NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0105-18T2
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
JOSE M. CASTRO-LAVADO,
Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________
Submitted July 8, 2019 – Decided July 16, 2019
Before Judges Yannotti and Haas.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Hudson County, Indictment No. 17-06-0422.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (John W. Douard, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, of counsel and on the brief).
Esther Suarez, Hudson County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Erin M. Campbell, Assistant Prosecutor, on the brief).
PER CURIAM After the trial court granted the State's motion to admit two statements he
provided to law enforcement, defendant pled guilty to first-degree aggravated
manslaughter, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(a)(1). Defendant appeals from the judgment of
conviction dated July 2, 2018, and challenges the judge's decision to admit the
statement he made to law enforcement at the prosecutor's office, and the
sentence the court imposed. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the order
admitting defendant's statement and his conviction, but remand for resentencing.
I.
In June 2017, a Hudson County grand jury charged defendant with first -
degree purposeful or knowing murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(1) and/or (2) (count
one); third-degree possession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A.
2C:39-4(d) (count two); and fourth-degree unlawful possession of a weapon,
N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(d). Thereafter, the State filed a motion to admit two
statements defendant provided to the police.
On October 13, 2017, the judge conducted an evidentiary hearing on the
State's motion. Detective Ramon Lopez of the Kearny Police Department
testified that during the evening of April 10, 2017, he responded to a second-
floor apartment in a house on Chestnut Street in Kearny. Two other officers and
members of the fire department were already on the scene. Lopez proceeded to
A-0105-18T2 2 the second-floor apartment and was told by officers that the victim was dead.
The victim was defendant's wife.
According to Lopez, defendant was seated on the stairs outside the
apartment. The police had placed him in handcuffs. According to Lopez,
defendant appeared to be calm. Defendant kept trying to speak, but Lopez "tried
to discourage him from doing" so. Because defendant continued speaking,
Lopez read defendant his Miranda rights in Spanish.1
Defendant told the officer that he should check the victim's phone because
men had been calling her. "[H]e said he knew what he did was wrong and he
would accept . . . responsibilit[y]" for his actions.
Lopez and another officer transported defendant to the offices of the
Hudson County Prosecutor. There, Detective Nathan Gonzalez read defendant
his Miranda rights in Spanish. Lopez was present for the interview. Lopez
noted that there was blood on defendant's clothes.
Lopez testified that defendant did not appear under the influence of
alcohol or drugs, and his speech was coherent. The investigator questioned
defendant for about forty-five minutes. The investigator made a video recording
of the interview. The recording was played and translated into English.
1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). A-0105-18T2 3 The State also presented the judge with a transcript of defendant's
recorded statement, which had been translated into English. The transcript states
that after Gonzalez read defendant his Miranda rights, defendant agreed to
answer the detective's questions. Defendant said he married the victim four
years ago in Peru. Defendant had been living in the United States for six months
before the incident. He stated that he learned that his wife had been unfaithful.
When defendant questioned his wife about other men she had been seeing, she
said they were friends.
Defendant stated that earlier that day, he returned home from work around
6:00 p.m. His wife was in the bedroom. They started to argue. He confronted
her about her infidelity. The victim told defendant the men she had gone out
with were just friends. She told defendant to take his things and leave.
According to defendant, his wife struck him. He went to the kitchen and grabbed
two knives. Defendant stated that the argument continued. He stabbed his wife
once, and his wife apologized for her "mistakes," but defendant said he kept
stabbing her because he was "so angry." After he stopped stabbing his wife,
defendant grabbed his wife by the neck and began to strangle her. He said his
intention was to kill her.
A-0105-18T2 4 Defendant also testified at the hearing. He said that before that day, he
had never been in a police station. He had never been arrested, and only
completed the third grade in school. Defendant said his native language is
Spanish, and he grew up in Peru. He is not able to read or write in English. He
stated that he was told that if he decided to answer questions without a lawyer
present, he could still stop answering questions at any moment until he consulted
with a lawyer. He was asked if he understood that statement, and said he thought
his attorney could not come in until after the detectives finished questioning
him.
Defendant admitted he was told that an attorney would be appointed for
him if he did not have money to pay for a lawyer, but stated that he thought he
could give his statement and afterwards, that appointed attorney "would help
me[.]" He also said he understood that if he could afford an attorney, that lawyer
would have been able to represent him before he answered questions.
Defendant admitted signing the form which stated that he waived his
Miranda rights, but he said he was not able to read the document before he
signed it. He relied upon what the detective had read to him on the form. He
stated that if he had known he had a right to an attorney before he answered any
questions, he would have asked for an attorney to represent him.
A-0105-18T2 5 Defendant further testified that at the "second place" where he was taken,
he was asked a series of questions about his name and employment, and he said
"[i]t was a little hard because he was in shock" at the time. He said that
sometimes he did not "understand well" and the investigators "would repeat the
question[.]" Defendant admitted that the investigators spoke to him in Spanish
and discussed all of his rights. He stated that he knew he did not have to say
anything, but he wanted to tell the investigators what had happened at the house.
The judge heard oral argument by counsel and thereafter read an oral
decision into the record. The judge summarized the testimony and found that
Lopez was "highly credible." The judge found that the statements defendant
made to Lopez at the house were made spontaneously and not in response to any
questions by the officer. There was no evidence defendant was coerced into
making his statements. The judge found that these statements were admissible.
The judge also noted that the State had the burden of proving beyond a
reasonable doubt that defendant's waiver of his Miranda rights at the
prosecutor's office was made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. The
judge stated that the court must consider the totality of circumstances in
determining if the State had met its burden.
A-0105-18T2 6 The judge found that defendant unambiguously stated several times that
he did not want a lawyer. Defendant stated that he understood that he could
have a lawyer before questioning. He was told that it did not matter if he could
not afford a lawyer, one would be appointed to represent him.
Defendant testified that he did not understand he could have a lawyer prior
to questioning, but the judge found this testimony was inconsistent with the
transcripts of the interview. The judge found defendant's testimony was not
credible, and noted that the overwhelming amount of evidence presented by the
State contradicted his testimony.
The judge also noted that a person's literacy and education were factors to
be considered in deciding whether he waived his Miranda rights knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily. The judge pointed out that Gonzalez spoke with
defendant and read him his rights in Spanish so he could waive them orally.
Gonzalez also told defendant what he was signing so he did not have to read the
waiver.
The judge found that defendant's level of education did not bolster his
credibility. The judge noted that defendant was thirty-six years old when he
made the statement, and while his education is limited, there was no sign this
had an impact on his waiver. The judge observed that the interrogation lasted
A-0105-18T2 7 only forty-five minutes, and there were "no signs of police misconduct." The
judge concluded that the State had proven, beyond a reasonable doubt, that
defendant validly waived his Miranda rights and the recorded statement could
be admitted at trial.
On April 16, 2018, defendant pled guilty to count one, which was
amended from first-degree murder to first-degree aggravated manslaughter,
N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(a)(1). At the plea hearing, defendant admitted that on April
10, 2017, he learned his wife had been cheating on him. He said that after work,
he went home and confronted her with that information.
Defendant said his wife insulted him and he became enraged about her
insults and infidelity. He went to the kitchen, took two knives, and stabbed her.
He admitted he was aware that by stabbing his wife, he was creating a substantial
risk she may sustain serious bodily injury and die as a result.
Thereafter, the judge sentenced defendant to twenty-five years of
incarceration, with an eighty-five percent period of parole ineligibility, pursuant
to the No Early Release Act (NERA), N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2, and five years of
parole supervision. This appeal followed.
On appeal, defendant argues:
A-0105-18T2 8 POINT I [DEFENDANT]'S STATEMENT SHOULD BE SUPPRESSED BECAUSE IT WAS TAKEN IN VIOLATION OF MIRANDA, BECAUSE HE READS AT A THIRD-GRADE LEVEL, [DEFENDANT] WAS UNABLE TO PROVIDE A KNOWING AND INTELLIGENT WAIVER OF HIS RIGHT TO AN ATTORNEY. U.S. [CONST.] AMENDS. V, XIV; N.J. [CONST. ART.] I, [PARA.] 1.
POINT II THE TRIAL JUDGE ERRED IN FAILING TO FIND MITIGATING FACTORS THAT WERE SUPPORTED BY THE RECORD, AND FAILING TO ADEQUATELY WEIGH AGGRAVATING AND MITIGATING FACTORS, RESULTING IN A MANIFESTLY EXCESSIVE SENTENCE.
II.
On appeal, defendant does not challenge the trial court's order admitting
the statement he made to the police outside of the apartment where the
decedent's body was found. Rather, defendant argues the trial court erred by
admitting the recorded statement he provided to law enforcement. He contends
the statement was taken in violation of his rights under Miranda because he reads
at a third-grade level and was not able to make a knowing and intelligent waiver
of his Miranda rights.
When reviewing a trial court's decision on a motion to suppress evidence,
we defer to the court's factual and credibility findings if "supported by sufficient
A-0105-18T2 9 credible evidence in the record." State v. S.S., 219 N.J. 360, 374 (2017) (quoting
State v. Gamble, 218 N.J. 412, 424 (2014)). We accord deference to the trial
court's "findings because the trial court has the 'opportunity to hear and see the
witnesses and . . . have the "feel" of the case, which a reviewing court cannot
enjoy.'" Ibid. (quoting State v. Elders, 192 N.J. 224, 244 (2007)).
We will disregard a trial court's findings of fact only if those findings "are
. . . clearly mistaken." State v. A.M., 237 N.J. 384, 395 (2019) (quoting Elders,
192 N.J. at 244). Furthermore, the trial court's legal conclusions or the legal
significance of established facts are entitled to no special deference, and we
review those determinations de novo. Id. at 396 (citing State v. Boone, 232 N.J.
417, 426 (2017)).
The right against self-incrimination is guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment
to the United States Constitution and New Jersey law. See U.S. Const. amend.
V; N.J.S.A. 2A:84A-19; N.J.R.E. 503. In Miranda, the United States Supreme
Court prescribed certain warnings that must be provided to an individu al in
police custody before interrogation may begin. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 479. The
police must inform the individual
[1] that he has the right to remain silent, [2] that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, [3] that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and [4] that if he cannot afford an attorney one
A-0105-18T2 10 will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires.
[Ibid.]
Miranda also requires that a person in custody be informed that he can
exercise his rights at any time during the investigation. Ibid. The State has the
burden to establish that the individual was informed of his rights, and that he
knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived those rights before the
statements obtained in the interrogation can be used against him. See ibid.
In determining if the defendant's statement was voluntary, the court
considers "the totality of circumstances." A.M., 237 N.J. at 398. Therefore, the
court should consider "the defendant's 'age, education and intelligence, advice
as to constitutional rights, length of detention, whether the questioning was
repeated and prolonged in nature and whether physical punishment or mental
exhaustion was involved.'" State v. Nyhammer, 197 N.J. 383, 402 (2009)
(quoting State v. Presha, 163 N.J. 304, 313 (2000)).
Here, the motion judge found that defendant waived his Miranda rights
knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently. There is sufficient credible evidence
in the record to support the court's finding. As noted, after his arrest, defendant
was taken to the prosecutor's office for questioning. Gonzalez spoke with
defendant and informed him of his Miranda rights in Spanish. The detective
A-0105-18T2 11 told defendant he had the right to remain silent, and that anything he said can
and will be used against him in a court of law. Defendant stated that he
understood. In addition, the detective told defendant that he had the right to
consult with a lawyer before answering any question and the right to have the
attorney present during questioning. Defendant again said that he understood.
The detective also told defendant that if he could not afford an attorney,
an attorney will be appointed to him before any questioning if he wished. He
stated that he understood. The detective told defendant that if he decides to
answer questions without an attorney present, he still "ha[d] the right to stop
answering questions at any moment until you consult with a lawyer." Defendant
said he understood.
The detective then asked defendant if he was willing to answer questions.
He replied, "Yes, but I don't have money to pay for a lawyer." The detect ive
told defendant that does not matter and a lawyer "can be appointed to you."
Defendant stated, "[O]kay." The detective stated, "The question is, now that
you understand your rights, are you willing to answer questions?" Defendant
replied, "Yes."
On appeal, defendant asserts that he has a third-grade literacy level in
Spanish and does not speak any English. He claims he did not understand he
A-0105-18T2 12 could have a lawyer appointed for him before he made any statements. The
transcript of the interview shows, however, that the detective specifically told
defendant a lawyer could be appointed for him before any questioning and
defendant stated that he understood.
Defendant also argues that the motion judge erred by giving virtually no
consideration to the possibility that he did not understand he could have an
attorney appointed for him before he made any statement, rather than after he
answered the detective's questions. The judge found, however, that defendant's
testimony at the hearing was not credible, and that the State had presented
overwhelming evidence that defendant understood his rights, notwithstanding
his third-grade education and lack of literacy in both Spanish and English. The
record supports those findings.
We therefore conclude there is sufficient credible evidence in the record
to support the judge's determination that defendant made a knowing, intelligent,
and voluntary waiver of his Miranda rights. The judge properly found that
defendant's recorded statement could be admitted into evidence. Defendant's
other arguments on this issue lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion. R.
2:11-3(e)(2).
A-0105-18T2 13 III.
Defendant also argues that his sentence is excessive. He contends the
judge should not have sentenced him to a prison term longer than the statutory
minimum of ten years.
We review the sentence imposed in a criminal matter under an abuse of
discretion standard. State v. Jones, 232 N.J. 308, 318 (2018) (citing State v.
Robinson, 217 N.J. 594, 603 (2014)). In doing so, we consider whether: "(1)
the sentencing guidelines were violated; (2) the findings of aggravating and
mitigating factors were . . . 'based upon competent credible evidence in the
record'; [and] (3) 'the application of the guidelines to the facts' of the case
'shock[s] the judicial conscience.'" State v. Bolvito, 217 N.J. 221, 228 (2014)
(third alteration in original) (quoting State v. Roth, 95 N.J. 334, 364-65 (1984)).
"An appellate court is bound to affirm a sentence, even if it would have
arrived at a different result, as long as the trial court properly identifies and
balances aggravating and mitigating factors that are supported by competent
credible evidence in the record." State v. O'Donnell, 117 N.J. 210, 215 (1989)
(citing State v. Jarbath, 114 N.J. 394, 400-01 (1989); Roth, 95 N.J. at 364-65).
Here, the judge found aggravating factors one, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(1)
(offense "was committed in an especially heinous, cruel, or depraved manner");
A-0105-18T2 14 nine, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(9) (need to deter "defendant and others from violating
the law"); and fifteen, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(15) ("offense involved an act of
domestic violence" and "defendant committed at least one act of domestic
violence on more than one occasion"). The judge also found mitigating factors
seven, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(7) (defendant has no prior record of delinquency or
criminal activity); and twelve, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(12) (defendant was willing
to cooperate with law enforcement).
The judge found "that the aggravating factors substantially outweigh[ed]
the mitigating factors[,]" and sentenced defendant in accordance with the plea
agreement to a custodial term of twenty-five years, with an eighty-five percent
period of parole ineligibility, pursuant to NERA.
On appeal, defendant argues that the judge weighed aggravating factors
one and fifteen too heavily. He also argues the judge gave too much weight to
aggravating factor nine. He claims the circumstances of this offense "are
unlikely to recur" and "neither specific nor general deterrence" would be served
by a maximum prison term. In addition, defendant argues the judge should have
weighed mitigating factor seven more heavily in view of his "unblemished"
criminal record, and erred by giving mitigating factor twelve little weight.
A-0105-18T2 15 Defendant further argues that the judge erred by not finding mitigating
factors three, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(3) ("[D]efendant acted under a strong
provocation[.]"); eight, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(8) ("[D]efendant's conduct was the
result of circumstances unlikely to recur[.]"); nine, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(9)
(defendant's attitude and character make it unlikely he will commit another
offense); and eleven, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(11) (defendant's imprisonment will
cause "excessive hardship to himself or his dependents").
We are convinced there is sufficient credible evidence to support the
judge's findings of aggravating factors one and nine. The judge did not err by
giving substantial weight to aggravating factor one. The record shows that
defendant committed the offense in an especially heinous and cruel manner.
Also, the judge did not err by finding there was a need to deter defendant and
others from violating the law in this manner, and by giving that aggravating
factor substantial weight.
We are also convinced the judge did not err by giving little weight to
mitigating factor seven since defendant had only been in the United States for
six months before he killed his wife and did not commit any other criminal
offenses in that brief period. See State v. Soto, 340 N.J. Super. 47, 72 (App.
Div. 2001) (holding that the judge properly refused to finding mitigating factor
A-0105-18T2 16 seven where the defendant had only been in this country three years). Moreover,
the judge properly gave little weight to mitigating factor twelve. See State v.
Read, 397 N.J. Super. 598, 613 (App. Div. 2008) (noting that defendant's
confession was not entitled to any substantial weight in the absence of any
indication defendant had identified any other perpetrators or assisted the State
in solving other crimes).
The judge also did not err by refusing to find mitigating factors three,
eight, nine, and eleven. Defendant claimed his wife was unfaithful and taunted
him, but this does not constitute the "strong provocation" required for mitigating
factor three. Furthermore, the record does not support defendant's contention
that his character and attitude indicate it is unlikely he will commit another
offense in the future, or his claim that his criminal conduct was the result of
circumstances unlikely to recur. Also, while a lengthy prison term may be a
hardship to defendant and his dependents, the record does not support a finding
that the hardship would be excessive.
We conclude, however, that the judge erred by finding aggravating factor
fifteen, which applies when "[t]he offense involved an act of domestic violence,
as that term is defined in [N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a)] and the defendant committed
at least one act of domestic violence on more than one occasion." N.J.S.A.
A-0105-18T2 17 2C:44-1(a)(15) (emphasis added). Here, defendant pled guilty to aggravated
manslaughter, which comes within the definition of "an act of domestic
violence" as defined in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a). Domestic violence includes
"homicide" under N.J.S.A. 2C:11-1 to -6, and aggravated manslaughter is
criminal homicide. N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(a).
Nevertheless, there is nothing in the record to show that defendant
committed "at least one act of domestic violence on more than one occasion."
Therefore, there is insufficient evidence in the record to support the finding of
aggravating factor fifteen.
The ordinary term of imprisonment for aggravated manslaughter under
N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(a)(1) is ten to thirty years. See N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(c). The plea
agreement provided that the State would recommend that defendant be
sentenced to a twenty-five year prison term, with an eighty-five percent period
of parole ineligibility, pursuant to NERA. Because the trial court gave
aggravating factor fifteen "tremendous weight" in sentencing defendant to a
twenty-five-year prison term, we are constrained to remand for resentencing.
On remand, the court should allow the State to present any evidence that
defendant "committed at least one act of domestic violence on more than on e
occasion." See N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(15). If the State does not present such
A-0105-18T2 18 evidence, the court should resentence defendant in accordance with the other
aggravating and mitigating factors found.
Defendant's conviction is affirmed, and the matter remanded to the trial
court for resentencing in conformance with this opinion. We do not retain
jurisdiction.
A-0105-18T2 19