NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-6010-17T1
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
CARLOS VICTORIANO,
Defendant,
and
U.S. SPECIALTY INS. CO.,
Defendant-Appellant. ___________________________
Argued May 30, 2019 – Decided July 8, 2019
Before Judges Koblitz and Currier.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Bergen County, Indictment No. 13-08-1200.
Richard P. Blender argued the cause for appellant.
Matthew Michael Nicodemo argued the cause for respondent (Meyerson Fox Mancinelli & Conte, PA, attorneys; Douglas Mitchell Bern and Matthew Michael Nicodemo, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant U.S. Specialty Ins. Co. (Surety) appeals from the August 17,
2018 order denying its motion to vacate bail forfeiture. We reverse and remand
for reconsideration of partial remission in light of the considerable efforts put
forth by the Surety to locate Carlos Victoriano in the Dominican Republic and
the State's decision not to seek extradition in spite of the extradition treaty
between the United States and the Dominican Republic. 1
In May 2013, Victoriano was released on $125,000 bail posted by the
Surety. The Surety was aware Victoriano's home country was the Dominican
Republic and that he was charged with attempted murder.
Almost one year later, on April 7, 2014, Victoriano failed to appear in
court, a bench warrant was issued and the bail forfeited. Victoriano was at the
Surety's office making a payment on his premium on the day he was supposed
to be in court.
1 Extradition Treaty with the Dominican Republic, Dom. Rep.-U.S., Jan. 12, 2015, 2015 U.S.T. 64.
A-6010-17T1 2 Four days later, the Surety was contacted by the court to determine its
willingness to reinstate the bail, and the Surety immediately sent a letter to the
court indicating that it did not wish to reinstate the bail. Later that day, the court
held a hearing, with Victoriano present with his attorney, and reinstated bail
over the written objection of the Surety. The Surety did not receive notice of
the hearing. The court acknowledged the Surety's letter, but nonetheless
reinstated bail.
Victoriano then appeared in court on April 21, June 2, and June 30, 2014.
On December 18, 2014, Victoriano failed to appear for trial, and on December
22, 2014, the court issued a notice of bail forfeiture. Victoriano's trial took place
in his absence and he was found guilty of attempted murder.
The Surety hired a Florida company to investigate. The company found
where Victoriano was currently living and working in the Dominican Republic.
The Surety avers it spent $50,000 to locate and retrieve Victoriano and two other
defendants who absconded, including the expense of hiring a small airplane.
Officials from the Dominican Republic indicated they were ready to issue
an arrest warrant for Mr. Victoriano, but could not do so without the issuance of
an Unlawful Flight to Avoid Prosecution (UFAP) warrant, which was never
requested by the State.
A-6010-17T1 3 The motion judge denied the Surety's motion for remission with a written
opinion, concluding:
[T]he Surety failed to adequately monitor and supervise the defendant. The Surety was aware that the defendant's home country was the Dominican Republic and that he was being charged with attempted murder, and assumed associated risks. The only supervisory mechanism indicated were "Check-In Log" records, maintained by the Surety, documenting [d]efendant's numerous office visits to the Surety. As mentioned by County Counsel, the Surety does not state why it was unaware of the defendant's whereabouts during the eight months between the April 7, 2014 conference and the December 18, 2014 failure to appear. As such, it cannot be said that the Surety carried out its responsibilities to supervise and monitor the defendant. Further, unlike the facts in [State v.] Mungia, 446 N.J. Super. 318 (App. Div. 2016), the Surety is not entitled to remission. The law presumes remission is not available where a defendant is a fugitive. Moreover, the State's failure to seek extradition is only one factor to consider. This court finds that the Surety provided minimal supervision of the defendant, and has failed to meet the heavy burden to show that it has satisfied its essential obligation under the recognizance to secure the defendant's return to custody. Further, the defendant is still a fugitive and remains in the Dominican Republic, therefore remission is not warranted.
Bail remission matters are "within the sound discretion of the trial court
to be exercised in the public interest." State v. Clayton, 361 N.J. Super. 388,
392 (App. Div. 2003). Public policy concerns to be considered include:
A-6010-17T1 4 the surety's supervision of defendant while released on bail, the surety's efforts to ensure the fugitive's return, the length of time between the fugitive's non- appearance and return, both the prejudice to the State and the expenses incurred by it resulting from the fugitive's non-appearance, recapture, and enforcement of the forfeiture, and whether reimbursement of the State's expenses will adequately satisfy the interests of justice.
[State v. de la Hoya, 359 N.J. Super. 194, 198-99 (App. Div. 2003).]
"Paramount" among such concerns, id. at 199, is "the need to provide a
reasonable incentive to the surety to attempt the recapture of the non-appearing
defendant and to assure that the onus placed on commercial sureties is not so
great as to risk the impairment of a defendant's realistic right to post pretrial
bail," Clayton, 361 N.J. Super. at 392-93. Moreover, where a non-appearing
defendant remains a fugitive, "the court's primary focus . . . should be upon the
surety's efforts to secure the defendant's return . . . ." State v. Mercado, 329 N.J.
Super. 265, 271-72 (App. Div. 2000). We review the motion court's exercise of
discretion under "the totality of the circumstances presented." State v. Korecky,
169 N.J. 364, 373 (2001).
A court may set aside a bail forfeiture either before or after the entry of
judgment. R. 3:26-6(b). "[T]he principles of suretyship apply to bail bonds."
Clayton, 361 N.J. Super. at 395. "It is a well-settled principle of suretyship that
A-6010-17T1 5 the surety is only chargeable according to the strict terms of its undertaking and
that, as a result, its obligation cannot be extended or altered beyond the terms of
its agreement." Ibid. In Clayton we held that a "unilateral alteration of the terms
of the undertaking by the principal . . . and the creditor . . . without the consent
of the surety . . . discharged the surety if the modification materially increased
the risk of the undertaking." Ibid.
The Surety argues the reinstatement of bail, over the objection of the
Surety, and without affording the Surety an opportunity to be heard, is a nullity.
We disagree.
In Clayton, after the defendant failed to appear in court, the surety turned
him over to authorities. Id. at 394. Without informing the surety, the court
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-6010-17T1
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
CARLOS VICTORIANO,
Defendant,
and
U.S. SPECIALTY INS. CO.,
Defendant-Appellant. ___________________________
Argued May 30, 2019 – Decided July 8, 2019
Before Judges Koblitz and Currier.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Bergen County, Indictment No. 13-08-1200.
Richard P. Blender argued the cause for appellant.
Matthew Michael Nicodemo argued the cause for respondent (Meyerson Fox Mancinelli & Conte, PA, attorneys; Douglas Mitchell Bern and Matthew Michael Nicodemo, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant U.S. Specialty Ins. Co. (Surety) appeals from the August 17,
2018 order denying its motion to vacate bail forfeiture. We reverse and remand
for reconsideration of partial remission in light of the considerable efforts put
forth by the Surety to locate Carlos Victoriano in the Dominican Republic and
the State's decision not to seek extradition in spite of the extradition treaty
between the United States and the Dominican Republic. 1
In May 2013, Victoriano was released on $125,000 bail posted by the
Surety. The Surety was aware Victoriano's home country was the Dominican
Republic and that he was charged with attempted murder.
Almost one year later, on April 7, 2014, Victoriano failed to appear in
court, a bench warrant was issued and the bail forfeited. Victoriano was at the
Surety's office making a payment on his premium on the day he was supposed
to be in court.
1 Extradition Treaty with the Dominican Republic, Dom. Rep.-U.S., Jan. 12, 2015, 2015 U.S.T. 64.
A-6010-17T1 2 Four days later, the Surety was contacted by the court to determine its
willingness to reinstate the bail, and the Surety immediately sent a letter to the
court indicating that it did not wish to reinstate the bail. Later that day, the court
held a hearing, with Victoriano present with his attorney, and reinstated bail
over the written objection of the Surety. The Surety did not receive notice of
the hearing. The court acknowledged the Surety's letter, but nonetheless
reinstated bail.
Victoriano then appeared in court on April 21, June 2, and June 30, 2014.
On December 18, 2014, Victoriano failed to appear for trial, and on December
22, 2014, the court issued a notice of bail forfeiture. Victoriano's trial took place
in his absence and he was found guilty of attempted murder.
The Surety hired a Florida company to investigate. The company found
where Victoriano was currently living and working in the Dominican Republic.
The Surety avers it spent $50,000 to locate and retrieve Victoriano and two other
defendants who absconded, including the expense of hiring a small airplane.
Officials from the Dominican Republic indicated they were ready to issue
an arrest warrant for Mr. Victoriano, but could not do so without the issuance of
an Unlawful Flight to Avoid Prosecution (UFAP) warrant, which was never
requested by the State.
A-6010-17T1 3 The motion judge denied the Surety's motion for remission with a written
opinion, concluding:
[T]he Surety failed to adequately monitor and supervise the defendant. The Surety was aware that the defendant's home country was the Dominican Republic and that he was being charged with attempted murder, and assumed associated risks. The only supervisory mechanism indicated were "Check-In Log" records, maintained by the Surety, documenting [d]efendant's numerous office visits to the Surety. As mentioned by County Counsel, the Surety does not state why it was unaware of the defendant's whereabouts during the eight months between the April 7, 2014 conference and the December 18, 2014 failure to appear. As such, it cannot be said that the Surety carried out its responsibilities to supervise and monitor the defendant. Further, unlike the facts in [State v.] Mungia, 446 N.J. Super. 318 (App. Div. 2016), the Surety is not entitled to remission. The law presumes remission is not available where a defendant is a fugitive. Moreover, the State's failure to seek extradition is only one factor to consider. This court finds that the Surety provided minimal supervision of the defendant, and has failed to meet the heavy burden to show that it has satisfied its essential obligation under the recognizance to secure the defendant's return to custody. Further, the defendant is still a fugitive and remains in the Dominican Republic, therefore remission is not warranted.
Bail remission matters are "within the sound discretion of the trial court
to be exercised in the public interest." State v. Clayton, 361 N.J. Super. 388,
392 (App. Div. 2003). Public policy concerns to be considered include:
A-6010-17T1 4 the surety's supervision of defendant while released on bail, the surety's efforts to ensure the fugitive's return, the length of time between the fugitive's non- appearance and return, both the prejudice to the State and the expenses incurred by it resulting from the fugitive's non-appearance, recapture, and enforcement of the forfeiture, and whether reimbursement of the State's expenses will adequately satisfy the interests of justice.
[State v. de la Hoya, 359 N.J. Super. 194, 198-99 (App. Div. 2003).]
"Paramount" among such concerns, id. at 199, is "the need to provide a
reasonable incentive to the surety to attempt the recapture of the non-appearing
defendant and to assure that the onus placed on commercial sureties is not so
great as to risk the impairment of a defendant's realistic right to post pretrial
bail," Clayton, 361 N.J. Super. at 392-93. Moreover, where a non-appearing
defendant remains a fugitive, "the court's primary focus . . . should be upon the
surety's efforts to secure the defendant's return . . . ." State v. Mercado, 329 N.J.
Super. 265, 271-72 (App. Div. 2000). We review the motion court's exercise of
discretion under "the totality of the circumstances presented." State v. Korecky,
169 N.J. 364, 373 (2001).
A court may set aside a bail forfeiture either before or after the entry of
judgment. R. 3:26-6(b). "[T]he principles of suretyship apply to bail bonds."
Clayton, 361 N.J. Super. at 395. "It is a well-settled principle of suretyship that
A-6010-17T1 5 the surety is only chargeable according to the strict terms of its undertaking and
that, as a result, its obligation cannot be extended or altered beyond the terms of
its agreement." Ibid. In Clayton we held that a "unilateral alteration of the terms
of the undertaking by the principal . . . and the creditor . . . without the consent
of the surety . . . discharged the surety if the modification materially increased
the risk of the undertaking." Ibid.
The Surety argues the reinstatement of bail, over the objection of the
Surety, and without affording the Surety an opportunity to be heard, is a nullity.
We disagree.
In Clayton, after the defendant failed to appear in court, the surety turned
him over to authorities. Id. at 394. Without informing the surety, the court
reinstated bail and again released the defendant. Ibid. When the defendant
failed to appear in court again, the surety moved to vacate forfeiture, arguing
reinstatement of bail without its knowledge was improper. Ibid. The trial court
denied the surety's motion, and we reversed the decision on appeal, stating,
"Simply put, the court did not have the authority to effect a reinstatement of the
bail bond without the consent of the surety. Beyond that, the surety's initial
prompt return of [the defendant] and timely motion for relief entitled it to
exoneration." Id. at 395. Here, however, the defendant was at the Surety's office
A-6010-17T1 6 on the day he failed to appear in court, and turned himself in to the court four
days later with an explanation. The court reasonably determined that the
Surety's risk was not materially increased by defendant's inadvertent
nonappearance.
The Surety also argues it is entitled to relief from a complete forfeiture
because it located Victoriano in the Dominican Republic and could have
returned him to New Jersey, but for the failure to issue a UFAP.
[W]hen a criminal defendant, as the principal under the bail bond, defaults on his obligation to appear in court when lawfully required, the surety is obligated to locate, apprehend and return the defendant to custody. Therefore, if a surety seeks a partial or total remission of a forfeiture of bail, it bears a heavy burden to show that it has satisfied its essential obligation under the recognizance to secure the defendant's return to custody, and in the absence of this showing, the trial court may determine that the forfeiture should stand . . . . [T]he court's primary focus, especially when the defendant has remained a fugitive for a significant period of time, should be upon the surety's efforts to secure the defendant's return, rather than upon the expenses incurred by the State as a result of the defendant's failure to appear or the prejudice to the State's case caused by the defendant's absence.
[Mercado, 329 N.J. Super. 271 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).]
"Where the defendant remains a fugitive when the remission motion is made,
the essential undertaking of the surety remains unsatisfied, and the denial of any
A-6010-17T1 7 remission is entirely appropriate." State v. Ventura, 196 N.J. 203, 215 (2008)
(quoting Administrative Directive #22-17, "Bail and Bail Forfeitures --
Revisions to Procedures and Forms" (Aug. 7, 2017)). The presumption against
remission was explained in State v. Mungia, 446 N.J. Super. 318, 323-24, 326
(App. Div. 2016) (emphasis added), where we affirmed a thirty percent
remission:
if a defendant becomes a fugitive and flees to a foreign country, there is a presumption against remission. The surety must make every effort to assist in the re- apprehension of the defendant, including by locating the defendant in the foreign country. The failure to extradite a located defendant does not excuse the sureties from their contract with the State, and generally does not justify remission if the State has no ability to obtain extradition of the defendant. However, if the surety locates the defendant in a foreign country, and extradition is possible, but the State elects not to request that the federal government seek extradition, there is no absolute bar against remission. In that situation, the trial court should consider the general factors governing remission.
In Mercado, where each defendant had been apprehended and returned to
court after failing to appear, their return was due to the action of law
enforcement rather than the surety. 329 N.J. Super. at 272-73. We found the
trial court did not abuse its discretion by ordering forfeiture of ninety percent of
the bond because the surety "failed to show that it made any active efforts to
A-6010-17T1 8 locate, apprehend and return the defendants to court." Id. at 272; see also State
v. Hyers, 126 N.J. Super. 259, 260 (App. Div. 1973) (finding partial remission
appropriate where the guarantors "made all reasonable efforts to locate
defendant which ultimately bore fruit, and the State suffered no prejudice");
State v. Childs, 208 N.J. Super. 61, 64 (App. Div. 1986) (affirming denial of
motion to vacate forfeiture of bail posted by defendant's mother because "there
was no indication that defendant's mother played any role whatsoever in
assisting the State in locating defendant").
Although the motion court's written opinion provides "[t]he law presumes
remission is not available where a defendant is a fugitive," the Surety overcame
that presumption by locating Victoriano in the Dominican Republic. See
Mungia, 446 N.J. Super. at 323-24. There was "no absolute bar against
remission" when the Surety located Victoriano in a foreign country and the
State's inaction led to a failure of extradition. See ibid. Although the directive
cited in Ventura, 196 N.J. at 215, notes denial of remission is "entirely
appropriate" where the defendant remains a fugitive, the directive does not
mandate a denial of all remission. See Administrative Directive #22-17, "Bail
and Bail Forfeitures – Revisions to Procedures and Forms" (Aug. 7, 2017).
A-6010-17T1 9 Because the Surety located Victoriano, the analysis should shift to the other
factors governing remission. See Mungia, 446 N.J. Super. at 323-24.
After listing the factors, the motion court found only that "the Surety
failed to adequately monitor and supervise the defendant" and "the State's failure
to seek extradition is only one factor to consider." The Surety monitored
Victoriano between May 2013 and September 2014, during which he regularly
checked in with the Surety's office. See State v. Harmon, 361 N.J. Super. 250,
256 (App. Div. 2003) (finding failure to adequately monitor where the surety
"totally disregarded" any monitoring policy). After the Surety received notice
of the December 22, 2014 bail forfeiture, the Surety immediately investigated
and learned Victoriano had fled to the Dominican Republic. The Surety
discovered Victoriano's whereabouts, and the Dominican Republic indicated it
would assist in his apprehension once the Surety obtained the UFAP, which the
State never requested. The Surety also spent a substantial amount of money to
hire a small airplane to retrieve him. The Surety therefore demonstrated
significant "efforts to secure the defendant's return." Mercado, 329 N.J. Super.
at 271. Although the Surety's efforts should have been "the court's primary
focus," ibid., the motion court's analysis did not include this factor. Some level
of remission is appropriate to encourage sureties to exert efforts to return
A-6010-17T1 10 defendants. See de la Hoya, 359 N.J. Super. at 199. Therefore, the motion court
misapplied its discretion by over-emphasizing one factor, the failure to
adequately monitor. See, e.g., id. at 198-99.
Reversed and remanded for reconsideration in light of the efforts made by
the Surety to return Victoriano to the jurisdiction. We do not retain jurisdiction.
A-6010-17T1 11