IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ] No. 74027-0-1
Respondent, ] DIVISION ONE
V.
BRIAN MICHAEL JERUE, ] UNPUBLISHED 0
Appellant. > FILED: November 14, 2016
Cox, J. — Brian Michael Jerue appeals his jury conviction of robbery in
the second degree. He argues that insufficient evidence supports his conviction
because the State failed to prove that he used or threatened to use force when
stealing liquor from a store. He also contends that the trial court violated his
constitutional right to confrontation by precluding him from cross-examining a
witness about his violation of company policy prohibiting physical confrontation.
We hold that there is sufficient evidence to support Jerue's conviction. We also
hold that the trial court properly exercised its discretion by excluding irrelevant
evidence of the witness's actions. We affirm.
On April 15, 2015, Mitchell Irons was working as a loss prevention officer
at a Safeway store in Marysville. That night he observed a man, who was later
identified as Brian Jerue, enter the store, walk to the liquor aisle, and take two
bottles of whiskey. Irons watched the man walk out of the store without paying
for the bottles. Irons was about twenty feet away when he followed Jerue out of
the store through the south exit. When they were both outside, Irons confronted
Jerue. He put both of his hands on the back of Jerue's shoulders, identified
1 No. 74027-0-1/2
himself as a loss prevention officer and "swung him around." Irons' employer has
a company policy against physical contact with those being apprehended.
Jerue and Irons engaged in a physical confrontation that resulted in both
of them ending up on the ground. Irons brought Jerue back inside the store,
keeping his hand on Jerue's left shoulder. At least one of the two whiskey bottles
had been left outside the store. Once inside, however, Jerue unzipped his
jacket, slipping out of it and out of Irons' grasp. He ran through the store and out
through the north exit. Irons followed him back to the south exit, where Jerue
grabbled the smaller whiskey bottle and started running through the parking lot.
Irons chased after him until the pair reached the southeast corner of the parking
lot.
At that point Jerue turned around and raised the whiskey bottle over his
head. He yelled at Irons, asking if Irons had ever been hit over the head with a
bottle. Jerue also stated that he was a convicted felon and he wasn't afraid to hit
Irons with the whiskey bottle.
Irons was scared that Jerue would hit him with the bottle if he continued to
pursue him. He backed away and watched Jerue run out of the parking lot
toward the street. Irons called 911 and provided the dispatcher with a description
of Jerue.
Police located Jerue walking nearby and apprehended him. They found a
bottle of whiskey in his possession that still had the Safeway security tag on it. No. 74027-0-1/3
Jerue was charged with one count of second degree robbery and one
count of third degree assault. Before trial, the State moved to exclude evidence
that Irons violated his employer's company policy when he used physical contact
to apprehend Jerue. The defense opposed the motion. It did so on the theory
that Irons lied or exaggerated events when he told police that Jerue threatened
him because he did not want to get in trouble for his own aggressive actions.
The trial court concluded Irons' violation of employee policy was not
relevant because Irons never denied it. The court was willing to allow Jerue to
revisit the issue depending on the results of Irons' defense interview.
The next day, Jerue argued that Irons admitted during his interview
violating policy at least 5 to 10 times when trying to apprehend shoplifters, due to
excitement and adrenaline. The trial court concluded that while Irons' prior
incidents of aggressive contact could be analyzed under ER 404 as character
evidence, the violation of policy had no relevance.
The jury found Jerue guilty on both charges. However, on double
jeopardy grounds, the court sentenced Jerue solely on the conviction for second
degree robbery. The trial court also found him to be indigent and appointed an
attorney for this appeal.
Jerue appeals.
EVIDENCE OF USE OR THREATENED USE OF FORCE
Jerue first argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he "used
or threatened to use force or violence in committing the theft." We disagree. No. 74027-0-1/4
Due process requires the State to prove all necessary facts of the crime
charged beyond a reasonable doubt.1 The test for determining the sufficiency of
the evidence is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the State, any rational trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.2 Upon reviewing a criminal case, all reasonable inferences from the
evidence must be drawn in favor of the State and interpreted most strongly
against the defendant.3 Direct and circumstantial evidence are equally reliable;
however "inferences based on circumstantial evidence must be reasonable and
cannot be based on speculation."4
Robbery encompasses any "taking of. . . property [that is] attended with
such circumstances of terror, or such threatening by menace, word or gesture as
in common experience is likely to create an apprehension of danger and induce a
man to part with property for the safety of his person."5 Second degree robbery
requires that the accused take personal property "from the person of another or
in his or her presence against his or her will by the use or threatened use of
immediate force, violence, or fear of injury to that person."6 We use an objective
test to determine whether "the defendant used intimidation" and "an ordinary
1 State v. Colquitt. 133 Wn. App. 789, 796, 137 P.3d 892 (2006). 2 State v. Salinas. 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992). 3ld, 4 State v. Vasauez. 178Wn.2d 1, 16, 309 P.3d 318 (2013). 5 State v. Witherspoon. 180 Wn.2d 875, 884, 329 P.3d 888 (2014). 6RCW9A.56.190. No. 74027-0-1/5
person in the victim's position could reasonably infer a threat of bodily harm from
the defendant's acts."7
RCW 9A.04.110(28) defines "threat" as it applies to robbery offenses.
Under the statute, to "'[t]hreat[en]' means to communicate, directly or indirectly
the intent" to take the applicable action.8 In the robbery context, therefore, the
"threatened use of immediate force, violence, or fear of injury" means a direct or
indirect communication of the intent to use immediate force, violence, or cause
injury.9 A threat need not be explicit to qualify but may be implied by words or
conduct.10
Here, it is undisputed that Jerue raised the bottle over his head and
indicated that he "wasn't scared" to hit Irons in the head with it. Irons testified
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ] No. 74027-0-1
Respondent, ] DIVISION ONE
V.
BRIAN MICHAEL JERUE, ] UNPUBLISHED 0
Appellant. > FILED: November 14, 2016
Cox, J. — Brian Michael Jerue appeals his jury conviction of robbery in
the second degree. He argues that insufficient evidence supports his conviction
because the State failed to prove that he used or threatened to use force when
stealing liquor from a store. He also contends that the trial court violated his
constitutional right to confrontation by precluding him from cross-examining a
witness about his violation of company policy prohibiting physical confrontation.
We hold that there is sufficient evidence to support Jerue's conviction. We also
hold that the trial court properly exercised its discretion by excluding irrelevant
evidence of the witness's actions. We affirm.
On April 15, 2015, Mitchell Irons was working as a loss prevention officer
at a Safeway store in Marysville. That night he observed a man, who was later
identified as Brian Jerue, enter the store, walk to the liquor aisle, and take two
bottles of whiskey. Irons watched the man walk out of the store without paying
for the bottles. Irons was about twenty feet away when he followed Jerue out of
the store through the south exit. When they were both outside, Irons confronted
Jerue. He put both of his hands on the back of Jerue's shoulders, identified
1 No. 74027-0-1/2
himself as a loss prevention officer and "swung him around." Irons' employer has
a company policy against physical contact with those being apprehended.
Jerue and Irons engaged in a physical confrontation that resulted in both
of them ending up on the ground. Irons brought Jerue back inside the store,
keeping his hand on Jerue's left shoulder. At least one of the two whiskey bottles
had been left outside the store. Once inside, however, Jerue unzipped his
jacket, slipping out of it and out of Irons' grasp. He ran through the store and out
through the north exit. Irons followed him back to the south exit, where Jerue
grabbled the smaller whiskey bottle and started running through the parking lot.
Irons chased after him until the pair reached the southeast corner of the parking
lot.
At that point Jerue turned around and raised the whiskey bottle over his
head. He yelled at Irons, asking if Irons had ever been hit over the head with a
bottle. Jerue also stated that he was a convicted felon and he wasn't afraid to hit
Irons with the whiskey bottle.
Irons was scared that Jerue would hit him with the bottle if he continued to
pursue him. He backed away and watched Jerue run out of the parking lot
toward the street. Irons called 911 and provided the dispatcher with a description
of Jerue.
Police located Jerue walking nearby and apprehended him. They found a
bottle of whiskey in his possession that still had the Safeway security tag on it. No. 74027-0-1/3
Jerue was charged with one count of second degree robbery and one
count of third degree assault. Before trial, the State moved to exclude evidence
that Irons violated his employer's company policy when he used physical contact
to apprehend Jerue. The defense opposed the motion. It did so on the theory
that Irons lied or exaggerated events when he told police that Jerue threatened
him because he did not want to get in trouble for his own aggressive actions.
The trial court concluded Irons' violation of employee policy was not
relevant because Irons never denied it. The court was willing to allow Jerue to
revisit the issue depending on the results of Irons' defense interview.
The next day, Jerue argued that Irons admitted during his interview
violating policy at least 5 to 10 times when trying to apprehend shoplifters, due to
excitement and adrenaline. The trial court concluded that while Irons' prior
incidents of aggressive contact could be analyzed under ER 404 as character
evidence, the violation of policy had no relevance.
The jury found Jerue guilty on both charges. However, on double
jeopardy grounds, the court sentenced Jerue solely on the conviction for second
degree robbery. The trial court also found him to be indigent and appointed an
attorney for this appeal.
Jerue appeals.
EVIDENCE OF USE OR THREATENED USE OF FORCE
Jerue first argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he "used
or threatened to use force or violence in committing the theft." We disagree. No. 74027-0-1/4
Due process requires the State to prove all necessary facts of the crime
charged beyond a reasonable doubt.1 The test for determining the sufficiency of
the evidence is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the State, any rational trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.2 Upon reviewing a criminal case, all reasonable inferences from the
evidence must be drawn in favor of the State and interpreted most strongly
against the defendant.3 Direct and circumstantial evidence are equally reliable;
however "inferences based on circumstantial evidence must be reasonable and
cannot be based on speculation."4
Robbery encompasses any "taking of. . . property [that is] attended with
such circumstances of terror, or such threatening by menace, word or gesture as
in common experience is likely to create an apprehension of danger and induce a
man to part with property for the safety of his person."5 Second degree robbery
requires that the accused take personal property "from the person of another or
in his or her presence against his or her will by the use or threatened use of
immediate force, violence, or fear of injury to that person."6 We use an objective
test to determine whether "the defendant used intimidation" and "an ordinary
1 State v. Colquitt. 133 Wn. App. 789, 796, 137 P.3d 892 (2006). 2 State v. Salinas. 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992). 3ld, 4 State v. Vasauez. 178Wn.2d 1, 16, 309 P.3d 318 (2013). 5 State v. Witherspoon. 180 Wn.2d 875, 884, 329 P.3d 888 (2014). 6RCW9A.56.190. No. 74027-0-1/5
person in the victim's position could reasonably infer a threat of bodily harm from
the defendant's acts."7
RCW 9A.04.110(28) defines "threat" as it applies to robbery offenses.
Under the statute, to "'[t]hreat[en]' means to communicate, directly or indirectly
the intent" to take the applicable action.8 In the robbery context, therefore, the
"threatened use of immediate force, violence, or fear of injury" means a direct or
indirect communication of the intent to use immediate force, violence, or cause
injury.9 A threat need not be explicit to qualify but may be implied by words or
conduct.10
Here, it is undisputed that Jerue raised the bottle over his head and
indicated that he "wasn't scared" to hit Irons in the head with it. Irons testified
that he was afraid and that he "[absolutely" felt like he would get hit if he
continued to approach Jerue. An ordinary person in his position would likewise
reasonably infer that Jerue threatened to use force. In addition, Jerue's
statements that he was "not afraid to do it," and that he did not care about the
consequences, because of his prior conviction, reinforced the seriousness of his
threat.
Jerue argues that insufficient evidence supports the finding that he used
or threatened to use force, violence, or the fear of injury to obtain the liquor.
According to Jerue, there was no threat of violence or injury to Irons when he
7 Witherspoon. 180 Wn.2d at 884. 8 RCW 9A.04.110(28). 9 State v. Shcherenkov. 146 Wn. App. 619, 624, 191 P.3d 99 (2008). 10 State v. Farnsworth. 185 Wn.2d 768, 771, 374 P.3d 1152(2016). No. 74027-0-1/6
asked whether Irons had "ever been hit over the head with a bottle." In view of
the undisputed evidence we just discussed, this argument is untenable.
Jerue argues that raising the bottle and asking Irons if he had ever been
hit with a bottle before was not an implied threat because "he did not lunge
toward him or otherwise act as if he were going to hit him." This is unpersuasive.
The classic example of a legitimate implied threat is brandishing a
weapon.11 Here, Jerue brandished the bottle over his head and implied his intent
to use it to hit Irons if he continued his pursuit. Whether Jerue refrained from
making additional physical advances toward Irons is of no consequence. "Any ...
threat, no matter how slight, which induces an owner to part with his property is
sufficient to sustain a robbery conviction."12 Viewed in the light most favorable to
the State, the evidence was sufficient to support the jury's finding that Jerue
obtained store property through the use of or threatened use of "immediate force,
violence, or fear of injury."
RIGHT TO CONFRONTATION
Jerue next argues that the trial court violated his right to confrontation by
excluding from his cross-examination of Irons the latter's violation of company
policy regarding physical contact with those being apprehended. We hold there
was no violation of his right to confrontation.
11 Shcherenkov, 146 Wn. App. at 626 (citing State v. Demerv. 144 Wn.2d 753, 755, 30 P.3d 1278(2001)). 12 State v. Handburqh. 119 Wn.2d 284, 293, 830 P.2d 641 (1992). No. 74027-0-1/7
We review de novo constitutional claims, as questions of law.13 A
defendant has a constitutional right to present testimony in his defense and to
confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses.14 However, "the right to cross-
examine adverse witnesses is not absolute."15
The confrontation right and associated cross-examination are limited by
general considerations of relevance.16 Relevant evidence is evidence that has
"any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be
without the evidence."17 Relevant evidence is admissible unless otherwise
prohibited; a defendant does not have a constitutional right to present irrelevant
evidence.18
Generally, evidence of bias is relevant to a witness's credibility.19 Where a
case stands or falls on the jury's belief or disbelief of essentially one witness, that
witness' credibility or motive must be subject to close scrutiny.20
Jerue argues that the evidence was at least minimally relevant to Iron's
possible bias and motive to lie. He contends that Irons' credibility was central to
the case because he was the only witness. According to Jerue, the jury was
13 State v. Jones. 168 Wn.2d 713, 719, 230 P.3d 576 (2010). 14 Washington v. Texas. 388 U.S. 14, 19, 23, 87 S. Ct. 1920, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1019 (1967), accord State v. Hudlow. 99 Wn.2d 1, 14-15, 659 P.2d 514 (1983). 15 State v. Darden. 145 Wn.2d 612, 620, 41 P.3d 1189(2002). 16 Jd at 621 (citing ER 401. 403: Hudlow. 99 Wn.2d at 15). 17ER401. 18 ER 402; Hudlow. 99 Wn.2d at 15. 19 State v. Lubers. 81 Wn. App. 614, 623, 915 P.2d 1157(1996). 20 State v. Wilder. 4 Wn. App. 850, 854, 486 P.2d 319 (1971); State v. Peterson. 2 Wn. App. 464, 466-67, 469 P.2d 980 (1970); State v. Tate. 2 Wn. App. 241, 247, 469 P.2d 999 (1970). See also State v. Wilson. 70 Wn.2d 638, 642-43, 424 P.2d 650 (1967). No. 74027-0-1/8
entitled to consider whether Irons had exaggerated Jerue's use of force to justify
his own aggressive actions and mitigate any consequences of violating his
employer's policy.
The central question is whether Jerue used or threatened to use force,
violence, or injury to person in his commission of the offense. Irons' admitted
violation of company policy is not relevant to this question. This is particularly
true because Jerue does not argue that he acted in self-defense.21
We also note that Irons admitted to violating the policy and the store
manager witnessed the violation when she saw him "tackle" Jerue. So, the jury
was aware of this information when deciding this case.
Finally, Jerue had other opportunities to cross-examine Irons and raise
questions about his credibility. For example, Jerue's attorney questioned Irons
about his failure to mention Jerue's threat to the 911 dispatcher as well as other
discrepancies in Irons' testimony regarding the incident.
There was no violation of Jerue's right to confrontation.
APPELLATE COSTS
Jerue argues that no costs should be imposed because the trial court
found him to be indigent. We agree.
In State v. Sinclair.22 this court recently determined that RAP 15.2(f)
created a presumption of continued indigency throughout review. Unless a trial
21 The State correctly points out self-defense is not available as a defense to robbery (State v. Lewis, 156 Wn. App. 230, 239, 233 P.3d 891 (2010), and that Jerue could have asserted self-defense as to the assault charge, but he chose not to. 22192 Wn. App. 380, 393, 367 P.3d 612 (2016).
8 No. 74027-0-1/9
court finds that an indigent defendant's financial condition has improved, we
presume that the defendant continues to be indigent.23 Here, the trial court
imposed only what it deemed to be mandatory legal financial obligations, finding
that Jerue was "absolutely buried under financial obligations given his criminal
history." The trial court also entered an Order of Indigency authorizing Jerue to
seek review at public expense.
On this record, there is a presumption of continued indigency that the
State has failed to overcome. The State argues that "[tjhere is no reason in the
record to presume [Jerue] will be unable to obtain employment when released"
based on his age and his sentence length of 38 months. Jerue's financial
declaration, however, shows that he was unemployed and receiving public
assistance, with no financial assets and liabilities of around $10,000. We
therefore exercise our discretion to deny appellate costs to the State.
We affirm the judgment and sentence. No appellate costs shall be
awarded to the State.
fex.o • WE CONCUR:
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