NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1083-17T1
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
BRYAN T. ARLINE, a/k/a DWAYNE BROWN, and DWAYNE HUGHES,
Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________
Submitted October 23, 2018 – Decided November 20, 2018
Before Judges Hoffman and Geiger.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Middlesex County, Indictment Nos. 14-10- 1166, 15-06-0752, 15-06-0756, 15-06-0757.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Jay L. Wilensky, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, of counsel and on the briefs).
Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for respondent (Regina M. Oberholzer, Deputy Attorney General, of counsel and on the brief). PER CURIAM
Defendant Bryan Arline appeals from his convictions and sentences
entered pursuant to a plea agreement. He also challenges the denial of his
motion for a Franks1 hearing. We affirm.
I.
In May 2014, the New Brunswick Police Department received calls from
an anonymous concerned citizen stating cocaine, heroin, and marijuana were
being sold out of the second-floor apartment of a residence located on Plum
Street in New Brunswick. On the morning of May 5, 2014, Detective Joshua
Alexander set up surveillance to verify the information from the caller.
Thereafter, the Anti-Crime unit was independently contacted by a "past
reliable confidential informant" (the CI) about drugs being sold from the same
apartment. Detective Alexander spoke to the CI who confirmed drugs were
actively being sold from the apartment. The CI claimed to have witnessed
defendant distributing cocaine and heroin in the apartment. The CI then
conducted a total of three controlled buys at the apartment, one of which
involved defendant.
1 Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978). A-1083-17T1 2 On May 14, 2014, Detective Alexander obtained a search warrant for the
apartment and defendant's person. The next day, after observing additional
suspicious activity, the officers approached defendant on the street to execute
the warrant. Defendant fled from the officers on a bicycle. The officers saw
defendant throw items, later recovered and found to be thirty-eight decks of
heroin and $30 cash, from his pocket before the officers apprehended him.
After defendant was apprehended, the apartment was searched. The
search uncovered $1,685.75 in cash; several bags of cocaine; numerous empty
heroin decks; plus scales and other illicit drug packaging paraphernalia.
A Middlesex County Grand Jury returned Indictment Number 14-10-
1166, charging defendant with third-degree conspiracy to distribute a controlled
dangerous substance (CDS), N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5 and N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2 (count one);
two counts of third-degree unlawful possession of CDS, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-
10(a)(1) (counts two and five); two counts of third-degree possession with intent
to distribute CDS, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(a)(1) and N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(b)(3) (counts
three and six); two counts of third-degree possession with intent to distribute
CDS on or near school property, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(a) and N.J.S.A. 2C:35-7
(counts four and seven); and fourth-degree resisting arrest, N.J.S.A. 2C:29-
2(a)(2) (count eight).
A-1083-17T1 3 Between November 20, 2014 and January 20, 2015, while defendant was
out on bail, he broke into five homes in Edison and stole jewelry and cash. He
also caused damage to the door and door frame of a sixth residence while
attempting to gain access to it.
On February 11, 2015, police went to defendant's girlfriend’s residence to
arrest him on the burglary charges. Defendant jumped out of a second-story
window in an attempt to avoid apprehension. However, his attempt to flee was
unsuccessful and he was found in possession of heroin when apprehended .
A Middlesex County Grand Jury returned three additional indictments
against defendant. Indictment Numbers 15-06-752 and 15-06-756 are related to
the theft offenses. The charges in Indictment Number 15-06-757 stem from
defendant’s conduct incident to his arrest on February 11, 2015.
Indictment Number 15-06-752 charged defendant with two counts of
third-degree burglary, N.J.S.A. 2C:18-2(a)(1) (counts one and five); two counts
of third-degree theft by unlawful taking, N.J.S.A. 2C:20-3(a) (counts two and
six); third-degree attempted burglary, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-1 and N.J.S.A. 2C:18-
2(a)(1) (count three); and fourth-degree criminal mischief, N.J.S.A. 2C:17-
3(a)(1) (count four).
A-1083-17T1 4 Indictment Number 15-06-756 charged defendant with three counts of
third-degree burglary, N.J.S.A. 2C:18-2(a)(1) (counts one, three, and five) and
three counts of third-degree theft by unlawful taking, N.J.S.A. 2C:20-3(a)
(counts two, four, and six).
Indictment Number 15-06-757 charged defendant with third-degree
attempted burglary, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-1 and N.J.S.A. 2C:18-2(a)(1) (count one);
fourth-degree resisting arrest, N.J.S.A. 2C:29-2(a)(2) (count two); third-degree
unlawful possession of CDS, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-10(a)(1) (count three); and third-
degree possession with intent to distribute CDS, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(a)(1) and
N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(b)(3) (count four).
Defendant moved for discovery relating to the CI. Following the denial
of that motion, defendant moved for a Franks hearing, challenging the veracity
of the search warrant affidavit. The trial court issued an order and written
opinion denying the motion.
Defendant subsequently entered into a plea agreement encompassing all
four indictments. Specifically, defendant pled guilty to count seven of
Indictment No. 14-410-1166; counts one, four, and five of Indictment No. 15-
06-752; counts one, three and five of Indictment No. 15-06-756; and counts two
and three of Indictment No. 15-06-757; in exchange for a recommended
A-1083-17T1 5 aggregate ten-year prison term subject to a five-year period of parole
ineligibility, with the remaining charges to be dismissed at sentencing.
Defendant reserved the right to appeal the denial of his motion for a Franks
hearing.
The sentencing judge found aggravating factors three (risk defendant will
commit another offense); five (substantial likelihood defendant is involved in
organized criminal activity); six (extent of the defendant’s prior criminal record
and seriousness of the offenses of which he has been convicted); nine (need for
deterrence); and eleven (imposition of a fine without also imposing a term of
imprisonment would be perceived as part of the cost of doing business).
N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(3), (5), (6), (9), and (11).
The trial court also found mitigating factor six (defendant has or will
compensate the victim of his conduct for the damage or injury sustained),
N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(6), applicable to the burglaries, and afforded it "minimal
weight." The court noted defendant’s "extremely limited and sporadic work
history." The court also noted defendant owed more than $20,000 in child
support arrears. Thus, the court was "doubtful" defendant would ever pay
restitution since child support would be the priority.
A-1083-17T1 6 The court sentenced defendant as follows in accordance with the plea
agreement: on Indictment No. 14-10-1166, a five-year term subject to a thirty-
month period of parole ineligibility and a $1000 fine on count seven; on
Indictment No. 15-06-752, a five-year term on count one, an eighteen-month
term on count four, a five-year term on count five, and a total of $15,500 in
restitution; on Indictment 15-10-756, a five-year term subject to a thirty-month
period of parole ineligibility each on counts one, three and five, and a total of
$4,203.72 restitution; on Indictment 15-10-757, an eighteen-month term on
count two and a three-year term on count three. The remaining charges were
dismissed.
All of the sentences on the 2015 indictments run concurrent to each other
but consecutive to the sentence on the 2014 indictment. Additionally, the
sentence on the 2014 indictment was imposed concurrent to a prison sentence
defendant was already serving on an unrelated indictment. This yielded an
aggregate ten-year sentence subject to a five-year period of parole ineligibility.
The court also imposed appropriate penalties and assessments. This appeal
followed.
Defendant raises the following arguments on appeal:
POINT I: THE MOTION COURT ERRED IN DENYING A FRANKS HEARING AS TO THE
A-1083-17T1 7 VALIDITY OF THE WARRANT PURSUANT TO WHICH THE DEFENDANT WAS SEARCHED AND ARRESTED. U.S. CONST., AMENDS. IV, XIV; N.J. CONST. (1947), ART. 1, PARS. 7, 10.
A. The Motion Court Erred In Denying An Evidentiary Hearing Pursuant to the Franks Standard.
B. This Court Should Adopt The Principles Of State v. Casal, 699 P.2d 1234 (Wash. 1985), Which Allow For In-Camera Hearings On A Motion To Disclose The Identity Of The Confidential Informant, And Remand For Reconsideration. (Not Raised Below).
POINT II: THE TRIAL COURT IMPOSED AN EXCESSIVE SENTENCE, NECESSITATING REDUCTION.
II.
Certain well-established principles guide our analysis. Although we
normally grant deference to the findings of fact made by a trial judge in
connection with a motion to suppress, there was no evidentiary hearing in this
case. State v. Elders, 192 N.J. 224, 243-44 (2007). Instead, the judge relied on
the contents of the search warrant affidavit. A reviewing court "may only
consider whether the motion to suppress was properly decided based on the
evidence presented at that time." State v. Gibson, 318 N.J. Super. 1, 9 (App.
Div. 1999) (quoting State v. Jordan, 115 N.J. Super. 73, 76 (App. Div. 1971)).
A-1083-17T1 8 "A trial court's interpretation of the law . . . and the consequences that
flow from established facts are not entitled to any special deference." State v.
Gamble, 218 N.J. 412, 425 (2014) (citing State v. Gandhi, 201 N.J. 161, 176
(2010); Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366,
378 (1995)). A trial court's legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. Ibid. (citing
Gandhi, 201 N.J. at 176).
Defendant first challenges the denial of his motion for a Franks hearing.
We review a trial judge's ruling regarding the need for an evidentiary hearing
for abuse of discretion. State v. Broom-Smith, 406 N.J. Super. 228, 239 (App.
Div. 2009). We do not substitute our "own judgment for that of the trial court,
unless the trial court's ruling was so wide of the mark that a manifest denial of
justice resulted." State v. Brown, 170 N.J. 138, 147 (2001) (citations omitted).
A reviewing court gives substantial deference to a judge's determination
that probable cause existed to issue a search warrant. State v. Mosner, 407 N.J.
Super. 40, 61 (App. Div. 2009). "A search warrant is presumed to be valid, and
defendant bears the burden of demonstrating that the warrant was issued without
probable cause[.]" Id. at 61 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Evers, 175
N.J. 355, 381 (2003)). Probable cause may be based upon information received
from informants, so long as there is "substantial evidence in the record to support
A-1083-17T1 9 the informant's statements." State v. Keyes, 184 N.J. 541, 555 (2005). "Doubt
as to the validity of the warrant 'should ordinarily be resolved by sustaining the
search.'" Id. at 554 (quoting State v. Jones, 179 N.J. 377, 389 (2004)).
For that reason, a defendant is only entitled to a Franks evidentiary hearing
to challenge the veracity of a warrant affidavit when he "makes a substantial
preliminary showing" of either "material misstatements" or "material omissions"
in a search warrant affidavit. State v. Marshall, 148 N.J. 89, 193 (1997); State
v. Howery, 80 N.J. 563, 566 (1979). A misstatement is material if the warrant
affidavit "no longer contains facts sufficient to establish probable cause" in its
absence. Howery, 80 N.J. at 568 (citing Franks, 438 U.S. at 171). Similarly, an
omission is material if the issuing judge would likely not have granted the
warrant had he or she been apprised of the omitted information. State v.
Sheehan, 217 N.J. Super. 20, 25 (App. Div. 1987).
The defendant's "attack must be more than conclusory and must be
supported by more than a mere desire to cross examine." Broom-Smith, 406
N.J. Super. at 240 (quoting Franks, 438 U.S. at 171). Defendant must identify
"with specificity the portions of the warrant that are claimed to be untrue" and
support the allegations with "an offer of proof including reliable statements by
A-1083-17T1 10 witnesses, [which] must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence."
Howery, 80 N.J. at 567-68 (citations omitted).
The limitations imposed by Franks are not insignificant. Id. at 567. The
burden placed on the defendant is onerous because "a Franks hearing is not
directed at picking apart minor technical problems with a warrant application,"
but rather, "it is aimed at warrants obtained through intentional wrongdoing by
law enforcement agents." Broom-Smith, 406 N.J. Super. at 240. A Franks
hearing should not be used as a "fishing expedition" or an attempt to learn the
identity of a confidential informant. Id. at 239.
Defendant contends the trial court erred in denying a Franks hearing
because the affidavit submitted in support of the warrant was insufficient
because it failed to establish the informant was in possession of CDS after the
purported purchase. During oral argument on the motion, the defense referred
to the warrant affidavit as "a pro forma cut and paste affidavit" and predicated
the entire argument on one sentence that appeared in each of the three paragraphs
describing the three controlled buys. The specific sentence appears in the
context of the affidavit as follows:
Controlled Purchase #3: During the second week in the month of May 2014, the third controlled buy of narcotics was made from the residence [] Plum Street (apt#2). Prior to the controlled
A-1083-17T1 11 buy, the [CI] was searched out of the area for any possible contraband with negative results. [The CI] was then given a quantity of money to purchase a quantity of heroin from [] Plum Street. The [CI] was followed to [] Plum Street by the undersigned in an unmarked police surveillance vehicle. The [CI] was never out of my view. Once the [CI] arrived at [] Plum Street, he/she was met on the front porch of [defendant’s] residence . . . . After a brief conversation with [defendant], the [CI] and [defendant] went inside the residence. The [CI] was inside the residence for a short period of time (less than five minutes) before exiting the front door of the residence. The [CI] immediately left the area and was followed to a pre- determined meet location to relinquish the quantity of heroin [the CI] purchased to the undersigned. The [CI] was once again searched for any possible contraband with negative results. The [CI] stated that he/she purchased the quantity of heroin from [defendant] inside of [] Plum Street (apt #2). The [CI] stated that while inside the residence she/he handed the currency used for the buy to [defendant] and [defendant] handed her/him a quantity of heroin. The heroin that was purchased was consistent with the amount of money used for the buy. The heroin was later field tested and- tested positive for heroin content.
[Emphasis added.] Defendant contends the phrase "negative results" indicates there was no buy
made. We are unpersuaded by this argument.
Defendant's assertion that "the noted language . . . fails to establish [the
CI] was in possession of drugs" can only be reached by deliberately
misconstruing the affidavit. As the trial court noted, the interpretation sought
A-1083-17T1 12 by defendant "doesn't make any sense[,]" especially since the next four
sentences in the paragraph unambiguously discuss the heroin the CI bought from
defendant. Instead, as stated by the trial court, the logical interpretation of the
affidavit is "that the [CI] relinquished the quantity of heroin and subsequently
was searched again for further contraband which yielded negative results."2
We further conclude the sentence in question is not material. Contrary to
defendant's contentions, the remaining contents of the affidavit are not "too
generalized or ordinary" to establish probable cause for the issuance of the
search warrant.
"Probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant requires a fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular
place." State v. Chippero, 201 N.J. 14, 28 (2009) (citation omitted). "A finding
of probable cause may rest upon evidence not competent at a criminal trial
[including h]earsay . . . so long as there is something coupled with the hearsay
to give it reasonable credit [and] the appearance of trustworthiness." State v.
2 It appears to be standard procedure for the police to search the informant both before and after the controlled buy. See e.g., Jones, 179 N.J. at 383-84; State v. Sullivan, 169 N.J. 204, 208 (2001). The dual search is undertaken to ensure any contraband surrendered by the informant to the police was, in fact, obtained from the defendant, and also, that the informant has not surreptitiously held back a portion of the contraband purchased with tax payer dollars for their own use. A-1083-17T1 13 Kasabucki, 52 N.J. 110, 116-17 (1968) (citations omitted). Information received
from a confidential informant is also "a valid basis for a court to find probable
cause and issue a search warrant [as long as there is other] evidence in the record
to support the informant's statements." Keyes, 184 N.J. at 555 (citations
omitted). "[A] controlled buy 'typically will be persuasive evidence in
establishing probable cause.'" Jones, 179 N.J. at 392 (quoting Sullivan, 169 N.J.
at 217).
Here, the trial court noted:
The affidavit contain[ed] information that Detective Alexander surveilled [] Plum Street and observed [the same individual] drive to the residence, remain inside for a few minutes, and then drive away on multiple occasions. Detective Alexander also stated that within the last seven days of surveillance, he observed several suspected drug users and buyers approach the residence, remain inside for a short period of time, and then leave the residence. A concerned citizen and a confidential informant also gave detailed tips to the Anti-Crime Unit that narcotics transactions were being conducted at the residence. As a result, the trial court found even if "the language in the affidavit regarding
the controlled buys amounted to a deliberate falsehood," defendant's argument
still failed because "the observations made by Detective Alexander and the
information provided by the concerned citizen and the [CI]" would have been
enough to establish probable cause for the issuance of a warrant.
A-1083-17T1 14 It is well settled that "when the adequacy of the facts offered to show
probable cause is challenged after a search made pursuant to a warrant, and their
adequacy appears to be marginal, the doubt should ordinarily be resolved by
sustaining the search." Jones, 179 N.J. at 388-89 (quoting Kasabucki, 52 N.J.
at 116).
Additionally, defendant's motion was not supported by any evidence of
intentional wrongdoing by the police officer who swore out the warrant
affidavit. Defendant acknowledges an offer of proof was not made to the trial
court.
Defendant did not make a substantial preliminary showing of either a
material misstatement or material omission in the search warrant affidavit. We
discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court.
III.
For the first time on appeal, defendant argues this court should follow the
Washington Supreme Court's decision in State v. Casal, 699 P.2d 1234 (Wash.
1985). We decline to do so for several reasons. First, the decision in Casal is
A-1083-17T1 15 not binding precedent. 3 Second, Casal is in direct conflict with our Supreme
Court's holding in State v. Milligan, 71 N.J. 373 (1976), which is binding
precedent.4 To the extent defendant’s Casal argument is an assertion that the
denial of his request for an in camera hearing as to the identity of the CI was
error, we disagree.
The informer's privilege against disclosure of their identity is well-
established and "considered essential to effective enforcement of the criminal
code," particularly narcotics laws. Milligan, 71 N.J. at 381, 381 n.3, 383.
"Without a strong showing of need, courts will generally deny a request for
disclosure." State v. Florez, 134 N.J. 570, 578 (1994). In fact, N.J.R.E. 516
"provides that a witness need not provide the identity of an informant unless the
identity of that person has already been otherwise disclosed or 'disclosure of his
identity is essential to assure a fair determination of the issues.'" Ibid.
3 Out-of-state decisions are neither binding nor controlling on a New Jersey court. See, e.g., In re Advisory Op. No. 01-2008, 201 N.J. 254, 268 (2010); Marx v. Friendly Ice Cream Corp., 380 N.J. Super. 302, 310 (App. Div. 2005). 4 Decisions of the Supreme Court bind the Appellate Division and all trial courts. See, e.g., Am. Civil Liberties v. Hendricks, 445 N.J. Super. 452, 477 (App. Div.), certif. granted, 228 N.J. 440 (2016); Scannavino v. Walsh, 445 N.J. Super. 162, 172 (App. Div. 2016). A-1083-17T1 16 The purpose of the privilege is twofold: "to protect the safety of the
informant and to encourage the process of informing." State v. Sessoms, 413
N.J. Super. 338, 343 (App. Div. 2010). The privilege is in fact intended "to
protect the public interest in a continuous flow of information to law
enforcement officials." Grodjesk v. Faghani, 104 N.J. 89, 97 (1986). In
narcotics cases, protecting the identities of confidential informants is vital
because "informants are an important, indeed indispensable, part of the arsenal
that law-enforcement forces bring to bear against drug crimes." Florez, 134 N.J.
at 582; see also Milligan, 71 N.J. at 381 n.3.
Even an in camera hearing "will effectively reduce cooperation with the
police and defeat the purposes which underlie the informer's privilege."
Milligan, 71 N.J. at 393 n.12. Thus, when deciding whether to grant a request
for an in camera hearing, the motion court must balance "the public interest in
protecting the flow of information against the individual's right to prepare his
defense[,] . . . taking into consideration the crime charged, the possible defenses,
the possible significance of the informer's testimony, and other relevant factors."
Id. at 384 (quoting Roviaro, 353 U.S. at 62).
Defendant contends the denial of his motion for discovery as to the [CI]
"was a virtual Catch-22, in which he was unable to advance an alternative theory
A-1083-17T1 17 of the alleged events because he was denied the means to learn of the actual
occurrences." We review the denial of an order requesting disclosure of a
confidential informant's identity using an abuse of discretion standard, that is,
"whether the trial court abused its discretion after weighing the competing
considerations of the balancing test." Milligan, 71 N.J. at 384.
First, we note defendant's failure to provide this court with an adequate
record to review the motion court's decision to deny his motion for an in camera
hearing as to the identity of the CI hinders our review. Johnson v. Schragger,
340 N.J. Super. 84, 87 n.3 (App. Div. 2001). We remind defendant
Rule 2:6-1(a)(1)(C) requires an appellant to include in the appendix "the judgment, order or determination appealed from or sought to be reviewed or enforced . . . ." Further, our Court Rules require that "if a verbatim record was made of the proceedings . . . from which the appeal is taken, the appellant shall, no later than the time of the filing and service of the notice of appeal, serve a request for preparation of an original and copy of the transcript . . . ." R. 2:5-3(a). If no verbatim record of the proceedings exists, "the appellant shall [provide] a statement of the evidence and proceedings prepared from the best available sources, including the appellant's recollection." R. 2:5- 3(f).
[Cipala v. Lincoln Tech. Inst., 179 N.J. 45, 55 (2004).]
We also note we are not "obliged to attempt review of an issue when the relevant
portions of the record are not included." Cmty Hosp. v. Blume Goldfaden, 381
A-1083-17T1 18 N.J. Super. 119, 127 (App. Div. 2005). See also State v. Cordero, 438 N.J.
Super. 472, 489 (App. Div. 2014).
Defendant has not provided this court with a transcript of the motion court
proceedings or a statement compliant with Rule 2:5-3. Nor has he included the
motion judge's order or statement of reasons in his appendix. In fact, there is
only one reference to the motion court's denial of defendant's motion for
discovery of the CI's identity in defendant's brief and appendix.
Thus, to the extent we are able to evaluate defendant’s claim, we note its
similarity to Broom-Smith. In Broom-Smith, law enforcement officers received
information from a confidential informant that the defendant was dealing drugs
out of his residence. 406 N.J. Super. at 231-32. As a result, the
officers arranged for the informant to make a 'controlled buy' of drugs from defendant. The purchase was structured in such a way that the officers could be certain that the informant did not possess any drugs prior to the purchase from defendant, and they kept the informant under constant visual surveillance before, during and after the purchase . . . . Once the purchase was complete, the informant gave the drugs to the investigators, who field-tested them and found them to be cocaine.
[Id. at 231.]
Based on that information, search warrants were applied for, obtained, and
executed, resulting in the seizure of a large quantity of cocaine found in
A-1083-17T1 19 defendant's house. The defendant challenged the warrant application and made
multiple discovery requests. Id. at 232-35. All of these requests were denied
because the trial court "concluded th[e] defendant's broad demand for all
documents created by law enforcement prior to the warrant application was a
veiled attempt to learn the identity of the confidential informant." Id. at 240.
On appeal, the defendant claimed he sought information concerning the
investigation prior to the warrant application in order to verify the information
contained in the search warrant affidavit. He contended he needed that
information to be able to possibly attack the validity of the warrant at a Franks
hearing. Ibid. The panel affirmed the denial of discovery because "[n]othing in
defendant's appellate brief suggests even a remote possibility that the discovery
he sought would have enabled him to meet the Franks standard." Id. at 241.
Here too, the police arranged for the CI to make several controlled buys
of CDS from defendant; the controlled buy was structured so that the police
could be certain the CI did not possess any drugs prior to going into defendant's
residence to purchase drugs; the CI was only out of the officers' sight while
inside defendant's residence; and the CI relinquished contraband, which field -
tested positive for heroin, to the police after being followed out of defendant's
residence.
A-1083-17T1 20 Defendant's argument the denial of his discovery motion was a "virtual
Catch-22, in which he was unable to advance an alternative theory of the alleged
events because he was denied the means to learn of the actual occurrences" is
also nearly identical to the argument advanced by the defendant in Broom-Smith
that he needed his discovery request to be granted "to be able to possibly attack
the validity of the warrant at a Franks hearing." Finally, as in Broom-Smith,
there is nothing in defendant's deficient brief and appendix which suggests an in
camera hearing would have enabled him to meet the Franks standard.
"[F]rivolous demands for information [or] unsubstantiated allegations of
need" will not be enough to justify disclosure of a confidential informant's
identity because "[s]omething more than speculation should be required of a
defendant before the court overrules an informer's privilege of nondisclosure."
Milligan, 71 N.J. at 393. Thus, to the limited extent we are able to review
defendant's argument, we affirm.
IV.
Defendant asserts the trial court improperly weighed the aggravating and
mitigating factors and his negotiated sentence is excessive. "Appellate co urts
review sentencing determinations in accordance with a deferential standard."
State v. Fuentes, 217 N.J. 57, 70 (2014). The sentence must be affirmed unless
A-1083-17T1 21 (1) the sentencing guidelines were violated; (2) the aggravating and mitigating factors found by the sentencing court were not based upon competent and credible evidence in the record; or (3) "the application of the guidelines to the facts of [the] case makes the sentence clearly unreasonable so as to shock the judicial conscience."
[Ibid. (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Roth, 95 N.J. 334, 364-65 (1984)).]
The sentence imposed was pursuant to a plea agreement. "While the
sentence imposed must be a lawful one, the court's decision to impose a sentence
in accordance with the plea agreement should be given great respect, since a
'presumption of reasonableness . . . attaches to criminal sentences imposed on
plea bargain defendants.'" State v. S.C., 289 N.J. Super. 61, 71 (App. Div. 1996)
(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Sainz, 107 N.J. 283, 294 (1987)). If
defendant had any objection to the recommended sentence, he should have
raised it during the plea negotiations or before he was sentenced. State v.
Thomas, 392 N.J. Super. 169, 186 (App. Div. 2007). Defendant received the
recommended sentence. As such, he "cannot legitimately complain that the
sentence was unexpected or that he received a sentence other than that for which
he explicitly negotiated." Ibid. (quoting State v. Soto, 385 N.J. Super. 247, 255
(App. Div. 2006)).
A-1083-17T1 22 Defendant contests aggravating factors five and eleven. He also argues
the trial court should have applied mitigating factor eleven (imprisonment would
entail excessive hardship on defendant or his dependents), N.J.S.A. 2C:44-
1(b)(11). He does not dispute the applicability of aggravating factors three, six
or nine, "given the extent of his prior record."
As to aggravating factor five, the court stated:
I do find that aggravating factor five applies. There is a substantial likelihood [defendant] is involved in organized criminal activity, and this is based upon the fact that there is no evidence [defendant] was manufacturing the drugs that he was caught with, which leads to the inference that he was selling product that he obtained from another seller. Aggravating factor five is appropriate even in the absence of a
demonstration the defendant's criminal behavior was related to his participation
or membership in an organized crime group, such as a gang, when the nature of
the offense itself warrants its application. See State v. Velez, 229 N.J. Super.
305, 316 (App. Div. 1988), aff'd as modified, 119 N.J. 185 (1990) (determining
that a fact-finding hearing was unnecessary after a drug distribution conviction
because defendant was not manufacturing the drugs, and thus he had to be
obtaining them from other sources); see also State v. Varona, 242 N.J. Super.
474, 491-92 (App. Div. 1990) (finding evidence on the record supported
A-1083-17T1 23 applying aggravating factor five where defendant was convicted of conspiracy
to distribute cocaine). We discern no error in finding aggravating factor five
since defendant does not dispute he was not the manufacturer of the drugs he
pled guilty to possessing with intent to distribute.
The defendant also asserts the court erred in applying aggravating factor
eleven because under the circumstances of this case, a non-custodial sentence
was not a possibility. The court stated:
To the extent [defendant] seeks probation, which is argued by his counsel in her letter memorandum blaming his criminal history, past and present convictions on a drug addiction, the [c]ourt does need to balance that, but I find that probation is not enough in light of [defendant’s criminal] history . . . and the fact that he has not been deterred.
Defendant is correct that aggravating factor eleven is not applicable unless
the sentencing judge is balancing a noncustodial term as against a state prison
sentence. State v. Dalziel, 182 N.J. 494, 503 (2005) (citation omitted). A
sentencing court must impose a custodial prison sentence for a defendant
convicted of possession with intent to distribute a CDS on or near school
property. However, under the circumstances, we find the error harmless because
the aggravating factors three, six, and nine clearly outweigh mitigating factor
six, which only applied to the burglaries and was only given minimal weight.
A-1083-17T1 24 Defendant also argues the negotiated term of ten years in state prison with
five years of parole ineligibility is excessive. We disagree. Defendant stipulates
he was extended-term eligible under N.J.S.A. 2C:44-3(a) (persistent offender),
N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6(f) (repeat drug offender), and N.J.S.A. 2C:44-5.1 (commission
of specified crimes while on bail), rendering him subject to a period of parole
ineligibility pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7(c). His attorney was able to negotiate
a favorable plea agreement, resulting in the dismissal of numerous charges and
an aggregate sentence far shorter than his exposure. We discern no abuse of
discretion by the trial court. Considering the crimes defendant pled guilty to
together with his prior criminal record, defendant's sentence is not clearly
unreasonable so as to shock the judicial conscience. See Roth, 95 N.J. at 364-
65.
Affirmed.
A-1083-17T1 25