BREITENSTEIN, Circuit Judge.
The basic issue before us is whether water uses by Pueblo Indians in New Mexico are controlled by state water law based on the doctrine of prior appropriation. The United States District Court for the District of New Mexico made an interlocutory order that the Indian uses were controlled by state law. On the petitions of the United States and the Indians we allowed an appeal in No. 75-1106 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) and now reverse.
In 1966 New Mexico brought suit in accordance with its water adjudication statutes, Chap. 75, Art. 4, N.Mex.Stats.Ann., [1105]*11051953, for determination of rights to the use of water of the Nambe-Pojoaque River System. That system, lying entirely in New Mexico, is tributary to the Rio Grande. Substantially all of the drainage area is within the boundaries of the San Ildefonso, Pojoaque, Nambe, and Tesuque Pueblos. The United States, the four Pueblos, and about 1,000 others were named defendants. The United States, on its own behalf and on behalf of the Pueblos, intervened to remove any immunity problem and was aligned as plaintiff. No jurisdictional question is presented. The district court referred the case to a Special Master.
The United States intervened in its proprietary capacity as owner of the Santa Fe National Forest and in its fiduciary capacity as trustee or guardian for the Pueblos. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs determined that provision of private counsel for the Pueblos was the only practical means of protecting fully the rights of the Pueblos in the face of significant conflicts of interest between the Pueblos and the United States, the far-reaching importance of the suit, and the urgency of the situation. A contract for private legal counsel was approved by the delegate of the Secretary of the Interi- or and funds were provided by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
On behalf of the Pueblos the private attorneys filed a complaint in intervention. The court, on its own motion, held that the private attorneys “may not separately and independently represent the Pueblos which are already represented by government counsel”, and struck the tendered complaint in intervention. No. 75-1069 is an appeal by the Pueblos from this order. The issues raised will be discussed later.
Historical background is important to an understanding of the controversy. When, in 1541-1543, the first Spanish Conquistadors invaded what is now known as New Mexico, they found numerous established Indian agricultural communities. Among those were the Pueblos with which we are concerned. The Kingdom of Spain ruled the area until 1821 when Mexico won independence. The Republic of Mexico held dominion until 1848 when, by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 9 Stat. 922, it ceded the the area to the United States. Articles VIII and IX of that treaty protect rights recognized by prior sovereigns. In 1851, Congress extended the provisions of the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1834, 4 Stat. 729, to the Indians of the territory newly acquired from Mexico. See 9 Stat. 574, 587. The Act of 1834 prohibited settlement on lands belonging to Indian Tribes and provided that Indians could sell their lands only to the United States. The Pueblos’ land titles had long been recognized by the Spanish and Mexican governments. In 1858, these titles were confirmed by Congress. 11 Stat. 374.
Efforts of federal officials to protect the Pueblos’ property were frustrated by the New Mexico territorial courts, which held that the Pueblos were outside the protection of federal laws. See United States v. Lucero, 1 N.Mex. 422, 442. The rationale of the New Mexico court was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Joseph, 94 U.S. 614, 24 L.Ed. 295.
The 1910 New Mexico Enabling Act, 36 Stat. 557, 558-559, specified that the term “Indian country” includes “all lands now owned or occupied by the Pueblo Indians” and that such lands are “under the absolute jurisdiction and control of the Congress of the United States.” The constitutionality of this provision was upheld in United States v. Sandoval, 231 U.S. 28, 34 S.Ct. 1, 58 L.Ed. 107, which specifically overruled United States v. Joseph. Congress then had to consider the situation created by the activities of non-Indians in acquiring and occupying land within the Pueblos after acquisition of federal sovereignty. The Pueblo Lands Act of 1924, 43 Stat. 636, created the “Pueblo Lands Board” and authorized it to investigate and determine the claims of both the Indians and non-Indians to Pueblo land. In 1933 Congress authorized payment of claims presented under the 1924 Act. 48 Stat. 108. The 1924 and 1933 Acts will be discussed in detail later.
In the arid southwestern states water scarcity presents a critical problem. Colo[1106]*1106rado River Water Conservancy District v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 96 S.Ct. 1236, 47 L.Ed.2d 483, 44 L.W. 4372, 4373 (1976). The New Mexico constitution, adopted in 1911, establishes the doctrine of prior appropriation to control the use of water. N.Mex.Const. Art. XVI, § 2. One acquires a right to water by diversion and application to a beneficial use. Priority of appropriation gives the better right. Ibid. Determination of water rights is made in suit brought by the State. N.Mex.Stats.Ann., 1953, §§ 75-4-4 through 75-4-8. The instant suit to determine rights to the use of the waters of the Nambe-Pojoaque System was brought by the State in federal district court.
New Mexico and the private parties joined as defendants assert that the rights of the Pueblos are governed by the state law of prior appropriation. The United States and the Indians say that (1) the Indians have a reserved right prior to that of all non-Indians and (2) the Indians have an aboriginal right derived from the laws of Spain and Mexico and recognized by the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This controversy is presented in case No. 75-1106.
I.
We first consider procedural problems. No. 75-1069 is an appeal from the district court’s denial of the right of the Pueblos to representation by private attorneys and its rejection of the complaint in intervention filed by them on behalf of the Pueblos. The State and the private defendants-appellees moved to dismiss the appeal because the notice of appeal was not signed by counsel for the United States but by private counsel who have no standing to represent the Pueblos.
Reliance is had on Waters v. Western Company of North America, 10 Cir., 436 F.2d 1072, which dismissed, as improvidently granted, an appeal from an interlocutory order. The court noted that the attorney filing the petition for review was not the sole counsel of record of the petitioner. Ibid, at 1073. The court recognized the ethical problem involved. Ibid. In Waters, the various counsel were not in agreement. In the instant case counsel for the United States have filed a memorandum opposing the motion to dismiss. Thus harmony rather than contrariety exists among counsel for the Pueblos and counsel for the United States. The orders under attack did not operate against the United States. It had no reason to appeal or to join in an appeal.
The State also asserts that the district court’s orders denying representation by private counsel and dismissing the Pueblos’ complaint in intervention are not final decisions appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Fullmer v. Harper, 10 Cir., 517 F.2d 20, 21, holds that the denial of a motion to disqualify counsel is a final decision within the meaning of § 1291. In that case a remand was ordered for the determination of facts because a serious ethical question was presented. No such complications are present in the instant case. Appealability under § 1291 does not depend on the grant or denial of a motion to disqualify. The grant of the motion is just as final as the denial thereof. The order is appealable under § 1291.
The denial of intervention is appealable if the applicant can intervene as a matter of right under Rule 24(a), F.R. Civ.P., or if the trial court abused its discretion in denying a permissive intervention under Rule 24(b). Degge v. City of Boulder, Colorado, 10 Cir., 336 F.2d 220, 221. The Pueblos claim an interest in the water which is the subject of the action and disposition may affect their ability to protect that interest. The claim that the Pueblos are adequately represented by government counsel is not impressive. Government counsel are competent and able but they concede that a conflict of interest exists between the proprietary interests of the United States and of the Pueblos. In such a situation, adequate representation of both interests by the same counsel is impossible. The Pueblos had a right under Rule 24(a) to intervene and the denial of that right is appealable.
[1107]*1107The motion to dismiss the appeal in No. 75-1069 is denied, and we turn to the merits of that appeal.
II.
Little more need be said about the right of the Indians to private counsel. The obligation of the United States to fulfill its fiduciary duties to the Pueblos does not diminish the rights of the Pueblos to sue on their own behalf. See Poafpybitty v. Skelly Oil Co., 390 U.S. 365, 370-371, 88 S.Ct. 982, 19 L.Ed.2d 1238 and cases there cited. The instant case is not like Pueblo of Picuris v. Abeyta, 10 Cir., 50 F.2d 12 where the private counsel for a pueblo and counsel for the United States took contrary positions on the appeal of a case and the court held that the Attorney General of the United States, not the private counsel, controlled the course of the litigation. Ibid, at 14. The United States in the case at bar recognizes and supports the right of the Pueblos to privaté representation.
Section 2, Title 25, U.S.C. provides:
“The Commissioner of Indian Affairs shall, * * * have the management of all Indian affairs and of all matters arising out of Indian relations.”
Acting under this broad authority, the Commissioner decided that “private counsel independent of any possible conflict of interest should be furnished to represent the Indian interests.” His action was a fair and proper exercise of his discretion and was entirely compatible with the fiduciary obligations of the United States to the Indians. The district court erred in denying the rights of the Pueblos to independent representation by private counsel.
We have noted that the intervention on behalf of the Pueblos was an intervention of right. As such, the express terms of Rule 24(a) require that the intervention be permitted. In rejecting the intervention the district court violated the rule and its order may not stand.
III.
In No. 75-1106 we granted an appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) from the interlocutory ruling of the district court that the rights of the Pueblos to the use of water of the Nambe-Pojoaque System are subject to the appropriation laws of New Mexico. A motion of the Pueblos asserts that the State of New Mexico lacks standing to participate in the appeal because it does so as parens patriae and in that capacity may not attack rights accorded to the Pueblos under § 9 of the Pueblo Lands Act of 1933, 48 Stat. 108, 111. All parties find comfort in, and rely on, the 1933 Act. The State says that the Act subjects the Pueblos’ rights to the State appropriation laws and the Pueblos say that it does not. The issue is for determination when the merits of the case are considered. We will not dispose of it on a procedural motion.
The Pueblos also contend that as parens patriae the State represents all of its citizens and is wrongfully asserting rights in favor of the non-Indian group against the Indian group. Both the non-Indians and the Indians are citizens of New Mexico. As parens patriae a State may not assert claims on behalf of particular citizens. See Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co., 405 U.S. 251, 258-259 n. 12, 92 S.Ct. 885, 31 L.Ed.2d 184.
In the case at bar the State does not act as parens patriae. It brought suit in accordance with the provisions of §§ 75-4-4 through 75-4-8, N.Mex.Stat.Ann., 1953, for determination of rights to the use of water of the Nambe-Pojoaque System. Adjudication of rights is essential to the operation of the appropriation doctrine. See El Paso & R. I. Ry. Co. v. District Court, 36 N.M. 94, 8 P.2d 1064, 1069. The New Mexico constitution provides, Art. XVI, § 2, that the unappropriated water of every natural stream belongs to the public and is subject to appropriation in accordance with the laws of the State. Acting under statutory authority the State sued all persons, both Indians and non-Indians, claiming water rights. The presence of all claimants is necessary for a decree to be of any value. See United States v. District Court of Eagle County, 401 U.S. 520, 525, 91 S.Ct. 998, 28 L.Ed.2d 278. In a water adjudication suit [1108]*1108collision between private rights and federal rights does not affect the validity of the proceedings or the right of the State to maintain the suit. Ibid, at 526, 91 S.Ct. 998; see also Colorado River Water Conservancy District v. United States, - U.S. --, 96 S.Ct. 1236, 47 L.Ed.2d 483, 44 L.W. 4372, 4375 (1976). The Pueblos’ motion attacking the standing of the State of New Mexico is denied.
IV.
On the merits, the Pueblos contend that their rights are not limited by the appropriation doctrine. Their first claim is that they have a reserved right to so much water as is needed for the irrigation of the irrigable land within each pueblo.
In United States v. Rio Grande Dam and Irrigation Company, 174 U.S. 690, 19 S.Ct. 770, 43 L.Ed. 1136, the Court held that the Territory of New Mexico could reject the common law riparian doctrine and adopt the appropriation doctrine. In so doing, the Court said, Ibid, at 703, 19 S.Ct. at 775:
“[Tjhat, in the absence of specific authority from Congress a State cannot by its legislation, destroy the right of the United States, as the owner of lands bordering on a stream, to the continued flow of its waters; so far at least as may be necessary for the beneficial uses of the government property.”
The reserved rights of the Indians to water was first recognized in Winters v. United States, 207 U.S. 564, 28 S.Ct. 207, 52 L.Ed. 340. That was a suit by the United States to restrain the construction of a dam on the Milk River in Montana which prevented the water from flowing to the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation. The reservation was created by a treaty or agreement between the United States and the Indians with the approval of Congress. The reservation lands “were arid, and, without irrigation, were practically valueless.” Ibid, at 576, 28 S.Ct. at 211. The Court said, Ibid, at 577, 28 S.Ct. at 212:
“The power of the Government to reserve the waters and exempt them from appropriation under the state laws is not denied, and could not be. (Citing cases) That the Government did reserve them we have decided, and for a use which would be necessarily continued through years.”
Arizona v. California, 373 U.S. 546, 83 S.Ct. 1468, 10 L.Ed.2d 542, was an original jurisdiction interstate suit to determine rights to the use of waters of the Colorado River. The United States on behalf of five Indian Reservations asserted rights to mainstream water. One reservation was created by Act of Congress and the other four by Executive Orders. Ibid, at 595-596, 83 S.Ct. 1468. The Court rejected the Arizona contention that water rights could not be reserved by Executive Order. Ibid, at 598, 83 S.Ct. 1468. The Court expressly approved the Winters decision and held that, “the United States did reserve the water rights for the Indians effective as of the time the Indian Reservations were created.” Ibid, at 600, 83 S.Ct. at 1498.
Cappaert v. United States, - U.S. -, 96 S.Ct. 2062, 48 L.Ed.2d 523, 44 L.W. 4756 (1976), recognizes the reserved water rights doctrine and says that: “The doctrine applies to Indian reservations and other federal enclaves, encompassing water rights in navigable and nonnavigable streams.” Ibid, at -, 96 S.Ct. at 2069, 44 L.W. at 4759. The Court rejected the contention that there must be “a balancing of competing interests” and after referring to the Winters decision said: “The Court held that when the Federal Government reserves land, by implication it reserves water rights sufficient to accomplish the purposes of the reservation.” Ibid. The Court rejected the argument that the Federal Government must perfect its implied water rights according to state law and said “[fjederal water rights are not dependent on state law or state procedures.” Ibid, at -, 96 S.Ct. at 2073, 44 L.W. at 4760-4761.
The Pueblos did not obtain any rights by either treaty with the United States or by Executive Order. The Spanish and Mexican governments recognized the Pueblos’ land titles. In the Treaty of Guadalupe [1109]*1109Hidalgo, the United States agreed to protect rights recognized by prior sovereigns. In 1858, Congress specifically confirmed the land titles of the Pueblos with which we are concerned. 11 Stat. 374.
The 1876 Term decision in United States v. Joseph, 94 U.S. 614, 24 L.Ed. 295, was an action by the United States to recover a penalty under the mentioned 1834 Act for settlement on land of the Pueblo of Taos in New Mexico. The Court differentiated the Pueblo Indians from the nomadic Indians and said that the 1834 and 1851 Acts were not applicable to the Pueblos. Ibid, at 617. The Court also noted the 1858 confirmation of the Pueblo titles, Ibid, at 619, and said, “that this was a recognition of the title previously held by these people, and a disclaimer by the government of any right of present or future interference, * *
The Joseph decision was overturned by United States v. Sandoval, 231 U.S. 28, 34 S.Ct. 1, 58 L.Ed. 107. That was a prosecution for the sale of liquor in a New Mexico pueblo. The indictment was dismissed on the ground that the pertinent federal statute was invalid as applied to the Indian pueblos in New Mexico. The Court reversed and said, Ibid, at 39, 34 S.Ct. at 3, that:
“The people of the pueblos, although sedentary rather than nomadic in their inclinations, and disposed to peace and industry, are nevertheless Indians in race, customs, and domestic government.”
The Court noted that the United States has treated the pueblos “as requiring special consideration and protection, like other Indian communities.” Ibid.
United States v. Candelaria, 271 U.S. 432, 46 S.Ct. 561, 70 L.Ed. 1023, was an action brought by the United States to quiet title to lands within a New Mexico pueblo. The district court held that suit was barred by prior litigation to which the United States was not a party. The case reached the Supreme Court on a question certified by the Court of Appeals of the Eighth Circuit. The Court referred to the 1834 Act, 4 Stat. 730, relating to the alienation of Indian lands and the 1851 Act, 9 Stat. 587, extending the 1934 Act to “ ‘the Indian tribes’ of New Mexico.” The Court said, Ibid, at 441, 46 S.Ct. at 563:
“While there is no express reference in the provision to Pueblo Indians, we think it must be taken as including them. They are plainly within its spirit, and, in our opinion, fairly within its words, ‘any tribe of Indians.’ ”
V.
The Pueblos contend that under the mentioned decisions they have a reserved right to water of the Nambe-Pojoaque System for the irrigation of the irrigable lands within the pueblos. The State of New Mexico and the non-Indian appropriators say that whatever reserved rights the Pueblos may have had were lost by the Pueblo Lands Acts of 1924 and 1933.
The decision in United States v. Joseph placing the Pueblos outside the protection of federal laws resulted in the acquisition and occupation by non-Indians of land within the Pueblos. The United States did nothing to protect the Pueblos. The Sandoval and Candelaria decisions overturning Joseph caused uncertainty as to the titles of both the Indians and the non-Indians. The 1924 Act, 43 Stat. 636, was enacted to quiet the title to lands within the Pueblo Indian Land Grants. It established the “Pueblo Lands Board,” and directed it to investigate, determine and report the lands within the exterior boundaries of the Pueblos, the titles to which had been extinguished in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
In the 1933 Act, Congress approved compensation for the Pueblos in excess of that recommended by the Lands Board. The Committee Report says that this was done because of an error of the Lands Board. H.Rep.No.123, p. 3, infra. Private counsel for the Pueblos vigorously supported the increase in the awards. The State argues that the increase was to pay the Pueblos for whatever reserved rights they might have had to water.
The error of the Lands Board had nothing to do with reserved rights. The error [1110]*1110was a failure to recognize that, when the claims of non-Indians were sustained, the Pueblos lost both lands and the water rights appurtenant thereto. Litigation brought pursuant to the 1924 Act had resulted in decisions that appurtenant water went with the land. Congress increased the awards to include the value of appurtenant water.
The Committee Reports which preceded the passage of the 1933 Act support this conclusion. For practical purposes the Senate and House Reports are identical. See H.Rep.No.123, 73d Cong., 1st Sess. and S.Rep.No.73 at the same session. After referring to the mentioned court decisions, the House Report reads, pp. 3^4:
“The Indian has, accordingly, lost, under court decrees, under the doctrine of res adjudicata, certain lands with the water rights appurtenant thereto, for which loss section 6 of the act of June 7, 1924, clearly provided that he should be compensated. The present bill does no more than bring the awards up to an amount which the appraisers appointed by the Board found to be the value of this land and the water rights appurtenant thereto.”
The State contends that by supporting and accepting the increased compensation the Pueblos have lost the right to claim reserved rights to the water. Section 6 of the 1933 Act provides that the Pueblos may elect to take the authorized compensation and, if they do not so elect, any independent suit by them to determine titles must be brought within one year from the approval of the Act. Neither election by them to accept nor failure to sue amounts to waiver or estoppel. They took what their guardian offered and released nothing. Title to the lands and water remaining in the Pueblos lies in their guardian or trustee, the United States. Estoppel does not run against the United States when it acts as trustee for an Indian tribe, United States v. Ahtanum Irrigation District, 9 Cir., 236 F.2d 321, 334, cert. denied 352 U.S. 988, 77 S.Ct. 386, 1 L.Ed.2d 367, and cases there cited. No reason is asserted to take the instant case out of the general rule. The United States supports the claims of the Pueblos as against the non-Indians.
The question of the water rights of the Pueblos for use on the land which they retained was raised in the congressional hearings. Senators Bratton and Cutting of New Mexico asserted that the Pueblos were entitled to no preferential right. Congressman Leavitt of Montana stated, Hearings Before the House Committee on Indian Affairs on H.R. 9071, 72d Cong., 1st Sess., at 122, that:
“[W]e have got to be careful in our wording of the act of Congress that we do not extinguish an Indian right that has been long existent by a present act of Congress.”
A representative of the Secretary of the Interior proposed an amendment which he characterized as recognizing for the Indians a prior right to the use of water for domestic, stockwater and irrigation purposes for lands remaining in Indian ownership. The proposal became § 9 of the 1933 Act and reads:
“Nothing herein contained shall in any manner be construed to deprive any of the Pueblo Indians of a prior right to the use of water from streams running through or bordering on their respective pueblos for domestic, stockwater, and irrigation purposes for the lands remaining in Indian ownership, and such water rights shall not be subject to loss by nonuse or abandonment thereof as long as title to said lands shall remain in the Indians.”
Section 9 does not restrict the Pueblos’ rights to water for use on retained land to the New Mexico appropriation laws. The provision that the Pueblos’ rights are not subject to loss by nonuse or abandonment is a far cry from a submission of those rights to New Mexico law. The argument that protection against loss by abandonment is an implied recognition of New Mexico appropriation law because no protection against such loss is needed unless New Mexico law applies is unconvincing. In compliance with the Enabling Act, 36 Stat. 557, 558-559, the New Mexico Constitution, [1111]*1111Art. XXI, § 2, disclaims title to lands “owned or held by any Indian or Indian Tribes” and recognized with respect to such land “the absolute jurisdiction and control of the Congress of the United States.” Any intent of Congress to relinquish its jurisdiction and control over the lands and water rights of the Pueblos must be express. It may not be implied from a tortuous construction of the language used in § 9.
The State’s argument that § 9 was adopted as a neutral savings clause and intended to leave the question of priorities to later judicial decision is refuted by the legislative history. When the bill was before the 72d Congress, H.Rep.No.820 thereon stated, p. 6, that:
“The question of priority of water rights will necessarily be one for judicial determination, and this amendment is designed and intended to leave the matter to the courts for future action.”
The 72d Congress did not pass the bill. The Committee reports to the following Congress omitted the quoted language and approved § 9 as later adopted. The omission indicates that Congress intended § 9 to have a greater effect than the submission of the controversy to the courts.
VI.
In the Winters case the reserved water right doctrine was applied to a reservation created by Congress. 207 U.S. at 577, 28 S.Ct. 207. In Arizona v. California that doctrine was extended to Indian reservations created by Executive Orders. 373 U.S. at 596, 83 S.Ct. 1468, notes 99 and 100. Cappaert was concerned with a National Monument created by Presidential proclamation issued under the Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities, 16 U.S.C. § 431.
The Pueblos received fee simple title to their lands by the 1858 Act. 11 Stat. 374. The Sandoval decision, 231 U.S. at 39, 34 S.Ct. 1, and the Candelaria decision, 271 U.S. at 440, 46 S.Ct. 561, each hold that the Pueblos are to be treated like other Indian communities. The fact that the Pueblos hold fee simple title makes no difference. Sandoval, 231 U.S. at 48, 34 S.Ct. 1.
The United States has not relinquished jurisdiction and control over the Pueblos and has not placed their water rights under New Mexico law. The recognized fee title of the Pueblos is logically inconsistent with the concept of a reserved right. By the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States agreed to protect rights recognized by the prior sovereigns. Whatever those rights may have been, they were validated by the 1858 Act which confirmed the land claims of the four Pueblos and which said, 11 Stat. 374, that the Commissioner of the Land Office:
“shall cause a patent to issue therefore as in ordinary cases to private individuals: Provided, That this confirmation shall only be construed as a relinquishment of all title and claim of the United States to any of said lands, and shall not affect any adverse valid rights, should such exist.”
A relinquishment of title by the United States differs from the creation of a reservation for the Indians. In its relinquishment the United States reserved nothing and expressly provided that its action did not affect then existing adverse rights. The mentioned decisions recognizing reserved water rights on reservations created by the United States are not technically applicable.
Under Sandoval and Candelaria, the United States has treated the Pueblos like other Indians. It is their guardian and trustee. The lands of the Pueblos may not be alienated without its consent. The rights of the non-Indians, whose claims to lands within the area confirmed in the Pueblos by the 1858 Act, were obtained because of the failure of the United States seasonably to protect the rights of the Pueblos.
Section 2 of the 1924 Act, 43 Stat. 636, provides that the Pueblo Lands Board after its investigations and determinations shall make a report and file a copy thereof with the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico. Section 3, Ibid., [1112]*1112says that upon the filing of that report the Attorney General shall file suit in that court to quiet the Pueblos’ titles to the lands for which their title has not been extinguished. In defense the non-Indians may rely on limitations of actions based on varying times of adverse possession. Section 4, Ibid, at 637. Section 5, Ibid., provides that the successful assertion of a plea of limitations shall entitle the non-Indian claimant to a decree in his favor.
VII-.
The possible non-Indian claimants may be put in these classes:
1. Those who held adversely to the Pueblos before the 1858 Act.
2. Those who held lands within the Pueblos as the result of some circumstance occurring after 1858, other than the failure of the United States seasonably to protect the rights of the Pueblos.
3. Those whose rights depend on the limitation periods recognized by the 1924 Act.
As to each of these groups, the water rights of the non-Indians are not connected with, or derived from, the Indians. They had independent origin. Because of that derivation, the non-Indians are not in the position of allottees or successors to allottees. The decision in United States v. Winans, 198 U.S. 371, 25 S.Ct. 662, 49 L.Ed. 1089, has no bearing on the problem presented.
The rights of the non-Indians are subject to the water laws of New Mexico. The water rights of the Pueblos are not subject to the laws of New Mexico because the United States has never surrendered its jurisdiction and control. The problem remaining is the interrelationship of priorities for the water rights of the Pueblos and for the non-Indians.
Much evidence was received by the Special Master on the meaning and effect of the laws of Spain and Mexico pertinent to the Indians and to the use of water. Evidence offered by the United States on the issue was rejected. The district court did not decide what was the controlling law when the area was within the dominion of either Spain or Mexico. We decline to make such decision in the first instance.
The crucial priority date may be 1858, the date when the United States confirmed the Pueblos’ titles. It is not decisive as to any non-Indian claimant in Group 1 who prior to 1858 had an adverse right to the use of any water. If such claim is made and supported the district court must make a determination of the water rights of the Pueblos under the laws of Spain and Mexico and determine the relationship between the rights of the Pueblos and of the non-Indians in Group 1. In so doing it must consider the evidence already received and in addition that offered by the United States and rejected.
The Group 2 non-Indians are in a different position. Their acquisitions did not result from any failure of the United States to perform its obligations as guardian and trustee. Whatever claims are made and supported by non-Indians in Group 2 must be determined by the district court. Without knowing what those claims are, we can make no determination of the relationship of the Group 2 non-Indians with the Pueblos.
The Group 3 non-Indians have rights based on adverse possession. We do not know whether a water right can be acquired in New Mexico by prescription. See Pioneer Irrigating Ditch Co. v. Blashek, 41 N.M. 99, 64 P.2d 388, 390. Be that as it may, § 9 of the 1933 Act provides that nothing contained therein “shall in any manner be construed to deprive any of the Pueblo Indians of a prior right to the use of water.”
Pursuant to the 1924 and 1933 Acts, the ownership of some lands within the Pueblos was recognized to be in non-Indians. That ownership carried with it appurtenant water. The problem is the relative priority dates of the water rights of the Pueblos and the non-Indians. Three possibilities exist. First, the Pueblos have priority over all of the non-Indians. Second, priority of all [1113]*1113uses, both Pueblo and non-Indians, shall be determined by the first diversion and application to beneficial use. Third, the 1924 and 1933 Acts put the priorities on parity.
The answer depends on the meaning of “prior right” as used in § 9. That term may not apply to a reserved right because the United States gave the Pueblos a quit claim deed to lands which were recognized by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to be in their ownership. The United States had nothing to reserve. Sandoval says, 231 U.S. at 39, 34 S.Ct. at 3, that the Pueblos “have been regarded and treated by the United States as requiring special consideration and protection, like other Indian communities.” Candelaria reaffirms Sandoval and says, 271 U.S. at 440, 46 S.Ct. at 562, that the lands of the pueblos “like the tribal lands of other Indians owned in fee under patents from the United States are ‘subject to the legislation of Congress enacted in the exercise of the Government’s guardianship’ over Indian tribes and their property.”
When the 1924 and 1933 Acts were before Congress much discussion revolved around the reserved water doctrine approved in Winters. By using the phrase “prior rights” in § 9 Congress may well have intended to recognize the Winters decision. Such an intent is consonant with both Sandoval and Candelaria. A recognition of any priority date for the Indians later than, or equal to, a priority date for a non-Indian violates the mandate of Congress that nothing in the 1933 Act shall deprive the Pueblos to a prior right to the use of water.
VIII.
One argument remains to be mentioned. The State makes much of the economic effect on the non-Indians who were awarded lands by the 1933 Act if the Pueblos have a right prior to them. In Cappaert, - U.S. at -, 96 S.Ct. at 2070, 44 LW at 4759, the Supreme Court rejected the argument that equity calls “for a balancing of competing interests.” We reach the same conclusion. The water rights of the Pueblos are prior to all non-Indians whose land ownership was recognized pursuant to the 1924 and 1933 Acts.
The quantification of the Pueblos’ rights presents another problem and, in the first instance, it must be decided by the district court. Exploration of the pertinent law of Spain and Mexico may be required. We do not know. The attention of the district court is directed to the provisions of the decree in Arizona v. California, 376 U.S. 340, 344-345, 83 S.Ct. 1468, 10 L.Ed.2d 542, defining the rights of the Indians.
All procedural motions in both Nos. 75-1069 and 75-1106 are overruled. In each case the orders of the district court are reversed and each is remanded for further proceedings in the light of this opinion.