NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1465-16T2
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent, APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
March 22, 2018 v. APPELLATE DIVISION
NASIR A. FINNEMAN,
Defendant-Appellant.
Submitted December 12, 2018 – Decided March 22, 2019
Before Judges Alvarez, Nugent, and Mawla.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Camden County, Municipal Appeal No. 32- 15.
Ryan Anderson argued the cause for appellant.
Linda A. Shashoua, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause for respondent (Mary Eva Colalillo, Camden County Prosecutor, attorney; Linda A. Shashoua, of counsel and on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
ALVAREZ, P.J.A.D.
On September 18, 2015, defendant Nasir A. Finneman was found guilty
of the petty disorderly persons offense of harassment, N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4(c). During the municipal court hearing, he was represented by a public defender.
See Municipal Public Defender Law, N.J.S.A. 2B:24-1 to -17. On his appeal
de novo to the Law Division, Rule 3:23-8(a)(2), defendant was assigned a first,
then a second, pro bono attorney. Both successfully petitioned the court to
withdraw. As a result, the conviction was affirmed in the absence of any
counsel, or in fact, any argument by anyone on defendant's behalf. We now
reverse.
The underlying facts are not necessary to the disposition of this appeal.
It is necessary, however, to describe the trial de novo record regarding the
assignment of counsel, and the final hearing. Defendant's first assigned
attorney alleged that defendant wanted him to raise issues in violation of the
Rules of Professional Conduct (RPC). The attorney added that he had "no
prior experience in state-law criminal matters." Defendant was not given
notice of the hearing at which his first attorney was relieved of the assignment.
The second attorney sought to withdraw because defendant refused to
meet with her in either her larger Philadelphia office or the courthouse, and
she claimed she did not feel comfortable conferring with him in her small New
Jersey office. The judge did not propose that counsel then and there discuss
the case with defendant, or otherwise explore counsel's application. She too
was relieved.
A-1465-16T2 2 Defendant, who had been noticed and was present in the courtroom, said
he did not understand the reason his second attorney did not want to meet with
him, suggesting perhaps it was the volume of his voice over the cell phone.
Defendant also complained that Sheriff's officers followed him "around the
courthouse and . . . did bad things to [him]." He added that they used
"excessive" force on him even though he was disabled, they did not assist him,
and that they "all work[ed] together[.]" He did not say he wanted to represent
himself.
On the last page of the nine-page transcript of this proceeding,
presumably after the judge left the bench, defendant asked: "[n]ow what about
counsel? He's going to assign me to counsel or I have to[.]" His attorney
responded: "I would believe that he would assign you new counsel then."
Defendant asked if he has to sign something, and the prosecutor responded that
the clerk will provide him with a signed order, but did not "know if [the court
was] going to assign [counsel] or not."
The next and final hearing was scheduled some three months later.
Defendant told the judge that he spoke to someone in the clerk's office after
the earlier hearing and was advised that he would be assigned counsel, or that
someone from the public defender's office would represent him. The
prosecutor interjected that it was her understanding that defendant "at that
A-1465-16T2 3 point . . . was going to proceed on his own." Additionally, the prosecutor
pointed out that defendant missed the deadline for filing written submissions in
support of his appeal.
Defendant denied having conflicts with either counsel. He did not
understand why his second attorney withdrew, or why he was not notified of
the hearing date for his first attorney's withdrawal. He told the judge that he
had never said he wanted to represent himself and that he did not "have the
education at law to represent [him]self." When the judge said that he was
ready to address the matter, defendant tried to object. The judge went on to
say that defendant was "unable to get along with counsel and the two counsel
have withdrawn, and I'm going to decide the case."
The judge made findings of fact and law, and summarily found
defendant guilty. He sentenced defendant to a thirty-day suspended sentence,
probation for six months, and required him to undergo a psychiatric evaluation
and comply with recommendations for treatment. He also imposed monetary
penalties including a $150 fine under N.J.S.A. 2C:43-3, and refused to stay the
sentence. The sole point of error defendant raises on appeal is the court's
failure to assign him a new attorney for purposes of the trial de novo in the
Law Division.
A-1465-16T2 4 It has long been the law in this State that indigent defendants are entitled
to representation in matters having consequences of magnitude, such as in this
case. See R. 3:23-8(a)(4); Rodriguez v. Rosenblatt, 58 N.J. 281, 295 (1971).
We do not minimize the difficulty experienced by attorneys obligated to
perform this public service, or stint the praise to which they are entitled for
doing so. See Parkell v. Danberg, 833 F.3d 313, 320 n.1 (3d Cir. 2016)
("Lawyers who act pro bono fulfill the highest service that members of the bar
can offer to indigent parties and to the legal profession."). That the two
lawyers struggled with the representation is understandable.
Nonetheless, this defendant never expressed an interest in representing
himself. See State v. Harris, 384 N.J. Super. 29, 59-60 (App. Div. 2006). As a
result, the court should have taken additional steps before so promptly
relieving second counsel. Defendant's objections to the meeting place
notwithstanding, had he been presented with the choice of either conferring in
the courthouse, or some other venue where counsel would be comfortable, or
foregoing the right to counsel, he may have been willing to compromise. The
court responded to the lawyer's complaints without reviewing with defendant
the effect withdrawal would have on defendant's case. Trial judges have great
discretion in controlling their courtroom, and the manner in which they
A-1465-16T2 5 conduct proceedings, but not at the expense of a citizen's constitutional right to
counsel.
Defendant was not even present when his first attorney withdrew. That
lawyer represented that his client wanted him to act in violation of the RPC.
Therefore, the judge properly granted the application. See RPC 1.16(a)(1) (a
lawyer shall withdraw if "the representation will result in violation of the
[RPC] or other law[.]"); RPC 1.16(b)(2) (a lawyer may withdraw if "the client
persists in a course of action involving the lawyer's services that the lawyer
reasonably believes is criminal or fraudulent[.]"). But the attorney's lack of
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1465-16T2
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent, APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
March 22, 2018 v. APPELLATE DIVISION
NASIR A. FINNEMAN,
Defendant-Appellant.
Submitted December 12, 2018 – Decided March 22, 2019
Before Judges Alvarez, Nugent, and Mawla.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Camden County, Municipal Appeal No. 32- 15.
Ryan Anderson argued the cause for appellant.
Linda A. Shashoua, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause for respondent (Mary Eva Colalillo, Camden County Prosecutor, attorney; Linda A. Shashoua, of counsel and on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
ALVAREZ, P.J.A.D.
On September 18, 2015, defendant Nasir A. Finneman was found guilty
of the petty disorderly persons offense of harassment, N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4(c). During the municipal court hearing, he was represented by a public defender.
See Municipal Public Defender Law, N.J.S.A. 2B:24-1 to -17. On his appeal
de novo to the Law Division, Rule 3:23-8(a)(2), defendant was assigned a first,
then a second, pro bono attorney. Both successfully petitioned the court to
withdraw. As a result, the conviction was affirmed in the absence of any
counsel, or in fact, any argument by anyone on defendant's behalf. We now
reverse.
The underlying facts are not necessary to the disposition of this appeal.
It is necessary, however, to describe the trial de novo record regarding the
assignment of counsel, and the final hearing. Defendant's first assigned
attorney alleged that defendant wanted him to raise issues in violation of the
Rules of Professional Conduct (RPC). The attorney added that he had "no
prior experience in state-law criminal matters." Defendant was not given
notice of the hearing at which his first attorney was relieved of the assignment.
The second attorney sought to withdraw because defendant refused to
meet with her in either her larger Philadelphia office or the courthouse, and
she claimed she did not feel comfortable conferring with him in her small New
Jersey office. The judge did not propose that counsel then and there discuss
the case with defendant, or otherwise explore counsel's application. She too
was relieved.
A-1465-16T2 2 Defendant, who had been noticed and was present in the courtroom, said
he did not understand the reason his second attorney did not want to meet with
him, suggesting perhaps it was the volume of his voice over the cell phone.
Defendant also complained that Sheriff's officers followed him "around the
courthouse and . . . did bad things to [him]." He added that they used
"excessive" force on him even though he was disabled, they did not assist him,
and that they "all work[ed] together[.]" He did not say he wanted to represent
himself.
On the last page of the nine-page transcript of this proceeding,
presumably after the judge left the bench, defendant asked: "[n]ow what about
counsel? He's going to assign me to counsel or I have to[.]" His attorney
responded: "I would believe that he would assign you new counsel then."
Defendant asked if he has to sign something, and the prosecutor responded that
the clerk will provide him with a signed order, but did not "know if [the court
was] going to assign [counsel] or not."
The next and final hearing was scheduled some three months later.
Defendant told the judge that he spoke to someone in the clerk's office after
the earlier hearing and was advised that he would be assigned counsel, or that
someone from the public defender's office would represent him. The
prosecutor interjected that it was her understanding that defendant "at that
A-1465-16T2 3 point . . . was going to proceed on his own." Additionally, the prosecutor
pointed out that defendant missed the deadline for filing written submissions in
support of his appeal.
Defendant denied having conflicts with either counsel. He did not
understand why his second attorney withdrew, or why he was not notified of
the hearing date for his first attorney's withdrawal. He told the judge that he
had never said he wanted to represent himself and that he did not "have the
education at law to represent [him]self." When the judge said that he was
ready to address the matter, defendant tried to object. The judge went on to
say that defendant was "unable to get along with counsel and the two counsel
have withdrawn, and I'm going to decide the case."
The judge made findings of fact and law, and summarily found
defendant guilty. He sentenced defendant to a thirty-day suspended sentence,
probation for six months, and required him to undergo a psychiatric evaluation
and comply with recommendations for treatment. He also imposed monetary
penalties including a $150 fine under N.J.S.A. 2C:43-3, and refused to stay the
sentence. The sole point of error defendant raises on appeal is the court's
failure to assign him a new attorney for purposes of the trial de novo in the
Law Division.
A-1465-16T2 4 It has long been the law in this State that indigent defendants are entitled
to representation in matters having consequences of magnitude, such as in this
case. See R. 3:23-8(a)(4); Rodriguez v. Rosenblatt, 58 N.J. 281, 295 (1971).
We do not minimize the difficulty experienced by attorneys obligated to
perform this public service, or stint the praise to which they are entitled for
doing so. See Parkell v. Danberg, 833 F.3d 313, 320 n.1 (3d Cir. 2016)
("Lawyers who act pro bono fulfill the highest service that members of the bar
can offer to indigent parties and to the legal profession."). That the two
lawyers struggled with the representation is understandable.
Nonetheless, this defendant never expressed an interest in representing
himself. See State v. Harris, 384 N.J. Super. 29, 59-60 (App. Div. 2006). As a
result, the court should have taken additional steps before so promptly
relieving second counsel. Defendant's objections to the meeting place
notwithstanding, had he been presented with the choice of either conferring in
the courthouse, or some other venue where counsel would be comfortable, or
foregoing the right to counsel, he may have been willing to compromise. The
court responded to the lawyer's complaints without reviewing with defendant
the effect withdrawal would have on defendant's case. Trial judges have great
discretion in controlling their courtroom, and the manner in which they
A-1465-16T2 5 conduct proceedings, but not at the expense of a citizen's constitutional right to
counsel.
Defendant was not even present when his first attorney withdrew. That
lawyer represented that his client wanted him to act in violation of the RPC.
Therefore, the judge properly granted the application. See RPC 1.16(a)(1) (a
lawyer shall withdraw if "the representation will result in violation of the
[RPC] or other law[.]"); RPC 1.16(b)(2) (a lawyer may withdraw if "the client
persists in a course of action involving the lawyer's services that the lawyer
reasonably believes is criminal or fraudulent[.]"). But the attorney's lack of
experience was not a meritorious argument. The pro bono assignment system
works because counsel assigned to represent indigent defendants familiarize
themselves with the relevant area of the law, and make every good faith effort
possible to competently represent the client to the best of their ability, or
obtain replacement counsel to do so. See Madden v. Delran, 126 N.J. 591,
607-08 (1992). Certainly, defendant should have had notice of the
proceedings.
During the hearing regarding his second attorney, defendant expressed
irrational fears of courthouse personnel. That should have resulted in
increased focus on defendant's understanding of the process and his mental
state. The judge did not consider it at all. In essence, the judge instead found
A-1465-16T2 6 defendant waived or forfeited his right to an attorney without extending any
procedural safeguards.
Before granting a defendant's request to represent himself and waive his
right to counsel, trial courts must ascertain whether the defendant "understands
the nature and consequences of his waiver." State v. Reddish, 181 N.J. 553,
594 (2004). This, at the very least, requires the trial court to: 1) inform
defendant of the charges, defenses, and the potential sentencing; 2) inform
defendant of the risks and problems with self-representation; 3) explain
defendant's obligation to follow "the applicable rules of procedure and
evidence as would a licensed attorney[;]" and 4) "specifically advise . . .
defendants that it would be unwise not to accept the assistance of counsel."
State v. King, 210 N.J. 2, 18 (2012) (citing State v. Crisafi, 128 N.J. 499, 509-
12 (1992)). That inquiry did not occur, no doubt because defendant did not
ask if he could represent himself or otherwise attempt to waive his right to
A defendant can also conduct himself so as to forfeit representation. But
this defendant should not have been found to have forfeited his right to
representation. His conduct was not so extreme. Only in cases of "extremely
serious misconduct" should an indigent defendant be deprived of the right to
counsel. United States v. Leggett, 162 F.3d 237, 250 (3d Cir. 1998) (quoting
A-1465-16T2 7 United States v. Goldberg, 67 F.3d 1092, 1102 (3d Cir. 1995)) (defendant
forfeited his right to counsel by physically attacking his attorney); see also
United States v. McLeod, 53 F.3d 322, 325-26 (11th Cir. 1995) (defendant
forfeited his right to counsel by verbally abusing and threatening to harm
counsel). Here, defendant allegedly asked his first attorney to engage in
improper conduct—but that issue was discussed in his absence and he did not
have the opportunity to explain himself. Defendant did nothing more than
allegedly raise his voice on the phone before his second attorney moved to
withdraw. Neither of defendant's attorneys ever claimed there had been
physical or verbal abuse by defendant. Defendant's conduct was not
equivalent to a forfeiture.
Furthermore, when defendant returned to court three months after the
discharge of his second attorney, he claimed he had been advised that he
would receive something in the mail regarding the appointment of a third
attorney. The judge either disbelieved him or did not consider defendant's
misapprehension a sufficient basis for further delay. Without inquiring as to
whether defendant had any argument he wished to make, or asking defendant if
he wanted the opportunity to submit something in writing explaining the
reasons he thought the municipal court judge had erred, the judge rendered his
decision. Due process required more.
A-1465-16T2 8 The Supreme Court recently reiterated that trial judges are vested with
great discretion in exercising control over their courtrooms, and have "the
ultimate responsibility of conducting adjudicative proceedings in a manner that
complies with required formality in the taking of evidence and the rendering of
findings." N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. A.B., 231 N.J. 354, 366
(2017) (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. J.Y., 352 N.J. Super.
245, 264 (App. Div. 2002)). That discretion, however, includes the obligation
to ensure a litigant's point of view is heard. In this case, the judge failed to
explain to the litigant the consequences that were about to be visited upon him
regarding the appointment of counsel. The judge then failed to allow
defendant the opportunity to be heard about the merits of his case. This was a
mistaken application of a judge's discretion to control his courtroom.
In a different context, the Supreme Court has said: "[t]he importance of
counsel in an accusatorial system such as ours is well recognized." Rodriguez,
58 N.J. at 295. "[A]s a matter of simple justice, no indigent defendant should
be subjected to a conviction entailing imprisonment in fact or other
consequence of magnitude without first having had due and fair opportunity to
have counsel assigned without cost." Ibid.
A-1465-16T2 9 Accordingly, we remand the matter for a new trial de novo in the Law
Division. Defendant shall have the opportunity to appear with assigned
counsel. The conviction is vacated.
Reversed and remanded.
A-1465-16T2 10