NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-4454-17T4
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
DAVID WILEY,
Defendant-Appellant. __________________________
Submitted January 29, 2019 – Decided May 16, 2019
Before Judges Suter and Geiger.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Hudson County, Indictment No. 15-02-0266.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Jay L. Wilensky, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, of counsel and on the brief).
Esther Suarez, Hudson County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Jaimee M. Chasmer, Assistant Prosecutor, on the brief).
PER CURIAM Defendant appeals his June 13, 2017 judgment of conviction, arguing that
the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence of a gun . We
affirm.
An eight-count indictment was returned against defendant. The first three
counts related to defendant's involvement with the shooting death of Joshua
Taylor on August 8, 2014. The remaining counts related to his possession of a
gun a few days later that was connected to Thomas' death. Defendant's motions
to suppress evidence of the gun, to sever charges, to reduce his bail and to
suppress his statement given to police prior to his arrest, were all denied.
Defendant pleaded guilty in May 2017 to an amended charge of first-
degree aggravated manslaughter with extreme indifference to human life,
N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(a)(1), and second-degree possession of a weapon for an
unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(a). During the factual basis for the plea,
defendant acknowledged he was found in possession of a gun on and that it was
his intention to use the gun unlawfully against another person.
Defendant was sentenced to a ten-year term for aggravated manslaughter,
subject to the No Early Release Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2, and a concurrent eight-
year term for the gun possession charge, subject to a four-year parole disqualifier
under the Graves Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6(c).
A-4454-17T4 2 I
Officers Joamie Fernandez and Mark Hennessey were on patrol in Jersey
City at 4:00 a.m. on August 16, 2014, when they turned onto Martin Luther King
Drive. Fernandez testified at the suppression hearing that he saw four people
about 250 feet away at the next intersection, which was well-lit. He recognized
defendant, who was standing astride a bicycle, because they had taken the same
English class in high school. When the officers were about twenty to twenty-
five feet away, Hennessy "pointed out the male on the bike and said [']gun[']."
Defendant's hoodie was not covering his waistband.
Fernandez saw the silver and black handle of a gun. He testified that right
after that, he saw defendant "grab the handle of the weapon, move it over to his
right side and peddle away with his left hand." Fernandez activated the lights
and siren, and "told [defendant] to stop." Defendant continued to peddle away,
but in a short time, jumped off the bike and ran. Fernandez pursued defendant
on foot and saw him "remove the handgun and [throw] it on the ground."
Fernandez picked up the gun and continued to chase defendant, who ran into an
alley. He could not find him, but other officers arrested defendant a block away.
Hennessy testified that he saw the gun when he was about half a block
away and told Fernandez. As they approached in the patrol car, defendant
A-4454-17T4 3 "started to move the bike and adjust the gun and drove off." He saw defendant
slide the gun from the front of his waistband to his hip. Defendant "backed up
and started to turn the bike to go away." All of this happened before the police
told defendant to stop. He acknowledged that he discussed his report about four
or five times with Fernandez.
The trial court denied defendant's motion to suppress the gun because
defendant had no "reasonable expectation of privacy" in it, and because the plain
view exception applied. Without making an express finding of credibility, the
court accepted the officers' testimony that they saw defendant with the gun. The
court found that this established "probable cause to effectuate an arrest" and
justified the officers in approaching defendant. Defendant then "knowingly and
voluntarily discarded the gun when he fled police in an attempt to get rid of
evidence" and did so "without any coercion by police." The court found
defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the gun because he
abandoned it. Even if there were some expectation of privacy, the court found
the plain view exception applied. The court concluded that "[b]ased on the
observation[s] and experience of the police officers, the incriminating character
of the handgun was readily apparent . . . ."
Defendant appeals, raising a single issue:
A-4454-17T4 4 THE POLICE LACKED SUFFICIENT CAUSE FOR THE SEIZURE OF THE DEFENDANT, NECESSITATING SUPPRESSION.
We affirm the order that denied defendant's suppression motion.
II
"When reviewing a trial court's decision to grant or deny a suppression
motion, [we] 'must defer to the factual findings of the trial court so long as those
findings are supported by sufficient evidence in the record.'" State v. Dunbar,
229 N.J. 521, 538 (2017) (quoting State v. Hubbard, 222 N.J. 249, 262 (2015)).
"We will set aside a trial court's findings of fact only when such findings 'are
clearly mistaken.'" Ibid. (quoting Hubbard, 222 N.J. at 262). "We accord no
deference, however, to a trial court's interpretation of law, which we review de
novo." Ibid. (citing State v. Hathaway, 222 N.J. 453, 467 (2015); State v.
Hinton, 216 N.J. 211, 228 (2013)); see also State v. Terry, 232 N.J. 218, 230
(2018).
Both the federal and State constitutions protect citizens against
unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; N.J. Const. art. I,
¶ 7; see Terry, 232 N.J. at 231. "'The test of reasonableness cannot be fixed by
per se rules; each case must be decided on its own facts.'" Terry, 232 N.J. at
231 (quoting South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U.S. 364, 372-73 (1976)).
A-4454-17T4 5 There are three types of interactions with law enforcement that involve
different constitutional implications. "A field inquiry is essentially a voluntary
encounter between the police and a member of the public in which police ask
questions and do not compel an individual to answer." State v. Rosario, 229
N.J. 263, 271 (2017). Because there is no restriction from movement in these
circumstances, law enforcement does not generally need to have a well-
grounded suspicion of criminal activity. State v. Elders, 192 N.J. 224, 246
(2007) (citing State v. Rodriquez, 172 N.J. 117, 126 (2002)).
An investigatory stop or detention, sometimes referred to as a Terry1 stop,
implicates constitutional requirements, and must be based on "specific and
articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts ,"
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-4454-17T4
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
DAVID WILEY,
Defendant-Appellant. __________________________
Submitted January 29, 2019 – Decided May 16, 2019
Before Judges Suter and Geiger.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Hudson County, Indictment No. 15-02-0266.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Jay L. Wilensky, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, of counsel and on the brief).
Esther Suarez, Hudson County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Jaimee M. Chasmer, Assistant Prosecutor, on the brief).
PER CURIAM Defendant appeals his June 13, 2017 judgment of conviction, arguing that
the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence of a gun . We
affirm.
An eight-count indictment was returned against defendant. The first three
counts related to defendant's involvement with the shooting death of Joshua
Taylor on August 8, 2014. The remaining counts related to his possession of a
gun a few days later that was connected to Thomas' death. Defendant's motions
to suppress evidence of the gun, to sever charges, to reduce his bail and to
suppress his statement given to police prior to his arrest, were all denied.
Defendant pleaded guilty in May 2017 to an amended charge of first-
degree aggravated manslaughter with extreme indifference to human life,
N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(a)(1), and second-degree possession of a weapon for an
unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(a). During the factual basis for the plea,
defendant acknowledged he was found in possession of a gun on and that it was
his intention to use the gun unlawfully against another person.
Defendant was sentenced to a ten-year term for aggravated manslaughter,
subject to the No Early Release Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2, and a concurrent eight-
year term for the gun possession charge, subject to a four-year parole disqualifier
under the Graves Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6(c).
A-4454-17T4 2 I
Officers Joamie Fernandez and Mark Hennessey were on patrol in Jersey
City at 4:00 a.m. on August 16, 2014, when they turned onto Martin Luther King
Drive. Fernandez testified at the suppression hearing that he saw four people
about 250 feet away at the next intersection, which was well-lit. He recognized
defendant, who was standing astride a bicycle, because they had taken the same
English class in high school. When the officers were about twenty to twenty-
five feet away, Hennessy "pointed out the male on the bike and said [']gun[']."
Defendant's hoodie was not covering his waistband.
Fernandez saw the silver and black handle of a gun. He testified that right
after that, he saw defendant "grab the handle of the weapon, move it over to his
right side and peddle away with his left hand." Fernandez activated the lights
and siren, and "told [defendant] to stop." Defendant continued to peddle away,
but in a short time, jumped off the bike and ran. Fernandez pursued defendant
on foot and saw him "remove the handgun and [throw] it on the ground."
Fernandez picked up the gun and continued to chase defendant, who ran into an
alley. He could not find him, but other officers arrested defendant a block away.
Hennessy testified that he saw the gun when he was about half a block
away and told Fernandez. As they approached in the patrol car, defendant
A-4454-17T4 3 "started to move the bike and adjust the gun and drove off." He saw defendant
slide the gun from the front of his waistband to his hip. Defendant "backed up
and started to turn the bike to go away." All of this happened before the police
told defendant to stop. He acknowledged that he discussed his report about four
or five times with Fernandez.
The trial court denied defendant's motion to suppress the gun because
defendant had no "reasonable expectation of privacy" in it, and because the plain
view exception applied. Without making an express finding of credibility, the
court accepted the officers' testimony that they saw defendant with the gun. The
court found that this established "probable cause to effectuate an arrest" and
justified the officers in approaching defendant. Defendant then "knowingly and
voluntarily discarded the gun when he fled police in an attempt to get rid of
evidence" and did so "without any coercion by police." The court found
defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the gun because he
abandoned it. Even if there were some expectation of privacy, the court found
the plain view exception applied. The court concluded that "[b]ased on the
observation[s] and experience of the police officers, the incriminating character
of the handgun was readily apparent . . . ."
Defendant appeals, raising a single issue:
A-4454-17T4 4 THE POLICE LACKED SUFFICIENT CAUSE FOR THE SEIZURE OF THE DEFENDANT, NECESSITATING SUPPRESSION.
We affirm the order that denied defendant's suppression motion.
II
"When reviewing a trial court's decision to grant or deny a suppression
motion, [we] 'must defer to the factual findings of the trial court so long as those
findings are supported by sufficient evidence in the record.'" State v. Dunbar,
229 N.J. 521, 538 (2017) (quoting State v. Hubbard, 222 N.J. 249, 262 (2015)).
"We will set aside a trial court's findings of fact only when such findings 'are
clearly mistaken.'" Ibid. (quoting Hubbard, 222 N.J. at 262). "We accord no
deference, however, to a trial court's interpretation of law, which we review de
novo." Ibid. (citing State v. Hathaway, 222 N.J. 453, 467 (2015); State v.
Hinton, 216 N.J. 211, 228 (2013)); see also State v. Terry, 232 N.J. 218, 230
(2018).
Both the federal and State constitutions protect citizens against
unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; N.J. Const. art. I,
¶ 7; see Terry, 232 N.J. at 231. "'The test of reasonableness cannot be fixed by
per se rules; each case must be decided on its own facts.'" Terry, 232 N.J. at
231 (quoting South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U.S. 364, 372-73 (1976)).
A-4454-17T4 5 There are three types of interactions with law enforcement that involve
different constitutional implications. "A field inquiry is essentially a voluntary
encounter between the police and a member of the public in which police ask
questions and do not compel an individual to answer." State v. Rosario, 229
N.J. 263, 271 (2017). Because there is no restriction from movement in these
circumstances, law enforcement does not generally need to have a well-
grounded suspicion of criminal activity. State v. Elders, 192 N.J. 224, 246
(2007) (citing State v. Rodriquez, 172 N.J. 117, 126 (2002)).
An investigatory stop or detention, sometimes referred to as a Terry1 stop,
implicates constitutional requirements, and must be based on "specific and
articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts ,"
provide a "reasonable suspicion of criminal activity." Elders, 192 N.J. at 247
(quoting Rodriquez, 172 N.J. at 126). "Because an investigative detention is a
temporary seizure that restricts a person's movement, it must be based on an
officer's 'reasonable and particularized suspicion . . . that an individual has just
engaged in, or was about to engage in, criminal activity.'" Rosario, 229 N.J. at
272 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Stovall, 170 N.J. 346, 356 (2002)).
1 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968). A-4454-17T4 6 Reasonable suspicion is "a particularized and objective basis for
suspecting the person stopped of criminal activity." Stovall, 170 N.J. at 356
(quoting Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696 (1996)). The officer's
"'articulable reasons' or 'particularized suspicion'" is based on the officer's
assessment of the totality of the circumstances. State v. Davis, 104 N.J. 490,
504 (1986). The officer must "be able to articulate something more than an
'inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or hunch.'" Stovall, 170 N.J. at 357
(quoting United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989)).
The third type of interaction is an arrest. Rosario, 229 N.J. at 272. Arrests
require "probable cause and generally [are] supported by an arrest warrant or by
demonstration of grounds that would have justified one." Ibid.
Defendant contends that he was just standing with others on a street corner
with others not doing anything visibly wrong. He argues his conduct did not
justify a police stop. The problem was that the police saw the gun. Officers
have a duty to investigate suspicious behavior. Stovall, 170 N.J. at 363; Davis,
104 N.J. at 503. It was reasonable for the police to believe that someone
standing on a corner in Jersey City at 4:00 a.m., with a gun at his waist, who
moves it to his side when he sees the police, is engaged in some type of criminal
activity. The totality of the circumstances can include the officer's "independent
A-4454-17T4 7 observation and law enforcement experience." Stovall, 170 N.J. at 361. The
gun gave the police a reasonable suspicion to believe that defendant was
engaged in criminal activity. We are satisfied that the totality of the
circumstances provided a reasonable, articulable suspicion that defendant was
about to or had engaged in criminal activity and that this was a valid
investigatory stop.
We do not agree with defendant that this case is similar to State v. Tucker,
136 N.J. 158 (1994). There, the defendant was sitting on a curb when he saw
the police and fled. As the police pursued him, he discarded packets which
contained cocaine. The Court found there was no reasonable, articulable basis
for the police to stop the defendant merely because he fled when he saw the
police. That was not the situation in this case because the police saw the gun.
The trial court held that because defendant abandoned the gun he had no
expectation of privacy in it. The question for purposes of the Fourth
Amendment is whether the defendant relinquished his reasonable expectation of
privacy in the discarded property. State v Burgos, 185 N.J. Super. 424, 426-27
(App. Div. 1982). "[A] defendant abandons property 'when he voluntarily
discards, leaves behind or otherwise relinquishes his interest in the property in
question so that he can no longer retain a reasonable expectation of privacy with
A-4454-17T4 8 regard to it at the time of a search.'" State v. Carroll, 386 N.J. Super. 143, 160
(App. Div. 2006) (quoting State v. Farinich, 179 N.J. Super. 1, 6 (App. Div.
1981)).
In Tucker, the Court held that the defendant did not abandon his privacy
interests because the drugs were obtained as the product of an illegal seizure.
136 N.J. at 172. In this case, the police had a reasonable articulable suspicion
to stop defendant and to pursue him once he fled. Defendant dropped the gun
as Officer Fernandez pursued him. His action in discarding the gun was an
abandonment because it was not the "product of an illegal seizure." Ibid. By
abandoning the gun, defendant lost any expectation of privacy in it, and there
was no basis for him to assert a constitutionally protected privacy interest.
Carroll, 386 N.J. Super. at 160.
We affirm the trial court's denial of defendant's suppression motion and
judgment of conviction. Defendant's remaining arguments regarding the
suppression motion lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written
opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
Affirmed.
A-4454-17T4 9