NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1525-19
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
JOSE R. BAEZ a/k/a JOSE R. BAEZ-DE LA CRUZ,
Defendant-Appellant.
Argued December 2, 2020 – Decided February 19, 2021
Before Judges Alvarez and Geiger.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Bergen County, Indictment No. 17-10-1383.
Kevin G. Roe argued the cause for appellant.
Craig A. Becker, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause for respondent (Mark Musella, Bergen County Prosecutor, attorney; Craig A. Becker, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM Defendant Jose R. Baez appeals the June 10, 2019 Law Division denial of
his motion to suppress evidence, as well as the November 1, 2019 sentence. We
affirm.
At the suppression hearing, Bergen County Prosecutor's Office Narcotics
Task Force Detective Timothy Cullen testified that on February 22, 2017, a Drug
Enforcement Agency (DEA) agent1 passed on a tip from a confidential informant
(CI). The CI notified the DEA agent, based on the CI's "personal knowledge,"
that defendant was moving laundered money in exchange for drugs. The CI said
defendant was known to travel in a vehicle containing hidden compartments.
Cullen further testified he was advised the CI had been "responsible for
the seizure of 100 kilograms of narcotics, over a million dollars in currency and
about two dozen criminal arrests." As a result, on that date, officers monitored
defendant's quick round trip from New Jersey to New York through license plate
readers located at the George Washington Bridge. Cullen had previously
surveilled defendant's home address and knew defendant drove a black 2008
Saturn Vue.
The officers monitored defendant's travel on Route 1 southbound, while
Cullen stationed himself on a side street. When defendant's vehicle came into
1 The agent was a Fort Lee officer on loan to the DEA. A-1525-19 2 Cullen's view, defendant was traveling in the far-left lane. Cullen pulled out
and followed defendant in the left lane for approximately a quarter mile.
Defendant crossed over the right lane and turned right onto an exit ramp. Once
off the highway, Cullen pulled him over, intending to cite defendant for a
violation of failure to keep right, N.J.S.A. 39:4-88(a).
Because the car had tinted windows, Cullen knocked on a rear window so
defendant would roll it down. The officer wanted to confirm that defendant was
the only occupant. Cullen recognized defendant immediately as the person he
had seen getting in and out of the Saturn Vue in front of the Palisades Park
address he had surveilled a month or two earlier. As Cullen spoke to defendant
through the open car window, he noticed a strong smell of air freshener, and saw
a single key with an after-market alarm fob in the ignition. The judge watched
the video recording of the stop, and it corroborated Cullen's account.
Cullen explained car air freshener was frequently used by persons
involved in illegal drug trafficking because it was rumored to mask the scent of
contraband, thus throwing off any police dogs used to search a vehicle. The
after-market fob was commonplace in cars used in the transport of illegal drugs.
During the stop, defendant told Cullen that the car belonged to his sister.
He first claimed that he never drove it, then said he drove it "sometimes." Cullen
A-1525-19 3 said it is not unusual that when a vehicle is "trapped out," in other words, fitted
with hidden compartments for the transport of contraband, that it is registered
to a third party.
Defendant told Cullen that he lived in Manhattan and was on his way to
an Auto Zone store in New Jersey to buy brake parts. Cullen knew this statement
was false, having seen defendant at his home address. When asked if he had
ever been in trouble, defendant denied it—a statement Cullen also knew was
false, as defendant had a 2007 conviction for money laundering. At that
juncture, Cullen asked defendant to sign a consent to search. Defendant agreed.
$63,500 was found in a secret compartment, along with $1000 and two cell
phones in a man's satchel on the front seat. Approximately $1600 was taken
from defendant's person.
Based on the discovery of the bundled cash in defendant's vehicle,
together with the other circumstances spelled out in an affidavit, Cullen obtained
a search warrant for defendant's home. The execution of the warrant led to the
discovery of $316,000 in bundled currency inside hidden compartments, along
with four kilograms of cocaine.
Defendant moved to suppress the results of the search of the vehicle and
his residence. The judge's denial of defendant's motion to suppress was
A-1525-19 4 anchored in his conclusion that Cullen was a credible witness and the motor
vehicle stop constitutionally reasonable. He found the distance Cullen
witnessed defendant driving in the left lane of an otherwise empty roadway
sufficient to establish a reasonable and articulable suspicion that he was
violating the motor vehicle laws. Based on the initial seizures of cash, and the
vehicle's hidden compartment, he also found the search warrant application
passed constitutional muster.
After the motion was denied, defendant entered a plea of guilty to count
one of a multi-count indictment—first-degree possession of a controlled
dangerous substance with intent to distribute, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(a)(1) and
N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(b)(1).2 The judge imposed the recommended sentence of
twelve years imprisonment with four years of parole ineligibility based on his
weighing of the aggravating and mitigating factors, including consideration of
defendant's personal and health status.
Now on appeal, defendant argues the following:
I. DEFENDANT'S VEHICLE WAS STOPPED IN THE ABSENCE OF A REASONABLE OR ARTICULABLE SUSPICION TO BELIEVE A CRIME WAS COMMITTED AND WAS A PRETEXT TO SEARCH DEFENDANT'S VEHICLE.
2 The dismissed charges included third-degree possession of cocaine, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-10(a)(1), and second-degree money laundering, N.J.S.A. 2C:21-25. A-1525-19 5 II. THE POLICE LACKED A REASONABLE BASIS TO REQUEST CONSENT TO SEARCH DEFENDANT'S VEHICLE.
III. THE ISSUANCE OF THE SEARCH WARRANT FOR DEFENDANT'S RESIDENCE WAS BASED UPON INFORMATION LEARNED DURING THE COURSE OF THE ILLEGAL STOP AND SEARCH OF DEFENDANT'S VEHICLE REQUIRING SUPPRESSION OF SAME.
IV. THE CUSTODIAL TERM IMPOSED ON DEFENDANT WAS EXCESSIVE.
I.
We "uphold the factual findings underlying the trial court's decision, so
long as those findings are 'supported by sufficient credible evidence in the
record.'" State v. Evans, 235 N.J. 125, 133 (2018) (quoting State v. Elders, 192
N.J. 224, 243 (2007)). We further defer to credibility findings because of the
trial judge's exclusive opportunity to view a witness's demeanor. State v.
Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 474 (1999). "When the reviewing court is satisfied that
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1525-19
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
JOSE R. BAEZ a/k/a JOSE R. BAEZ-DE LA CRUZ,
Defendant-Appellant.
Argued December 2, 2020 – Decided February 19, 2021
Before Judges Alvarez and Geiger.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Bergen County, Indictment No. 17-10-1383.
Kevin G. Roe argued the cause for appellant.
Craig A. Becker, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause for respondent (Mark Musella, Bergen County Prosecutor, attorney; Craig A. Becker, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM Defendant Jose R. Baez appeals the June 10, 2019 Law Division denial of
his motion to suppress evidence, as well as the November 1, 2019 sentence. We
affirm.
At the suppression hearing, Bergen County Prosecutor's Office Narcotics
Task Force Detective Timothy Cullen testified that on February 22, 2017, a Drug
Enforcement Agency (DEA) agent1 passed on a tip from a confidential informant
(CI). The CI notified the DEA agent, based on the CI's "personal knowledge,"
that defendant was moving laundered money in exchange for drugs. The CI said
defendant was known to travel in a vehicle containing hidden compartments.
Cullen further testified he was advised the CI had been "responsible for
the seizure of 100 kilograms of narcotics, over a million dollars in currency and
about two dozen criminal arrests." As a result, on that date, officers monitored
defendant's quick round trip from New Jersey to New York through license plate
readers located at the George Washington Bridge. Cullen had previously
surveilled defendant's home address and knew defendant drove a black 2008
Saturn Vue.
The officers monitored defendant's travel on Route 1 southbound, while
Cullen stationed himself on a side street. When defendant's vehicle came into
1 The agent was a Fort Lee officer on loan to the DEA. A-1525-19 2 Cullen's view, defendant was traveling in the far-left lane. Cullen pulled out
and followed defendant in the left lane for approximately a quarter mile.
Defendant crossed over the right lane and turned right onto an exit ramp. Once
off the highway, Cullen pulled him over, intending to cite defendant for a
violation of failure to keep right, N.J.S.A. 39:4-88(a).
Because the car had tinted windows, Cullen knocked on a rear window so
defendant would roll it down. The officer wanted to confirm that defendant was
the only occupant. Cullen recognized defendant immediately as the person he
had seen getting in and out of the Saturn Vue in front of the Palisades Park
address he had surveilled a month or two earlier. As Cullen spoke to defendant
through the open car window, he noticed a strong smell of air freshener, and saw
a single key with an after-market alarm fob in the ignition. The judge watched
the video recording of the stop, and it corroborated Cullen's account.
Cullen explained car air freshener was frequently used by persons
involved in illegal drug trafficking because it was rumored to mask the scent of
contraband, thus throwing off any police dogs used to search a vehicle. The
after-market fob was commonplace in cars used in the transport of illegal drugs.
During the stop, defendant told Cullen that the car belonged to his sister.
He first claimed that he never drove it, then said he drove it "sometimes." Cullen
A-1525-19 3 said it is not unusual that when a vehicle is "trapped out," in other words, fitted
with hidden compartments for the transport of contraband, that it is registered
to a third party.
Defendant told Cullen that he lived in Manhattan and was on his way to
an Auto Zone store in New Jersey to buy brake parts. Cullen knew this statement
was false, having seen defendant at his home address. When asked if he had
ever been in trouble, defendant denied it—a statement Cullen also knew was
false, as defendant had a 2007 conviction for money laundering. At that
juncture, Cullen asked defendant to sign a consent to search. Defendant agreed.
$63,500 was found in a secret compartment, along with $1000 and two cell
phones in a man's satchel on the front seat. Approximately $1600 was taken
from defendant's person.
Based on the discovery of the bundled cash in defendant's vehicle,
together with the other circumstances spelled out in an affidavit, Cullen obtained
a search warrant for defendant's home. The execution of the warrant led to the
discovery of $316,000 in bundled currency inside hidden compartments, along
with four kilograms of cocaine.
Defendant moved to suppress the results of the search of the vehicle and
his residence. The judge's denial of defendant's motion to suppress was
A-1525-19 4 anchored in his conclusion that Cullen was a credible witness and the motor
vehicle stop constitutionally reasonable. He found the distance Cullen
witnessed defendant driving in the left lane of an otherwise empty roadway
sufficient to establish a reasonable and articulable suspicion that he was
violating the motor vehicle laws. Based on the initial seizures of cash, and the
vehicle's hidden compartment, he also found the search warrant application
passed constitutional muster.
After the motion was denied, defendant entered a plea of guilty to count
one of a multi-count indictment—first-degree possession of a controlled
dangerous substance with intent to distribute, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(a)(1) and
N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(b)(1).2 The judge imposed the recommended sentence of
twelve years imprisonment with four years of parole ineligibility based on his
weighing of the aggravating and mitigating factors, including consideration of
defendant's personal and health status.
Now on appeal, defendant argues the following:
I. DEFENDANT'S VEHICLE WAS STOPPED IN THE ABSENCE OF A REASONABLE OR ARTICULABLE SUSPICION TO BELIEVE A CRIME WAS COMMITTED AND WAS A PRETEXT TO SEARCH DEFENDANT'S VEHICLE.
2 The dismissed charges included third-degree possession of cocaine, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-10(a)(1), and second-degree money laundering, N.J.S.A. 2C:21-25. A-1525-19 5 II. THE POLICE LACKED A REASONABLE BASIS TO REQUEST CONSENT TO SEARCH DEFENDANT'S VEHICLE.
III. THE ISSUANCE OF THE SEARCH WARRANT FOR DEFENDANT'S RESIDENCE WAS BASED UPON INFORMATION LEARNED DURING THE COURSE OF THE ILLEGAL STOP AND SEARCH OF DEFENDANT'S VEHICLE REQUIRING SUPPRESSION OF SAME.
IV. THE CUSTODIAL TERM IMPOSED ON DEFENDANT WAS EXCESSIVE.
I.
We "uphold the factual findings underlying the trial court's decision, so
long as those findings are 'supported by sufficient credible evidence in the
record.'" State v. Evans, 235 N.J. 125, 133 (2018) (quoting State v. Elders, 192
N.J. 224, 243 (2007)). We further defer to credibility findings because of the
trial judge's exclusive opportunity to view a witness's demeanor. State v.
Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 474 (1999). "When the reviewing court is satisfied that
the findings and result meet this criterion, its task is complete and it should not
disturb the result, even though it has the feeling it might have reached a different
conclusion were it the trial tribunal." Id. at 471. However, the appellate court
"need not defer 'to a trial . . . court's interpretation of the law' because '[l]egal
A-1525-19 6 issues are reviewed de novo.'" State v. Watts, 223 N.J. 503, 516 (2015) (second
alteration in original) (quoting State v. Vargas, 213 N.J. 301, 327 (2013)).
It is well-established that a reasonable and articulable suspicion to conduct
a motor vehicle stop is a "lower standard than probable cause[.]" State v. Alessi,
240 N.J. 501, 518 (2020). We assess the totality of the circumstances in
determining whether the officer had such a reasonable and articulable suspicion,
as opposed to a mere hunch, or subjective good faith. Ibid.
Cullen testified unequivocally that when defendant's vehicle came into
view, defendant was traveling in the left lane, where he continued for at least a
quarter of a mile before crossing the right lane to exit to the right. Cullen also
testified that there were no other vehicles on the roadway. Although defendant
may be correct that the stop might never have occurred but for Cullen's suspicion
that defendant was involved in nefarious activity, the driving he witnessed for
that quarter of a mile sufficed to make his decision to stop the car and investigate
the motor vehicle infraction lawful.
The State is not required "to prove that the suspected motor-vehicle
violation occurred" and that it could have obtained a conviction in order for the
stop to be lawful. Locurto, 157 N.J. at 470. Thus, defendant's failure to keep to
the right demonstrated reasonable and articulable suspicion for the stop. Indeed,
A-1525-19 7 "the State need prove only that the police lawfully stopped the car, not that it
could convict the driver of the motor-vehicle offense." State v. Williamson, 138
N.J. 302, 304 (1994).
Defendant suggests that traveling in the left lane was reasonable given the
presence of numerous businesses including gas stations on the right-hand side
of the roadway, and the presence of potential other drivers creating a driving
hazard. This speculation is not supported by evidence in the record. Therefore,
nothing refutes Cullen's statement, which the judge found credible, that at the
time defendant was traveling in the left lane, he did so on an empty highway.
Cullen's testimony established reasonable and articulable suspicion for the
motor vehicle stop.
II.
Defendant also contends that the officer had no reasonable basis to request
the consent to search. This argument lacks merit. At the time of the stop, as
Cullen explained, he had more than enough information to make the request. He
had been provided information by the DEA suggesting that defendant's quick
trip to New York had a criminal purpose. The motor vehicle was registered to
a third party, and Cullen saw a single key with an after-market alarm fob in the
ignition, often found in cars used to transport contraband. The odor of air
A-1525-19 8 freshener, defendant's untruth about his criminal history and how often he used
the vehicle, and his unconvincing story regarding a trip to an auto parts store,
add up to a substantial basis for a request for consent to search.
Defendant relies on State v. Carty, 170 N.J. 632 (2002), to support his
position. But, in Carty, the officer who conducted the traffic stop had no
expressed reasons for requesting the consent to search, nor did he have any
objective basis for assuming that the defendant in that case was involved in
criminal activity. In this case, however, Cullen had ample information.
III.
Defendant further contends that the evidence seized from his home should
be suppressed as the affidavit in support of the search warrant relied upon facts
gathered during the initial stop of his vehicle and evidence seized after his
consent to the vehicle's search. Since the officer's conduct was lawful, this
argument has no merit and need not be addressed. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
IV.
Defendant underwent successful treatment for throat cancer sometime
before the sentence. During the sentence hearing, the judge referred to the
condition, the fact defendant appeared to be in remission, and that medical
treatment is available within the prison system. He further found defendant had
A-1525-19 9 a minor child for whom he was financially responsible. On the other hand, the
quantity of cash and drugs found in defendant's apartment was substantial,
indicating in the judge's words "a significant profit motive."
Accordingly, the judge found aggravating factors three, the risk of
reoffense, six, the extent of defendant's prior criminal history (in this case, a
prior money laundering), and nine, the need to deter him and others from
violating the law. See N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(3), (6), and (9). The court found in
mitigation the hardship defendant's child will suffer as a result of defendant's
incarceration. See N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(11). The judge adequately analyzed the
aggravating and mitigating factors, and properly weighed them in imposing the
sentence.
Our "review of sentencing decisions is relatively narrow and is governed
by an abuse of discretion standard." State v. Blackmon, 202 N.J. 283, 297
(2010). We find no such abuse of discretion occurred here. The sentence does
not shock our conscience. Ibid.
Affirmed.
A-1525-19 10