial
court granted the request and set a new trial date for September 18, 2014.
In August 2014, the State filed a persistent offender notice. Defense
counsel requested another continuance to address the persistent offender
allegation, do a comparability analysis, and prepare for trial. The trial court found
good cause for the continuance and rescheduled trial for January 29, 2015.
On January 29, the parties requested a third continuance so the defense
could interview the victim, who had just been located. The court also granted
Martin's request to proceed pro se. Although Martin refused to sign the
continuance order, he admitted he was not ready for trial and needed time to
review discovery. The court set a new trial date for February 19, 2015.
Before granting pro se status, the trial court conducted a lengthy colloquy
but did not make an express finding that Martin had knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily waived his right to counsel. On February 12, the State requested a
continuance so the trial court could supplement the record supporting its order
allowing Martin to act pro se. Finding good cause, a different judge continued
the trial until February 26. On February 20, the trial court reaffirmed that Martin
could proceed pro se and permitted him to have Quigley as standby counsel.
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On February 12, Martin moved to dismiss the case for violation of the time
requirements of the IAD. The court denied the motion, finding that the
continuances were "necessary and reasonable and for good cause shown in
open court."
On February 26, the court entered an agreed order continuing the trial
because the prosecutor was in a different trial and Martin needed additional time
to prepare. The court set a new trial date for April 9, 2015.
On April 9, Martin requested new counsel, claiming he had "no other
choice" but to go pro se because Quigley was not adequately representing him.
The court denied his request for new counsel but permitted Martin to have
Quigley represent him. The court gave Quigley a few days to prepare for trial.
On April 14, Martin requested additional time for his attorney to prepare. The
court denied this request, and trial began on April 16, 2015.
The jury convicted Martin of second degree assault. By special verdict,
the jury also found that the crime was an aggravated domestic violence offense.
At sentencing, the trial court analyzed the comparability of Martin's out-of-
state convictions to Washington offenses and determined that some were
comparable and others were not. The court did not sentence Martin as a
persistent offender. The court calculated his offender score to be 6 and imposed
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an exceptional sentence based on the domestic violence aggravator. The court
sentenced him to a total of 79 months.
ANALYSIS
Constitutional Speedy Trial Rights
Martin claims a 15-month delay in bringing him to trial violated his
constitutional right to a speedy trial. Typically, we review a decision to grant or
deny a continuance for an abuse of discretion. But when a defendant claims a
delay violated his constitutional speedy trial rights, we review the decision de
novo.2
To determine whether a delay has violated a defendant's right to a speedy
trial, courts apply the test set out in Barker v. Wingo.3 To trigger the Barker
analysis the defendant must show a presumptively prejudicial delay.4 If a
defendant meets this threshold test, the court then considers a number of factors
to determine if the delay constitutes a constitutional violation: the length of the
delay, the reason for the delay, whether and to what extent the defendant
asserted his speedy trial rights, and whether the delay caused prejudice to the
defendant.5
2 State v. Iniquez, 167 Wn.2d 273, 280, 217 P.3d 768 (2009). 3 407 U.S. 514, 92 S. Ct. 2182, 33 L. Ed. 2d 101 (1972). 4 Barker, 407 U.S. at 530. 5 Barker, 407 U.S. at 530-32. -5- No. 75230-8-1 /6
Here, the 15-month delay is sufficient to trigger the Barker analysis, but
each Barker factor weighs in favor of the State. The delay was not
extraordinarily long and primarily benefited the defendant. And because Martin
does not show how the delay prejudiced his defense, the "extreme remedy" of
dismissal with prejudice is not warranted here.6
As a threshold matter, Martin must establish the delay was presumptively
prejudicia1.7 In applying this threshold test, courts consider the length of delay,
the complexity of the case, and if the defense relies on eyewitness testimony
where eyewitnesses might become unavailable or their memories fade.8
Washington courts have not adopted a bright line rule for when the delay is
presumptively prejudicia1.6 But our Supreme Court has found that eight months
was "just beyond the bare minimum needed to trigger the Barker inquiry.',io
Martin calculates the delay as 15 months, the time between his request for
disposition and the trial. The State suggests the proper calculation is the time
between Martin's arraignment and the trial, which is approximately 11 months.
Neither party cites authority supporting its calculation. Because each yields a
6 lniquez, 167 Wn.2d at 295. 7 lniquez, 167 Wn.2d at 283. 8 lniquez, 167 Wn.2d at 292 (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 531 & n.31). 9 lniquez, 167 Wn.2d at 292. 10 lniguez, 167 Wn.2d at 293. -6- No. 75230-8-1 /7
result longer than 8 months, the length of delay exceeds the bare minimum
necessary to pass the threshold test.
Martin contends the delay was excessive because his charges were not
complex.11 The State responds that even if the charges were not complex, other
aspects of the case were complex. Specifically, the State insists that the
persistent offender allegation and Martin's multiple out-of-state convictions
complicated the case. Despite the complications arising from Martin's criminal
history, because the delay exceeds the eight-month bare minimum, Martin has
met the threshold test. We therefore consider the Barker factors.
"'[T]he length of the delay is both the trigger for analysis and one of the
factors to be considered."12 In State v. 011ivier,13 the Supreme Court listed a
number of speedy trial challenges involving delays ranging from 21 months to 6
years where the delays were not "exceptionally long." The 15-month delay in this
case is comparatively short. Although the length of delay is sufficient to trigger
the Barker analysis, because the delay does not substantially exceed the "bare
minimum" and Martin's prior convictions complicated the case, this factor weighs
in favor of the State.
11 See Iniquez, 167 Wn.2d at 292. 12 State v. 011ivier, 178 Wn.2d 813, 828, 312 P.3d 1 (2013) (quoting United States v. Colombo, 852 F.2d 19, 24 (1st Cir. 1988)). 13 178 Wn.2d 813, 828-29, 312 P.3d 1 (2013). -7- No. 75230-8-1 / 8
The second factor is the reason for the delay and which party is more
responsible for it.14 "'[D]elay caused by the defense weighs against the
defendant.'"15 "Many courts hold that even where continuances are sought over
the defendant's objection, delay caused by the defendant's counsel is charged
against the defendant under the Barker balancing test if the continuances were
sought in order to provide professional assistance in the defendant's interests."16
Here, preparation of the defense was the primary reason for the delay. As
in 011ivier, where the defendant objected to most of the continuances, "[n]early all
of the continuances. . . were sought to accommodate defense counsel's need to
prepare for trial."17 The only continuance requested solely by the prosecutor
caused a delay of only one week. Martin attributes the February 26 continuance
to the State because the prosecuting attorney was going to be in trial on another
matter in a few weeks. But Martin's trial would have begun on February 26 had
he not requested additional time to prepare. Thus, this delay is attributable to
Martin. The second factor also weighs in favor of the State.
The third factor—whether and to what extent the defendant asserted his
constitutional right to a speedy trial—involves examining the frequency and force
14 011ivier, 178 Wn.2d at 831; Iniquez, 167 Wn.2d at 294. 15 011ivier, 178 Wn.2d at 833 (alteration in original) (quoting Vermont v. Brillon, 556 U.S. 81, 90, 129 S. Ct. 1283, 173 L. Ed. 2d 231 (2009)). 16 011ivier, 178 Wn.2d at 834. 17 011ivier, 178 Wn.2d at 834. -8- No. 75230-8-1/ 9
of the defendant's objections.18 In State v. Iniguez,18 this factor weighed against
the State when the defendant "asserted his right at every continuance request.
He objected, requested reduced bail, moved for a severance twice, and moved
for a dismissal at least four times." Here, Martin objected to the continuances at
first, refused to sign the continuance orders, and moved for dismissal under the
IAD for failure to timely bring him to trial. But, as the trial date grew near, Martin
repeatedly requested additional time. Because Martin was not consistent in
asserting his speedy trial rights, this factor weighs in favor of the State.
The final Barker factor is particularized prejudice.2° In 011ivier, the
Supreme Court clarified that despite meeting the threshold showing of
presumptively prejudicial delay, the court will not necessarily presume the
defendant has been prejudiced.21 "Presumed prejudice is recognized only in the
case of extraordinary delay, except when the government's conduct is more
egregious than mere negligence."22 Here, the delay is not exceptionally long and
there is no evidence of bad faith by the government, so Martin must present
evidence of particularized prejudice.
18011ivier, 178 Wn.2d at 837-38. 19167 Wn.2d 273, 295, 217 P.3d 768 (2009). 20 Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 654, 112 S. Ct. 2686, 120 L. Ed. 2d 520 (1992). 21 See 011ivier, 178 Wn.2d at 840. 22 011ivier, 178 Wn.2d at 842. -9- No. 75230-8-1 / 10
Three types of particularized prejudice may arise from delay: oppressive
pretrial incarceration, anxiety and concern of the accused, and impairment to the
defense.23 Martin contends that he was likely prejudiced by the delay because of
impairment to his defense. Prejudice by impairment to the defense, the most
important of the three interests, relates to the possibility that evidence will be
lost.24 Delay can cause difficulty in finding witnesses and decay in the witnesses'
memories.25 But we must weigh any impairment to the defense against the
benefit to the defendant as a result of the continuances.26
Martin claims that the delay impaired his defense because he was unable
to locate certain witnesses that could confirm an alibi. But these witnesses were
unavailable on the original trial date, so they would not have been available to
support his defense. In fact, even though his search was ultimately
unsuccessful, the continuances provided Martin with more time to look for them.
In addition, Martin's defense benefited from the delay because defense counsel
had time to tackle Martin's complex criminal history. Thus, Martin does not show
particularized prejudice, and this final factor weighs in favor of the State.
23 011ivier, 178 Wn.2d at 840 (quoting Doggett, 505 U.S. at 654). 24 Barker, 407 U.S. at 532. 25 Barker, 407 U.S. at 532. 26 011ivier, 178 Wn.2d at 845. -10- No. 75230-8-1 / 11
Because all four Barker factors weigh in favor of the State, the delay did
not constitute a speedy trial violation.27
Interstate Agreement on Detainers
Martin also claims that the delay violated the IAD, requiring dismissal.
Under the IAD, when Washington has charges pending against a prisoner
incarcerated in another jurisdiction, it may place a "hold" on him.28 The prisoner
may then demand disposition of his Washington charges.29 Once the State
receives a disposition request, it has 180 days to bring the defendant to tria1.39
However, the IAD permits the court to grant "any necessary or reasonable
continuance" for "good cause shown in open court."31 An appellate court will not
disturb a trial court's decision to grant or deny a continuance absent a showing of
manifest abuse of discretion.32
Here, the State agrees that the time between Martin's disposition request
and trial exceeded 180 days. But the State contends that the continuances were
reasonable and necessary and for good cause shown in open court. We agree.
27Iniquez, 167 Wn.2d at 295. 28RCW 9.100.010 art. III(a); State v. Welker, 157 Wn.2d 557, 563, 141 P.3d 8 (2006). 29 RCW 9.100.010 art. III(a).
39 RCW 9.100.010 art. III(a). 31 RCW 9.100.010 art. III(a). 32 State v. Woods, 143 Wn.2d 561, 579, 23 P.3d 1046 (2001). -11- No. 75230-8-1 / 12
The trial court granted most of the continuances at the request of Martin or
his counsel. Martin cannot now assert that they were not for good cause or that
they were not necessary or reasonable.33 The only continuance requested solely
by the prosecutor was to supplement the record supporting the pro se order.
That continuance delayed proceedings for only a week, and the court found the
State had shown good cause. Because fewer than 180 days passed between
Martin's request for disposition and the first request for continuance and each
continuance was requested by the defense or granted for good cause, no
violation of the IAD occurred.34
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Claims of ineffective assistance present mixed questions of law and fact,
which this court reviews de novo.35 Martin claims the trial court should have
considered whether a conflict existed between Martin and his trial counsel,
Quigley. A defendant's constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel
includes representation free from conflicts of interest.36 A conflict deprives a
defendant of effective assistance of counsel when an actual conflict exists and
that conflict adversely affects the performance of defendant's attorney.37 "An
33See State v. Johnson, 79 Wn.2d 173, 177, 483 P.2d 1261 (1971). 34See State v. Carpenter, 24 Wn. App. 41, 47, 599 P.2d 1 (1979). 35 In re Pers. Restraint of Fleming, 142 Wn.2d 853, 865, 16 P.3d 610 (2001). 36 State v. White, 80 Wn. App. 406, 410, 907 P.2d 310 (1995). 37 White, 80 Wn. App. at 411. -12- No. 75230-8-1/ 13
actual conflict of interest exists when a defense attorney owes duties to a party
whose interests are adverse to those of the defendant."38
Martin provides no factual support for his contention that a conflict existed.
And nothing in the record shows that Martin's counsel owed a duty to anyone
with interests adverse to Martin. Thus, a conflict of interest does not provide the
basis for Martin's ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Rather, Martin appears
to base his ineffective assistance claim on Quigley acting against his wishes
when requesting continuances.39 As the court observed in 011ivier, "[i]f because
of the objections the trial court had denied counsel's requests for continuances
that were needed to prepare for trial, then 011ivier might have had a strong claim
that the right to effective assistance of counsel had been denied."49 That concern
is relevant here too. If the trial court had not granted the continuances, Martin
could have claimed he had been denied effective assistance of counsel because
Quigley had not adequately prepared for trial. The record shows that Quigley
requested the continuances to best advance Martin's defense and did so by
defeating the persistent offender allegation. Martin fails to show ineffective
assistance of counsel.
88 White, 80 Wn. App. at 411-12 (citing State v. Byrd, 30 Wn. App. 794, 798, 638 P.2d 601 (1981)). 39 Martin claims that "counsel showed indifference to Martin's demand to protect his rights and abused their authority and discretion by delaying jury trial." 49 011ivier, 178 Wn.2d at 839. -13- No. 75230-8-1 /14
Offender Score Calculation
Martin challenges the trial court's inclusion of a 1983 California burglary
conviction in his offender score calculation. We review calculation of the offender
score de novo. We review any factual determinations to decide comparability de
novo to see if admitted facts, stipulated facts, or those found beyond a
reasonable doubt in the foreign conviction support them.41
The sentencing court may include an out-of-state conviction in a
defendant's offender score only if it has a comparable Washington crime.42
"Out-of-state convictions for offenses shall be classified according to the
comparable offense definitions and sentences provided by Washington law."43 If
the Washington and foreign statutes are not legally comparable, the trial court
can consider the defendant's conduct under the Washington statute to see if the
offenses are factually comparable. "The key inquiry is whether, under the
Washington statute, the defendant could have been convicted if the same acts
were committed in Washington."44 The court must rely on facts admitted to,
stipulated to, or found by a trier of fact beyond a reasonable doubt.45
41 State v. Olsen, 180 Wn.2d 468, 473-74, 325 P.3d 187, cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 287 (2014). 42 State v. Weiand, 66 Wn. App. 29, 31, 831 P.2d 749 (1992). 43 RCW 9.94A.525(3). 44 State v. Thomas, 135 Wn. App. 474, 485, 144 P.3d 1178 (2006). 45 In re Pers. Restraint of Lavery, 154 Wn.2d 249, 258, 111 P.3d 837 (2005); Ortega, 120 Wn. App. at 174. -14- No. 75230-8-1 /15
The State has the burden of proving the offenses are comparable.46 The
State concedes that because the California statute is broader than the
Washington statute, the statutes are not legally comparable.47 Thus, at issue is
whether they are factually comparable. The dispute centers on whether the trial
court could properly conclude that Martin had entered a "building" as defined by
Washington law.
Martin contends that the trial court did not have adequate proof that the
California conviction was based on entry into a "building" as required by the
Washington burglary statute. The California statute permits conviction . for
burglary for entry into a number of structures.
Every person who enters any house, room, apartment, tenement, shop, warehouse, store, mill, barn, stable, outhouse or other building, tent, vessel, . . . railroad car, . . . trailer coach,. . . house car, . . . vehicle. . . when the doors are locked, aircraft . . . , or mine . . . , with intent to commit grand or petit larceny or any felony is guilty of burglary.[48]
By contrast, the Washington statute requires entry into "a building other than a
vehicle."49 Under Washington law, "'[b]uilding,' in addition to its ordinary
meaning, includes any dwelling, fenced area, vehicle, railway car, cargo
46Thomas, 135 Wn. App. at 483. 47See also Thomas, 135 Wn. App. at 483 (acknowledging that the California and Washington burglary statutes were not legally comparable because "unlawful" entry was not an element of the California burglary statute). 48 CAL. PENAL CODE § 459. 46 RCW 9A.52.030. -15- No. 75230-8-1/ 16
container, or any other structure used for lodging of persons or for carrying on
business therein, or for the use, sale, or deposit of goods."5°
The criminal complaint to which Martin pleaded guilty in California stated
that he "did willfully and unlawfully enter 800 Admiral Callaghan Lane, Vallejo,
California, with the intent to commit a theft." Martin asserts that this conviction
could have been based on entry into something other than a building, like a tent,
vessel, or railroad car. But these structures fall under the Washington burglary
statute's definition of "building."
Although the record does not show exactly what Martin entered at 800
Admiral Callaghan Lane, Martin has not shown that he could have been
convicted in California by entering something that would not satisfy Washington's
definition of "building." Thus, the offenses are factually comparable. We affirm
Appellate Costs
Martin asks this court to waive his appellate costs. This court has broad
discretion to grant or deny appellate costs.51 RAP 14.2 permits the court to
exercise that discretion in a decision terminating review. In exercising that
discretion, ability to pay, although not the only relevant factor, is an important
50RCW 9A.04.110(5). 51 RCW 10.73.160(1); State v. Sinclair, 192 Wn. App. 380, 388, 367 P.3d 612, review denied, 185 Wn.2d 1034 (2016). -16- No. 75230-8-1/ 17
consideration.52 "The appellate court will give a party the benefits of an order of
indigency throughout the review unless the trial court finds the party's financial
condition has improved to the extent that the party is no longer indigent."53
In this case, the trial court imposed 79 months to be served consecutively
to any remaining time on his 3- to 5-year Wyoming sentence. Because at the
termination of his incarceration Martin will have spent substantial time in prison,
he will likely have difficulty paying the costs of this appeal. The State offers no
argument or evidence to the contrary. Therefore, we give Martin the continued
benefit of the trial court's order of indigency and deny the State costs of appeal.
CONCLUSION
Because the delay in Martin's trial was not exceptionally long, with much
of it attributable to the defendant, Martin's speedy trial challenge fails. Because
the continuances were attributable to Martin or granted for good cause shown in
open court, his IAD challenge also fails. Finally, Martin's ineffective assistance
challenge fails because he does not provide evidence of a conflict of interest.
Because the California burglary offense was factually comparable to the
Washington burglary offense, the trial court properly considered Martin's out-of-
state conviction in calculating his offender score.
52 Sinclair, 192 Wn. App. at 389. 53 RAP 15.2(f). -17- No. 75230-8-1/18
We affirm Martin's conviction and sentence.
WE CONCUR:
A c<1'
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