NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0851-19T1
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
HOWARD L. DUNNS, a/k/a HOWARD LAMONT DUNNS, CLARENECE DUNNS, MICHAEL HOARN, ROBERT JONESY, LAMONT NEWPORT, and ROBERT JONES,
Defendant-Respondent. _______________________________
Argued January 13, 2020 – Decided March 9, 2020
Before Judges Messano, Vernoia and Susswein.
On appeal from an interlocutory order of the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Atlantic County, Indictment Nos. 13-08-2321 and 13-09-2433.
Marisa McGarvey, Assistant County Prosecutor, argued the cause for appellant (Damon G. Tyner, Atlantic County Prosecutor, attorney; Marisa McGarvey, of counsel and on the brief). Alison Gifford, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for respondent (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Alison Gifford, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant, Howard L. Dunns, was charged in several indictments with
numerous crimes alleged to have been committed in two different counties. The
State and defendant negotiated two plea agreements, entered on different dates,
to resolve the multitude of charges. Defendant recently exercised his right to
withdraw from the first plea agreement after he successfully appealed from the
trial court's denial of a severance motion. The State seeks to vacate the second
plea agreement, arguing that the two agreements were intended to be part of a
unified, global resolution of all charges pending against defendant. The State
argues, for example, that it would not have extended the leniency afforded in the
second plea agreement but for the significant prison term imposed pursuant to
the first agreement.
The trial court denied the State's motion to vacate the second agreement,
ruling that the two agreements are separate and not contingent on each other.
The trial court further held the State has no right to withdraw from the secon d
agreement, especially since defendant has already served the sentences imposed
A-0851-19T1 2 under that agreement. We granted the State leave to appeal from the denial of
its motion to vacate the second agreement.
We have reviewed the record in view of the parties' arguments and
applicable legal principles and conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying the State's motion to vacate the second plea agreement.
Our review of the record accords with the trial court's finding that the record is
silent as to whether the two plea agreements were intended to be treated as a
single, unified, and indivisible resolution of pending charges. Notably, the
second agreement, unlike the first one, was not a conditional agreement; the
prosecutor did not expressly reserve the right to withdraw from the second
agreement in the event defendant prevailed on the appeal he preserved through
the conditional plea agreement.
In the absence of a clear indication in the record that both parties intended
for the two agreements to rise or fall together, and given the deferential standard
of review that applies, we affirm the trial court's decision.
I.
The procedural history of this matter is complex, reflecting the large
number of crimes defendant is alleged to have committed in two different
counties. As we have already noted, this appeal involves two plea agreements
A-0851-19T1 3 that resolved a number of charges specified in different indictments. We begin
by summarizing the content of the indictments resolved by each agreement. We
then discuss the terms of the two plea agreements.
The initial agreement pertains to Atlantic County Indictment Nos. 13-09-
2433 and 13-08-2321. Indictment No. 13-09-2433 charged defendant with eight
counts of third-degree burglary, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:18-2; one count of
fourth-degree theft, in violation of N.JS.A. 2C:20-3; nine counts of fourth-
degree criminal mischief, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:17-3(a)(1); eight counts of
third-degree conspiracy, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2 and 2C:18-1; five
counts of third-degree theft, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:20-3; one count of first-
degree kidnapping, in violation of N.J.S.A 2C:13-1(b); one count of second-
degree robbery, in violation of N.J.S.A 2C:15-1; and one count of second-degree
conspiracy, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2, 2C:13-1(b), and 2C:15-1.
We note with respect to this indictment that eight of the counts pertain to
eight separate residential burglaries occurring on different dates. Four counts
of this indictment relate to a robbery and kidnapping alleged to have occurred
on January 25, 2013. Defendant moved to sever the four counts relating to the
A-0851-19T1 4 January 25 incident, from the eight counts charging unrelated residential
burglaries. The trial court denied defendant's severance motion. 1
Under Atlantic County Indictment No. 13-08-2321, defendant was
charged with a single count of third-degree burglary, in violation of N.J.S.A.
2C:18-2; a single count of third-degree theft, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:20-3;
and a single count of third-degree conspiracy, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2
and 2C:18-1.
We now turn to the indictments resolved by the second plea agreement.
That agreement resolved the charges in Gloucester County Indictment Nos. 14-
02-0162, 14-06-0558, 14-07-2250, 14-07-2379, and 14-08-2442, as well as an
unindicted Gloucester County matter, Case No. 14-002189. It is sufficient for
purposes of our recitation of the procedural history to note that these charging
instruments alleged eleven burglaries committed in Gloucester County.
Having placed in context the offenses and indictments addressed by each
agreement, we now discuss the terms of the agreements. On March 31, 2015,
defendant pled guilty pursuant to the first plea agreement to kidnapping and
three counts of burglary charged in Atlantic County Indictment No. 13-09-2433.
1 As noted later in this opinion, we reversed that judgment and defendant recently exercised his option to withdraw his guilty plea under the first agreement. A-0851-19T1 5 With respect to the kidnapping count, the plea agreement contemplated that
defendant would be sentenced to a nineteen-year prison term subject to the No
Early Release Act (NERA), N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2. The initial plea agreement
further provided that defendant would be sentenced to five-year prison terms on
the three burglary counts, which would be served concurrently with the sentence
imposed on the kidnapping conviction. In exchange for defendant's guilty plea,
the State agreed to dismiss the remaining counts pending in Indictment No. 13 -
09-2433, as well as the entirety of Indictment No. 13-08-2321. In all, the State
agreed to dismiss thirty-three counts under the first plea agreement.
Importantly for purposes of this appeal, the first plea bargain was a
conditional agreement in which defendant expressly reserved the right to appeal
the denial of his severance motion pursuant to Rule 3:9-3(f).2 The State, in other
2 Rule 3:9-3(f) provides:
With the approval of the court and the consent of the prosecuting attorney, a defendant may enter a conditional plea of guilty reserving on the record the right to appeal from the adverse determination of any specified pretrial motion. If the defendant prevails on appeal, the defendant shall be afforded the opportunity to withdraw his or her plea. Nothing in this rule shall be construed as limiting the right of appeal provided for in R. 3:5-7(d) [concerning appeals from the denial of a Fourth Amendment motion to suppress]. A-0851-19T1 6 words, consented to a conditional guilty plea that allowed defendant to appeal
the denial of that pretrial motion.
At the time defendant entered his guilty pleas pursuant to the first
agreement, the trial court, prosecutor, and defendant were aware that additional
charges were pending in Gloucester County. Specifically, the parties
acknowledged at the first plea hearing that two Gloucester County indictments
were to be transferred to Atlantic County for resolution under the auspices of
the Atlantic County Prosecutor's Office. Defense counsel advised the trial court
they would "probably resolve" those two indictments at or before defendant's
sentencing on Indictment No. 13-09-2433. The prosecutor likewise informed
the court that the Gloucester County charges would likely be resolved by guilty
pleas.
The court scheduled defendant's sentencing on the first plea agreement for
July 7, 2015. On that date, defendant moved to withdraw from the first plea
agreement. The court denied defendant's motion.
Defense counsel then advised the judge the parties were prepared to enter
an additional plea agreement. The court initiated the plea colloquy but refused
to accept the guilty plea when defendant balked at providing an adequate factual
A-0851-19T1 7 basis. The court thereupon sentenced defendant in accordance with the first plea
agreement.
Immediately following sentencing on the first plea agreement, defense
counsel indicated to the court that defendant was now prepared to enter a guilty
plea on the five Gloucester County indictments and unindicted matter. This
time, defendant provided an adequate factual basis and the trial court accepted
the guilty pleas.
This second plea agreement provided that in exchange for pleading guilty
to five charges of third-degree burglary and one charge of fourth-degree criminal
mischief, the State agreed to recommend the court impose five-year prison terms
to be served concurrently with each other and concurrent to the sentences that
the court had just imposed under the first plea agreement. The State also agreed
to dismiss the remaining charges.
Although the sentences under both plea agreements were to be served
concurrently, the second plea agreement was not characterized as a conditional
agreement and did not expressly provide that it was contingent on the first plea
agreement. Notably, the prosecutor did not advise the court that the second plea
agreement was conditioned on the outcome of the appeal of the severance
motion reserved under the first plea agreement. The second plea agreement, in
A-0851-19T1 8 other words, did not expressly provide that if defendant prevailed in that appeal
and elected to withdraw his guilty plea under the first agreement, the State
reserved the right to vacate the guilty pleas entered under the second agreement.
At defendant's second sentencing hearing, the court sentenced defendant
in accordance with the terms of the second plea agreement. On the convictions
for third-degree burglary, the court imposed five-year prison terms to be served
concurrently with all other sentences. On the criminal mischief conviction, the
court imposed an eighteen-month prison term also to be served concurrently
with all other sentences. The court dismissed all remaining charges that had
been brought initially in Gloucester County.
Thereafter, defendant appealed the trial court's denial of his motion to
sever the kidnapping and robbery charges from the unrelated burglary counts.
We ultimately reversed the trial court's denial of defendant's motion to sever.
State v. Dunns, No. A-0481-15 (App. Div. June 29, 2018) (slip op. at 8).
Accordingly, we vacated defendant's conviction and sentence as to the charges
in Indictment No. 13-09-2433 and remanded for further proceedings. Ibid. On
remand, the court severed the four counts relating to the robbery and kidnapping
episode from the remaining burglary counts in Indictment No. 13-09-2433.
A-0851-19T1 9 The State then moved to withdraw from the second plea agreement. The
trial court denied the State's motion, whereupon the State moved for leave to
appeal the trial court's decision. We granted the appeal. 3
On January 22, 2020, after oral argument, we remanded the matter to the
trial court after determining that the State's appeal was premature. Specifically,
we noted that defendant had not yet decided whether he would exercise his right
to withdraw from the first plea agreement after his successful appeal of the
severance motion. See State v. Diloreto, 362 N.J. Super. 600, 616 (App. Div.
2003) (permitting a defendant to choose not to withdraw a guilty plea after
succeeding on appeal from a conditional guilty plea). Our remand order directed
the trial court to convene a hearing at which defendant would announce his
decision whether to withdraw from the first plea agreement.
3 The State also sought to withdraw from the first plea agreement with respect to the charges in Indictment No. 13-08-2321. The trial court denied the State's motion. Our order granting the appeal specifically directed the parties to "address whether this court's judgment vacating defendant's conviction on Count 21 of Indictment No. 13-09-2344 also served to vacate the dismissal of Indictment No. 13-08-2321." The parties now agree, as do we, that as a result of defendant's election to withdraw his guilty pleas under the first plea agreement, all charges that had been resolved in that initial agreement must be restored, including the charges brought under Atlantic County Indictment No. 13-08-2321. A-0851-19T1 10 On February 5, 2019, we received a letter from the trial court notifying us
that defendant exercised his right to withdraw from the first plea agreement.
Accordingly, we now proceed to address the merits of the State's appeal.
II.
The State raises the following contentions for our consideration:
POINT I
IT VIOLATES BASIC CONTRACT LAW GOVERNING PLEA AGREEMENTS TO NOT RETURN THE PARTIES TO THEIR ORIGINAL BARGAINING POSITIONS; PERMITS DEFENDANT TO UNJUSTLY REAP THE SUBSTANTIAL BENEFIT OF THE STATE'S LENIENCY, THE CONSIDERATION EXCHANGED FOR DEFENDANT'S SERVICE OF THE PRISON TERM LATER VACATED ON APPEAL FOR REASONS UNRELATED TO THE AGREEMENT; AND LEAVES THE STATE WITHOUT REDRESS AS TO OTHER MATTERS THAT BENEFITTED FROM THE LENIENT SENTENCING RECOMMENDATIONS.
POINT II
AS TO THIS COURT'S SUPPLEMENTAL ORDER OF OCTOBER 25, 2019, PARAGRAPH 5, FOR AN INQUIRY REGARDING INDICTMENT #13-08-2321 IN PARTICULAR.
POINT III
A-0851-19T1 11 THE REDRESS SOUGHT BY THE STATE ACCORDS WITH NEW JERSEY AND FEDERAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING DOUBLE JEOPARDY.
III.
We begin our analysis by acknowledging the standard of review governing
this appeal. "The withdrawal of a guilty plea is within the broad discretion of
the trial court." State v. Bellamy, 178 N.J. 127, 135 (2003) (citations omitted);
see also R. 3:21-1 (permitting a trial court to grant a defendant's motion to
withdraw a guilty plea after sentencing "to correct a manifest injustice"). "We
will . . . reverse the denial of a motion to withdraw a guilty plea 'only if there
was an abuse of discretion which renders the lower courts' decision clearly
erroneous.'" State v. Hooper, 459 N.J. Super. 157, 180 (App. Div. 2019)
(quoting State v. Simon, 161 N.J. 416, 444 (1999)). "Although the ordinary
'abuse of discretion' standard defies precise definition, it arises when a decision
is ‘made without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established
policies, or rested on an impermissible basis.'" Flagg v. Essex Cty. Prosecutor,
171 N.J. 561, 571 (2002) (quoting Achacoso-Sanchez v. Immigration &
Naturalization Serv., 779 F.2d 1260, 1265 (7th Cir. 1985)).
We turn next to the substantive law pertaining to an application by the
State to withdraw from a plea agreement. Plea bargaining is "firmly
A-0851-19T1 12 institutionalized in this State as a legitimate, respectable and pragmatic tool in
the efficient and fair administration of justice." State v. Means, 191 N.J. 610,
618 (2007). "The cornerstone of the plea bargain system is the 'mutuality of
advantage' it affords to both defendant and the State." State v. Taylor, 80 N.J.
353, 361 (1979) (citations omitted). A plea agreement "enables a defendant to
reduce his penal exposure and avoid the stress of trial while assuring the State
that the wrongdoer will be punished and that scarce and vital judicial and
prosecutorial resources will be conserved." Ibid.
The interpretation of a plea agreement is informed by basic principles of
contract law. Means, 191 N.J. at 622. As the Court observed in Means:
When two parties reach a meeting of the minds and consideration is present, the agreement should be enforced. The essence of a plea agreement is that the parties agree that defendant will plead guilty to certain offenses in exchange for the prosecutor's recommendation to dismiss other charges and suggest a certain sentence, all subject to the right of the court to accept or reject the agreement in the interests of justice.
[Ibid. (emphasis added).]
We draw attention to the role of the trial court because a plea agreement
is not like a private contract that comes to a reviewing court's attention only
after a dispute arises, at which point the court is called upon for the first time to
divine the intention of the parties. In the criminal plea-bargaining setting, the
A-0851-19T1 13 parties propose a negotiated resolution of charges, but it is the court, ultimately,
that accepts or rejects the plea agreement.
The trial court's role has important ramifications for purposes of this
appeal. For one thing, it is incumbent on the parties to fully apprise the court of
the terms and conditions of the agreement so that it can properly exercise its
discretion in deciding whether the interests of justice will be served by
effectuating the agreement. See Rule 3:9-2 (reposing with the trial court the
discretion to accept a plea of guilty after questioning the defendant and obtaining
"an understanding of the nature of the charge and the consequences of the plea").
Typically, this is not accomplished by tendering a detailed typewritten
document resembling a private contract. Rather, the terms and conditions are
memorialized first, by filling out by hand blank spaces on a preprinted plea
form,4 and then by having the prosecutor or defense counsel explain the terms
and conditions on the record in open court. 5 The court then confirms with the
4 The plea form approved by the Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC) serves to advise the defendant of all rights that will be waived by pleading guilty and informs the defendant of the various consequences of the plea. 5 The role trial courts serve in ratifying plea agreements lends additional support to the principle that appellate courts owe deference to a trial court's understanding of the terms and conditions of the agreement. In this instance, however, this factor is of less import as the judge who denied the State's motion
A-0851-19T1 14 opposing counsel that the articulation of the agreement was accurate and
complete.
This process not only affords the advocates an opportunity to explain all
terms and conditions of the agreement but also imposes on them an obligation
to do so. As to completeness, moreover, it bears noting that during the ensuing
plea colloquy with the defendant, the court will make certain that there are no
conditions or promises other than those that were announced on the record in
open court. Ibid.6
Plea agreements are different from private contracts in another way.
Generally, once the court approves of the plea agreement and the defendant
pleads guilty, "[d]ue process concerns . . . inhibit the ability of the prosecutor to
withdraw from a guilty plea." State v. Warren, 115 N.J. 433, 445 (1989). Our
Court Rules account for these concerns by explicitly preserving a defendant's
right to seek to withdraw from a plea agreement under certain circumstances.
See R. 3:9-3(e) (permitting a defendant to withdraw a guilty plea in the interests
to vacate the second plea agreement is not the same judge who accepted the two agreements. 6 The AOC-approved plea form also requires the parties to list the promises or conditions that are part of the guilty plea and to confirm whether any promises induced the plea other than those included on the plea form.
A-0851-19T1 15 of justice); R. 3:21-1 (permitting a defendant to move to withdraw a guilty plea
before or after sentencing). "Our Rules do not contain a corresponding right of
the State to withdraw from a plea agreement." Means, 191 N.J. at 620 (citing
Warren, 115 N.J. at 443–44).7
"Where we have permitted the State to withdraw from a plea agreement,
that relief was premised on the explicit terms of the agreement." State v.
Conway, 416 N.J. Super. 406, 411 (App. Div. 2010). In that regard, it is clear
that "the State may set conditions on a plea offer and may withdraw its
acceptance of the agreement if the conditions are not met." Ibid. (noting that
"[o]ne common and unobjectionable [condition] is a plea offer contingent on all
co-defendants accepting a plea deal" (citing State v. Smith, 306 N.J. Super. 370,
382 (App. Div. 1997))); see also Smith, 306 N.J. Super. at 383–84 (permitting
the State to withdraw from a plea agreement after it placed in the plea forms and
on the record the explicit condition that the defendants' criminal history report
show no prior indictable convictions). It is important, however, that the
"agreement . . . be enforced according to its terms, without implying unstated
terms favorable to the State and unfavorable to the defendant." Conway, 416
7 Rule 3:9-3(d) does provide the prosecutor a right to "annul [a] plea agreement" if the defendant files an appeal after agreeing not to appeal. A-0851-19T1 16 N.J. Super. at 411; see also State v. Salentre, 242 N.J. Super. 108, 111 (App.
Div. 1990) (reversing a trial court's decision to vacate a plea based on "an
unarticulated premise" it held at the time of accepting the plea that the
defendant's plea was conditioned on his co-defendants also pleading guilty).
IV.
We next apply these general principles to the circumstances presented in
this case. The trial court concluded that the two plea agreements were separate
and were not intended by both parties to represent a single global resolution of
all criminal matters pending against defendant. We decline to substitute our
judgment for that of the Law Division judge with respect to the intent of the
parties, especially because the Law Division judge's ruling finds support by what
is not in the record. Specifically, the prosecutor did not expressly state on the
record that the second agreement was part and parcel of the first agreement. Nor
did the prosecutor expressly set as a condition of its plea offer that the State
could withdraw from the second agreement if defendant were permitted to
withdraw from the first agreement.
It was incumbent on the prosecutor to do one of two things to ensure that
the State's authority to withdraw from the second plea agreement was an
"explicit term[] of the agreement" within the meaning of Conway, 416 N.J.
A-0851-19T1 17 Super. at 411. First, the second agreement could have explicitly provided that
it was inextricably linked to the first agreement so that defendant's withdrawal
from the first agreement would automatically vacate the second plea agreement.
Alternatively, the prosecutor could have included as an express term of the
second agreement that the State reserved the right to withdraw from the second
agreement under specified circumstances, such as if the defendant were to
prevail in his appeal of the severance motion and chose to exercise his right to
vacate the first agreement.
We reiterate the principle recognized in Conway that the State's authority
to vacate a negotiated guilty plea is premised on an explicit term a plea
agreement. Ibid. We do not doubt the prosecutor in this case earnestly believed
that the two agreements were part of a global resolution of both the Atlantic
County and Gloucester County charges. However, it is not our role in these
circumstances to read into the agreement terms and conditions that were not
expressly agreed to by both parties and ratified by the trial court. Indeed, the
case law instructs to the contrary that we should not imply unstated conditions
favorable to the State and unfavorable to the defendant. Conway, 416 N.J.
Super. at 411.
A-0851-19T1 18 Accordingly, we affirm the denial of the State's motion to withdraw from
the second plea agreement. 8 As noted, we reverse the denial of the State's
motion to withdraw from the first plea agreement with respect to the charges in
Indictment No. 13-08-2321. See supra note 3. By virtue of defendant's election
to withdraw his guilty pleas under the first plea agreement, the charges in
Indictment No. 13-08-2321 must be restored. Any other arguments raised by
the State that we have not addressed do not warrant discussion in this opinion.
R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
8 We note, as did the trial court, that significant double jeopardy issues would arise if the second plea agreement were vacated since defendant has already completed the sentences imposed on those convictions. We need not address those constitutional issues given our decision to affirm the denial of the State's motion to vacate the second plea agreement. A-0851-19T1 19