NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1741-15T1
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
P.C.,
Defendant-Appellant. ______________________________
Submitted January 16, 2018 – Decided July 9, 2018
Before Judges Ostrer and Whipple.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Essex County, Indictment No. 14- 10-2429.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Theresa Y. Kyles, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, of counsel and on the brief).
Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for respondent (Emily R. Anderson, Deputy Attorney General, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM Defendant P.C.1 appeals from a November 9, 2015 judgment of
conviction following the entry of a guilty plea to weapons
possession. In particular, defendant argues the trial court's
denial of his motion to suppress evidence found after police
searched his living areas was error. Having reviewed defendant's
arguments in light of the record and applicable legal principles,
we affirm.
We discern the following relevant facts from police testimony
elicited at the motion to suppress. On April 22, 2014, at around
6:30 p.m., a Maplewood police sergeant and several officers
responded to defendant's house in Maplewood. Earlier that day,
due to concerns about his mental health, defendant was transported
by police to East Orange General Hospital for crisis intervention.
Soon after, the police received complaints from a family member
that defendant possessed a firearm and had sent text messages
threatening to hurt people.2 The sergeant testified the police
"received a call from one of them and he was concerned about the
safety of his family and of the community[.]"
1 Because the facts of this case involve issues regarding defendant's mental health, we use initials to protect his privacy. 2 For example, the following message was among those provided to police: "I can't take it anymore. If there's a murder, don't fucking be surprised, I'm doing my best but these bitches are killing me."
2 A-1741-15T1 The sergeant arrived at defendant's house and was met at the
door by defendant's aunt and grandfather. After they spoke at the
door for a while, "the family let [him] in and . . . all agreed
it was best to get the gun out of the house." The police asked
the family for permission to search for the gun, and while the
aunt was nervous, the grandfather gave permission for the search.
The grandfather represented he was the homeowner, and he lived in
the home with the aunt and defendant. At some point during the
police presence in the home, a third family member arrived, and
"was kind of aggravated and wanted [the police] to do something[.]"
The sergeant went upstairs with the aunt and the grandfather
to conduct the search. There were three bedrooms located upstairs,
along with a second kitchen, through which defendant's bedroom was
located. When the sergeant got to the top of the stairs he could
see into the kitchen and another room behind that, a bedroom.
According to the sergeant the kitchen was "in shambles" with knives
sticking in the walls and holes in the walls. The family directed
the sergeant to defendant's bedroom, where he observed a book
about improvised explosive devices, as well as knives and other
weapons including an Airsoft, replica weapons that looked like
real guns, brass knuckles, throwing knives, samurai swords, fake
hand grenades, a Taser gun, and bulletproof vests.
3 A-1741-15T1 The sergeant called for an additional police unit. None of
the family objected, and the aunt and the grandfather expressed
agreement that the various implements should be removed from the
house. The family assisted police in gathering things.
Additionally, the grandfather informed the police he owned a
shotgun, which defendant possessed. The shotgun was located, with
ammunition, in a locked gun safe in the upstairs kitchen. The
grandfather provided police with the keys. The shotgun had been
altered in an illegal fashion.
In October 2014, an Essex County Grand Jury returned an
indictment charging defendant with third-degree possession of a
sawed-off shotgun, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-3(b); fourth-degree possession
of a stun gun, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-3(h); fourth-degree possession of a
weapon (two pairs of brass knuckles) under circumstances not
manifestly appropriate for lawful use, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(d); and
fourth-degree possession of a gravity knife without an explainable
lawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-3(e). Defendant moved to suppress
the seized items.
Over several days in June 2015, the court conducted a hearing
on defendant's motion to suppress. At the motion hearing, the
state offered the sergeant's testimony as outlined above. The
aunt offered a different version of events. She stated, "[the
police] rang the doorbell and I asked what they wanted . . . I
4 A-1741-15T1 forgot what they said and I asked for a search warrant. They did
not show me nothing. And they just ran upstairs." She testified
the officers did not ask for consent to search the house, did not
show her a warrant, told her to remain downstairs, did not allow
her upstairs, and ransacked the upstairs of the home, breaking
things.
Defendant lived in the upstairs bedroom, and the aunt
initially stated defendant paid rent and was the sole user of the
upstairs kitchen and the attached bedroom, but the occupants of
the home had to walk past the kitchen to get downstairs, and would
enter the area every so often.
The grandfather testified that when the police came to the
house on the day in question, they "came through the front door
straight up, straight in." They did not ask for consent to search
the home, and did not give him any forms to sign. He said he
followed the police upstairs and was told to go back downstairs.
The grandfather testified defendant paid rent, and lived
upstairs in an area that was not open to everyone else in the home
but he would go upstairs into defendant's living area sometimes
to visit. The gun located in the safe belonged to him, and he
testified he did not provide police with the key. He denied a
third family member was present in the home during the search,
5 A-1741-15T1 asserted he did not ask the police to remove any items, and did
not know these items were present in his home.
The trial judge denied defendant's motion to suppress. He
found the sergeant to be a credible witness. In contrast, the
judge found the testimony of the aunt and the grandfather not
credible. The trial judge noted their stories were aligned with
one another's, how they were largely different than the sergeant's,
and were biased by not wanting defendant to get in more trouble
than he already was. He found it illogical that the sergeant
ignored the aunt's questions and went into this private home
without a warrant and the police just did what they felt they
needed to do. The judge stated,
there was a valid exception here to the warrant requirement that the police . . . were performing an important community caretaking responsibility . . . by removing the weapons in the home for the protection of the . . . family . . . the urgency was that there was no telling when [defendant] was gonna be returning[.]
Further, the judge made findings on the issue of consent. He
stated, "there was no evidence [the sergeant] advised the family
. . . that they had a right to refuse." However, "consent was not
affected by the failure of the police to specifically inform the
person that they had a right to refuse consent or inspection,
6 A-1741-15T1 where there was no indication that he would have declined [to
consent] had he been informed of that right."
On September 25, 2015, defendant pled guilty to all four
charges of the indictment. In return for the plea, the State
downgraded the third-degree possession of the sawed-off shotgun
to a fourth-degree regulatory violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:39-10(a).
The State recommended a sentence of non-custodial probation
conditioned upon the defendant's continued participation in mental
health counseling, alcohol counseling, random drug testing, and
maintained employment.
On November 9, 2015, the judge sentenced defendant in
accordance with the plea agreement, finding mitigating factor ten,
and aggravating factor nine, and that these were in equipoise. On
each count, defendant was sentenced to a three-year probationary
term, running concurrently, conditioned upon him maintaining
employment, continuing with mental health counseling, continuing
with AA meetings, forfeiting all weapons seized, performing
seventy-five hours of community service, and submitting to drug
and alcohol testing. Appropriate fines and penalties were
assessed.
This appeal followed. On appeal, defendant raises the
following issues:
7 A-1741-15T1 POINT I. THE COURT ERRED IN HOLDING THAT THE WARRANTLESS SEARCH OF [P.C.'s] ROOMS FELL WITHIN THE COMMUNITY-CARETAKING AND CONSENT- TO-SEARCH EXCEPTIONS TO THE WARRANT REQUIREMENT.
A. THE COMMUNITY CARETAKING DOCTRINE, WHICH IS SUBSUMED WITHIN THE EMERGENCY- AID DOCTRINE, DID NOT JUSTIFY THE ENTRY INTO AND SEARCH OF [P.C.'s] ROOMS.
B. THE CONSENT-TO-SEARCH EXCEPTION TO THE WARRANT REQUIREMENT DID NOT APPLY TO THE ENTRY INTO AND SEARCH OF [P.C.'s] ROOMS WHERE NEITHER HIS GRANDFATHER NOR HIS AUNT HAD ACTUAL OR APPARENT AUTHORITY TO CONSENT TO A SEARCH OF THAT AREA.
I.
When we review a grant or denial of a motion to suppress we
defer to the factual findings of the trial court if those findings
are supported by sufficient evidence in the record. State v.
Hubbard, 222 N.J. 249, 262 (2015) (citation omitted). We defer
to a trial judge's factual findings because these findings "are
often influenced by matters such as observations of the character
and demeanor of witnesses and common human experience that are not
transmitted by the record." State v. Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 474
(1999) (citations omitted). These factual findings should only
be disturbed if they are "so clearly mistaken that the interests
of justice demand intervention and correction." State v. Gamble,
218 N.J. 412, 425 (2014) (quoting State v. Elders, 192 N.J. 224,
244 (2007)); Hubbard, 222 N.J. at 262. This applies as well to
8 A-1741-15T1 credibility findings by the trial judge. Locurto, 157 N.J. at
470; State v. Barone, 147 N.J. 599, 615 (1998). However, the
trial court's legal interpretations will be reviewed de novo.
Hubbard, 222 N.J. at 263.
The United States and New Jersey Constitution protect
individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S.
Const., amend IV; N.J. Const., art. I, ¶ 7. "Warrantless seizures
and searches are presumptively invalid as contrary to the United
States and the New Jersey Constitutions." State v. Pineiro, 181
N.J. 13, 19 (2004) (citation omitted).
To overcome this presumption, the State must show the search
falls within one of the well-recognized exceptions to the warrant
requirement. State v. Maryland, 167 N.J. 471, 482 (2001) (citing
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219 (1973)). The
community-caretaking doctrine is such an exception when animated
by exigent circumstances. State v. Edmonds, 211 N.J. 117, 141
(2012) (citing Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441 (1973)).
Consent is another. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. at 219; State v. Lamb,
218 N.J. 300, 315 (2014).
II.
Defendant argues the trial court's reliance on the community-
caretaking doctrine was in error, as this doctrine has been
subsumed within the emergency-aid doctrine. He asserts there was
9 A-1741-15T1 no genuine and imminent danger to the safety or welfare of another
to justify the warrantless search under this exception.
Under the community-caretaking doctrine, police act "not in
their law enforcement or criminal investigatory role," but rather
in "a wide range of social services, such as aiding those in danger
of harm, preserving property, and creat[ing] and maintain[ing] a
feeling of security in the community." State v. Bogan, 200 N.J.
61, 73 (2009) (citations omitted); Edmonds, 211 N.J. at 141. Our
Supreme Court has held that the community-caretaking doctrine,
standing alone and without additional exigency or consent, is
insufficient to allow a warrantless search of a home. State v.
Wright, 221 N.J. 456, 468 (2015) (citing State v. Vargas, 213 N.J.
301, 325 (2013)). Thus the community-caretaking doctrine has
merged, to some extent, with the emergency-aid doctrine. See
State v. Mordente, 444 N.J. Super. 393, 397-98 (2016).
Under the emergency-aid doctrine, a warrantless search is
permitted when two requirements are met: (1) the existence of an
emergency, viewed objectively; and (2) "a reasonable nexus between
the search and the emergency." Edmonds, 211 N.J. at 132 (quoting
State v. Frankel, 179 N.J. 586, 600 (2004)).
Under the first element, "the test is whether the evidence
would have led a 'prudent and reasonable officer' to perceive an
immediate need to take action in order to prevent death or to
10 A-1741-15T1 protect against serious injury to persons or property." State v.
Cassidy, 179 N.J. 150, 163 (2004) (quoting 3 Wayne LaFave, Search
& Seizure § 6.6(a) at 391 (1996)). The officer must only possess
"an objectively reasonable basis to believe--not certitude--that
there is a danger and need for prompt action." Frankel, 179 N.J.
at 599 (citing Cassidy, 179 N.J. at 161). The actual non-existence
of the perceived danger "does not invalidate the reasonableness
of the decision to act at the time." Ibid.
Here, earlier on April 22, 2014, the police transferred
defendant to the hospital under a psychological watch, because the
police and his family "felt he was a danger to himself and others."
Subsequently, the police received "several texts and emails from
family members . . . [defendant] was sending out about hurting
himself and hurting . . . other people." They also received a
phone call believed to be from a family member who was concerned
about the safety of defendant's family and the community. Through
these interactions, the police formed the belief defendant owned
weapons.
Based on this information, the police responded to
defendant's home. The sergeant testified "based on the totality
of the circumstances, . . . having seen the emails sent by
[defendant] to the family members. Knowing the condition he was
in . . . truly felt [defendant] was a danger to the community."
11 A-1741-15T1 The sergeant noted, "the house [was] literally 100 feet from a
school yard", adding to the urgency of the circumstances. Because
the sergeant did not know when defendant would be able to leave
the hospital and return to the home, he felt it was necessary for
the safety of the public to remove the weapons immediately.
The trial judge found the sergeant was a credible witness,
and we defer to the judge's credibility determinations. Locurto,
157 N.J. at 470. The police formed an objectively reasonable
perception there was an immediate danger defendant could return
home from the hospital, take the alleged weapons, and hurt himself,
someone in his family, or someone in the community. Whether or
not defendant was in fact about to arrive at the home at any minute
is irrelevant, as long as the police objectively believed it was
so. See Wayne v. United States, 318 F.2d 205, 212 (D.C. Cir.
1963) ("[A] warrant is not required to break down a door to enter
a burning home to rescue occupants or extinguish a fire, to prevent
a shooting or to bring emergency aid to an injured person.")
Next, "the scope of the search under the emergency aid
exception is limited to the reasons and objectives that prompted
the search in the first place." Frankel, 179 N.J. at 599 (2004)
(citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19-20 (1968)). Here, the only
places searched by police were those belonging to defendant. They
searched his kitchenette and his bedroom, and did not intrude into
12 A-1741-15T1 other bedrooms or living areas in the home, nor into places where
a gun could not reasonably be found. Thus, there was a reasonable
nexus between the search and the perceived emergency.
Based on the foregoing, and in particular the credibility
findings, we can find no basis to say that the trial judge abused
his discretion in determining that the community-caretaking
doctrine applied to permit the warrantless search.
III.
Defendant further argues that the trial judge erred by finding
that the warrantless search permissible due to the consent given
by the grandfather and the aunt, because the consent was not valid.
Alternatively, he argues that the grandfather and the aunt did not
have actual or apparent authority to consent to the search of
defendant's living areas.
"[A]ny consent given by an individual to a police officer to
conduct a warrantless search must be given knowingly and
voluntarily." State v. Carty, 170 N.J. 632, 639 (2002); State v.
Elders, 192 N.J. 224, 236 (2007); State v. Domicz, 188 N.J. 285,
307 (2006). In order for consent to a warrantless search to be
voluntary, the State must show that the person involved knew he
or she "had a choice in the matter." State v. Johnson, 68 N.J.
349, 354 (1975). However, the State does not need to prove that
the person was informed of his or her right to refuse consent.
13 A-1741-15T1 Ibid.; State v. Douglas, 204 N.J. Super. 265, 277 (App. Div. 1985).
Therefore, the question is whether the consent was "the result of
duress or coercion, express or implied." Lamb, 218 N.J. at 315
(citations omitted).
The sergeant was at the home at the behest of defendant's
family, he identified himself as police, and was invited inside.
While in the home, the sergeant asked the family for permission
to search for the weapons he perceived to be in the home. The
aunt and the grandfather granted their permission, and even walked
upstairs with the sergeant to assist in the search. While it is
undisputed the sergeant did not affirmatively inform the aunt and
the grandfather they could refuse consent, under the totality of
the circumstances, there is no indication that they would have
refused had he done so. See State v. Brown, 282 N.J. Super. 538,
548 (App. Div. 1995). The circumstances present here do not
demonstrate the consent was the result of duress or coercion, and
we find no basis to conclude the judge's finding that the sergeant
obtained valid consent from the family was in error or an abuse
of discretion.
Valid consent to search "may be obtained from one other than
the accused . . . so long as the consenting third party has the
authority to bind the accused." Douglas, 204 N.J. Super. at 276;
State v. Suazo, 133 N.J. 315, 320 (1993).
14 A-1741-15T1 "A co-habitant who possesses common authority over or has a
sufficient relationship to the premises or effects sought to be
inspected may voluntarily consent to a lawful search." Lamb, 218
N.J. at 315 (citing United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 171
(1974)). These third parties may have actual authority to consent
"based on their common use of the space searched." State v.
Cushing, 226 N.J. 187, 200 (2016) (citing Suazo, 133 N.J. at 319-
20).
Here, the grandfather gave third-party consent to the search
by the police. Most importantly, he informed the police he was
the homeowner, and explicitly gave the sergeant permission to
search the kitchenette and bedroom utilized by defendant. The
sergeant testified his view into the kitchenette and the bedroom
was unobstructed. Additionally, both the aunt and the grandfather
spent time in defendant's living areas, and defendant would often
use the downstairs kitchen with them. Furthermore, since the
grandfather testified the gun safe was his, and the shotgun inside
was his for hunting, the consent given to search the safe does not
need to satisfy the third-party test.
Based on the sergeant's credible testimony, the grandfather,
as homeowner with both common authority and sufficient
relationship to the premises to be searched, had actual authority
to consent to a search of the rooms and the gun safe.
15 A-1741-15T1 Moreover, even if the grandfather did not have actual
authority to consent, he had apparent authority. Apparent
authority "arises when a third party (1) does not possess actual
authority to consent but appears to have such authority and (2)
the law enforcement officer reasonably relied, from an objective
perspective, on that appearance of authority." Cushing, 226 N.J.
at 199-200 (citing Ill. v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 185-89 (1990)).
"The question is 'whether the officer's belief that the third
party had the authority to consent was objectively reasonable in
view of the facts and circumstances known at the time of the
search.'" State v. Coles, 218 N.J. 322, 340 (2014) (quoting Suazo,
133 N.J. at 320). The sergeant learned at the scene that the
grandfather was the homeowner, who readily agreed to permit him
to conduct a search.
In light of the facts and circumstances known at the time of
the search, the sergeant's belief the grandfather had actual
authority to consent to the search was objectively reasonable.
Affirmed.
16 A-1741-15T1