NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1633-20
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
RAHEEM D. SIMMONS,
Defendant-Appellant. __________________________
Submitted January 26, 2022 – Decided February 14, 2022
Before Judges Hoffman and Susswein.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Camden County, Indictment No. 12-10-2621.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Phuong V. Dao, Designated Counsel, on the brief).
Andrew J. Bruck, Acting Attorney General, attorney for respondent (Amanda G. Schwartz, Deputy Attorney General, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM Defendant Raheem Simmons appeals from an October 20, 2020 Law
Division order denying his pro se petition for post-conviction relief (PCR).
Defendant was barely eighteen years of age at the time he shot two victims over
a monetary dispute, killing them. Defendant contends he should have been
considered a "juvenile," pursuant to Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), as
adopted by our Supreme Court in State v. Zuber, 227 N.J. 422 (2017). On that
basis, defendant asserts that his sentence of thirty years imprisonment, subject
to an eighty-five percent period of parole ineligibility, amounts to the functional
equivalent of life without parole, contrary to Zuber.
Defendant also asserts that he is entitled to resentencing in light of the
Legislature's recent passage of N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(14), establishing youth as a
mitigating factor. Lastly, defendant argues that he received ineffective
assistance of counsel because his counsel did not argue that defendant was
entitled to leniency under Miller and Zuber. We affirm.
I.
We glean the following facts from the record. On July 26, 2011, Camden
City Fire and Ambulance personnel responded to a report of a car fire; upon
checking the car's interior, they discovered the deceased bodies of Antwan
A-1633-20 2 Brown and Trevon Kinard (the victims). Autopsies of the victims revealed they
died from gunshot wounds.
Approximately one year after the fatal shooting of the victims, defendant
was charged with two counts of first-degree murder for his role in their deaths.
According to the State, defendant, born on July 13, 1993, and his co-defendant,
Phillip Byrd, entered the back seat of the car driven by the victims and shot them
in a dispute over money.
Less than two months after the fatal shooting of the victims in Camden,
defendant was involved in another shooting, on September 18, 2011, in Atlantic
County. As a result, defendant was charged in Indictment 12-04-0942. On
March 14, 2013, defendant pled guilty to a homicide crime for that shooting.
On July 18, 2013, the court in Atlantic County sentenced defendant to thirty
years in prison with thirty years of parole ineligibility.
In the matter under review, defendant appeared for trial on March 18,
2014. During the voir dire conference, the State extended a final plea offer,
which defendant accepted, after reviewing the offer with his attorney. The plea
offer provided for the downgrade of the two charges of first-degree murder to
first-degree aggravated manslaughter, and for each count, defendant would
receive a thirty-year sentence, subject to the No Early Release Act (NERA),
A-1633-20 3 N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2. The sentences would run concurrently to each other and
concurrently to the sentence defendant already received for the Atlantic County
homicide.
Before accepting defendant's plea, the trial judge engaged in a colloquy
with defendant regarding the plea agreement and elicited a factual basis for the
amended charges. The judge found defendant's guilty plea knowing and
voluntary and that the factual basis supported the charges. Therefore, he
accepted defendant's guilty plea to two counts of first-degree aggravated
manslaughter.
On May 30, 2014, defendant appeared for sentencing. During the hearing,
the judge note that defendant had six juvenile adjudications and one conviction
for murder. The judge found aggravating factors three (risk of re-offense); six
(defendant's prior criminal record); and nine (need to deter). N.J.S.A. 2C:44 -
1a(3), (6), (9). The judge found no mitigating factors. Therefore, when
weighing the "aggravating and mitigating factors on a qualitative, as well as a
quantitative basis," the judge found "the aggravating factors outweigh the
mitigating factors, and they do so clearly and convincingly." In deciding
whether or not to accept the plea agreement, the judge considered the "nature
and degree of the crime, the need for punishment and deterrence, the defendant's
A-1633-20 4 prospects for rehabilitation, the presentence report, the defendant 's previous
involvement in the criminal justice system, the recommendations of the
prosecutor and the probation department, the terms of the plea agreement and
the interest of the public." After finding that the "plea agreement appears to be
fair, and in the interest of justice," the judge imposed the sentence set forth in
the plea agreement – a thirty-year prison sentence subject to NERA for each
count of first-degree aggravated manslaughter, the sentences to run concurrently
to each other and concurrently to the sentence defendant previously received for
the Atlantic County homicide. Consistent with the plea agreement, the judge
dismissed all remaining charges.
Defendant appealed his sentence, with this court hearing oral argument on
the appeal on December 14, 2014. During argument, defendant's counsel
acknowledged that defendant is serving a thirty-year mandatory minimum term
for the Atlantic County murder, and in this case, he received concurrent thirty-
year sentences, which are also concurrent to the sentence to the Atlantic County
case. This court affirmed defendant's sentence.
On April 26, 2019, defendant filed a pro se petition for PCR. On October
20, 2020, the same judge who accepted defendant's plea and imposed sentence
heard oral argument on defendant's petition. Regarding defendant's claim that
A-1633-20 5 his sentence was improper because it did not follow Miller and Zuber, the judge
noted that because defendant was born on July 13, 1993, he would have been
eighteen on the date of the shooting, and thus "defendant was not a juvenile at
the time of the offense giving rise to his conviction, nor at the time he was
sentenced. . . . Accordingly, the constitutional rules announced in Miller and
Zuber do not apply to this defendant as he was not a juvenile at the time of the
offense." The judge additionally noted that even if Miller and Zuber applied to
defendant, his sentence "is not the functional equivalent of a life sentence
without the possibility of parole" because "at the end of the maximum term of
his sentence, the defendant will be [forty-eight] years of age." As a result, the
judge determined that an "evidentiary hearing is not warranted" and denied PCR.
This appeal followed, with defendant raising the following
arguments:
POINT I
DEFENDANT'S CLAIMS FOR PCR CLAIMS ARE NOT PROCEDURALLY TIME-BARRED
POINT II
DEFENDANT WAS BARELY EIGHTEEN YEARS OLD, AND THEREFORE, HIS SENTENCE OF THIRTY YEARS IS FACTUALLY EQUIVALENT TO LIFE WITHOUT PAROLE.
A-1633-20 6 POINT III
THE CASE SHOULD BE REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING BASED ON THE PASSAGE OF N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(14) AS A NEW MITIGATING SENTENCING FACTOR.
POINT IV
DEFENDANT HAS MADE A PRIMA FACIE SHOWING OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL, AND THUS, THE PCR COURT ERRED IN NOT GRANTING AN EVIDENTIARY HEARING.
II.
We begin our analysis by acknowledging the legal principles governing
this appeal. Post-conviction relief serves the same function as a federal writ of
habeas corpus. State v. Preciose, 129 N.J. 451, 459 (1992). When petitioning
for PCR, a defendant must establish by a preponderance of the credible evidence
that he or she is entitled to the requested relief. Ibid. (citations omitted). The
defendant must allege and articulate specific facts that "provide the court with
an adequate basis on which to rest its decision." State v. Mitchell, 126 N.J. 565,
579 (1992).
Whether Defendant was a Minor at the Time of His Offense
We first address defendant's contention that he was entitled to the
constitutional protections afforded to defendants who are minors at the time of
A-1633-20 7 their offense, pursuant to Miller and Zuber. The United States Supreme Court
has declared that certain juvenile sentencing schemes are unconstitutional based
on the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment. See Roper
v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 568-70 (2005) (holding that it is unconstitutional to
impose capital punishment for crimes committed while under the age of 18);
Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 82 (2010) (holding that juvenile offenders
cannot be sentenced to life imprisonment without parole for non-homicide
offenses); and Miller, 567 U.S. at 489 (holding that mandatory sentences of life
without the possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders).
In 2017, our Supreme Court reviewed the sentencing of minors in New
Jersey in Zuber. The Court considered whether the principles underlying Miller
should apply to sentences that are the "practical equivalent of life without
parole." 227 N.J. at 428.
In considering the constitutional issue, the Court framed the question as
follows: "Will a juvenile be imprisoned for life, or will he have a chance at
release?" Id. at 446. The Court acknowledged the "foundational principle"
recognized in Graham and Roper: "that imposition of a State's most severe
penalties on juvenile offenders cannot proceed as though they were not
children." Id. at 445 (quoting Miller, 567 U.S. at 474) (emphasis added). As a
A-1633-20 8 result, the Court in Zuber instructed that "the focus at a juvenile's sentencing
hearing belongs on the real-time consequences of the aggregate sentence," so
"judges must evaluate the Miller factors when they sentence a juvenile to a
lengthy period of parole ineligibility for a single offense" and "when they
consider a lengthy period of parole ineligibility in a case that involves multiple
offenses." Zuber, 227 N.J. at 447 (emphasis added). The Court thus ruled that
sentencing judges should evaluate the Miller factors at that time "to take into
account how children are different, and how those differences counsel against
irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in prison." Id. at 451 (quoting Miller,
567 U.S. at 480).
We are aware of our Supreme Court's recent decision in State v.
Comer/State v. Zarate, __ N.J. __ (2022), in which the Court revisited "the
constitutional limits that apply to sentences for juvenile offenders." Slip op. at
4. The Court began its analysis by recognizing:
The law recognizes what we all know from life experience — that children are different from adults. Children lack maturity, can be impetuous, are more susceptible to pressure from others, and often fail to appreciate the long-term consequences of their actions. Miller, [567 U.S. at 477]. They are also more capable of change than adults. Graham [560 U.S. at 68]. Yet we know as well that some juveniles — who commit very serious crimes and show no signs of maturity or
A-1633-20 9 rehabilitation over time -- should serve lengthy periods of incarceration.
The issue before the Court is how to meld those truths in a way that conforms to the Constitution and contemporary standards of decency. In other words, how to impose lengthy sentences on juveniles that are not only just but that also account for a simple reality: we cannot predict, at a juvenile's young age, whether a person can be rehabilitated and when an individual might be fit to reenter society.
[Ibid.]
James Comer committed felony murder while a juvenile, and was
sentenced to the mandatory minimum sentence for felony murder under N.J.S.A.
2C:11-3(b)(1), a thirty-year term without the possibility of parole. Id. at 5, 10.
James Zarate committed purposeful murder when he was fourteen years old, and
was sentenced to life, subject to the eighty-five percent period of parole
ineligibility imposed by the No Early Release Act (NERA), N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2.
Id. at 5, 16. He also received consecutive four- and nine-year terms for two
other offenses. Id. at 16. Zarate will first be eligible for parole after serving
more than forty years. Id. at 5. Zarate was later resentenced to life in prison
with no consecutive terms. Id. at 18. On a second remand, Zarate was
resentenced to a fifty-year NERA term. Id. at 21. "Zarate will be 56 years old
when he is first eligible for parole." Ibid. The Court modified and affirmed his
A-1633-20 10 sentence, but "declined to foreclose the possibility that Zarate might one day be
able to return to court to show 'that he has sufficiently reformed himself to a
degree that' his sentence is 'no longer . . . constitutional under the Eighth
Amendment.'" Id. at 21-22 (alteration in original).
Comer and Zarate "argued that their sentences violated federal and state
constitutional provisions that bar cruel and unusual punishment. See U.S. Const.
amend. VIII; N.J. Const. art. I, ¶ 12." Id. at 5. They contended that the
mandatory sentence of thirty or more years without parole required by N.J.S.A.
2C:11-3(b)(1), is unconstitutional when applied to juveniles. Ibid.
The Court explained that to determine whether a sentence is cruel and
unusual, an independent analysis under Article I, Paragraph 12 of the New
Jersey Constitution is appropriate. Id. at 25 (citing State v. Ramseur, 106 N.J.
123, 182 (1987)).
The test under [the federal and state] Constitutions is "generally the same": "First, does the punishment for the crime conform with contemporary standards of decency? Second, is the punishment grossly disproportionate to the offense? Third, does the punishment go beyond what is necessary to accomplish any legitimate penological objective?" Zuber, 227 N.J. at 438 (quoting Ramseur, 106 N.J. at 169). If the punishment fails under any one of the three inquiries, "it is invalid." State v. Gerald, 113 N.J. 40, 78 (1988).
A-1633-20 11 "Although the test is similar under federal and state law, our State Constitution
can confer greater protection than the Eighth Amendment affords." Id. at 26.
Defendant was eighteen years, thirteen days old at the time of the
homicides at issue in this appeal. It is beyond dispute that he was not a juvenile.
Nevertheless, he contends the thirty-year NERA sentence is cruel and unusual,
asking us to extrapolate the principles established in Miller and Zuber that were
recently applied and expanded by a bare majority of our Supreme Court in
Comer and Zarate. Those cases deal with persons who were juveniles when they
committed the offenses for which they were convicted. We are not inclined to
extend the rationale of those cases to a person who was an adult at the time of
the crime, even if he had only recently crossed the critical eighteen-year-old
threshold. Defendant cites no published authority for the proposition that the
principles announced in Miller, Zuber, Comer, and Zarate should be
extrapolated to apply to persons who were adults at the time of the offense.
Defendant's Entitlement to Resentencing in light of N.J.S.A. 2C:44-
1(b)(14)
On October 19, 2020, the Legislature amended N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1, which
allows a sentencing judge to consider a defendant's youth as a statutory
mitigating factor. Specifically, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(14) now provides that a
A-1633-20 12 judge "may properly consider" the following mitigating circumstance: "The
defendant was under 26 years of age at the time of the commission of the
offense."
The question of whether a newly enacted statute applies retroactively "is
a purely legal question of statutory interpretation." State v. J.V., 242 N.J. 432,
442 (2020). "[T]he overriding goal of all statutory interpretation is to determine
as best we can the intent of the Legislature, and to give effect to that intent."
Ibid. (quoting State v. S.B., 230 N.J. 62, 67 (2017)). "To determine the
Legislature's intent, we look to the statute's language and give those terms their
plain and ordinary meaning, because 'the best indicator of that intent is the plain
language chosen by the Legislature.'" Id. at 442- 43 (quoting Johnson v. Roselle
EZ Quick LLC, 226 N.J. 370, 386 (2016)). "If, based on a plain and ordinary
reading of the statute, the statutory terms are clear and unambiguous," the law
is applied "as written." Id. at 443 (quoting Murray v. Plainfield Rescue Squad,
210 N.J. 581, 592 (2012)). "Generally, new criminal statutes are presumed to
have solely prospective application." Ibid. To overcome the presumption of
prospective application, the Legislature must have used words that have
demonstrated its clear intention to have retrospective application "so clear,
strong, and imperative" that no other meaning can be attributed to them. Ibid.
A-1633-20 13 (citing Weinstein v. Invs. Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 154 N.J. Super. 164, 167 (App.
Div. 1977)).
Defendant asserts that he is entitled to resentencing following the passage
of N.J.S.A. 2C:44- 7 1(b)(14) to consider defendant's relevant youth as a
mitigating factor. In State v. Bellamy, 468 N.J. Super. 29 (App. Div. 2021), we
recently held that mitigating factor fourteen does not apply retroactively to
criminal convictions that were not on direct appeal when the statute was enacted
in 2020.
We are likewise mindful that the Court has granted certification in State
v. Rahee Lane, A-17-21, __ N.J. __ (2021) (certification granted Oct. 18, 2021),
in which the pure legal question before the Court is whether , and if so, to what
extent, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(14) applies retroactively. Unless and until such
time that the Court holds to the contrary in Lane,1 we discern no basis to depart
from our holding in Bellamy. The new statutory mitigating factor does not apply
to defendant, who
was sentenced almost eight years ago, in 2014.
1 "Pipeline" retroactivity extends only to direct appears, not collateral PCR appeals. Therefore, defendant could benefit from retroactive application of the new youth mitigating factor only if it is given "full" retroactive application. A-1633-20 14 Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Both the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article
1, paragraph 10 of the State Constitution guarantee the right to effective
assistance of counsel at all stages of criminal proceedings. Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 686 (citing McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n.14 (1970)); State v.
Fritz, 105 N.J. 42, 58 (1987). To establish a violation of the right to the effective
assistance of counsel, a defendant must meet the two-part test articulated in
Strickland. Fritz, 105 N.J. at 58. "First, the defendant must show that counsel's
performance was deficient. . . . Second, the defendant must show that the
deficient performance prejudiced the defense." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.
To meet the first prong of the Strickland test, a defendant must show "that
counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the 'counsel'
guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment." Ibid. Reviewing courts indulge in a
“strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance." Id. at 689. A defendant, in other words,
“must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged
action 'might be considered sound trial strategy.'" Ibid. (citation omitted).
Furthermore, in determining whether defense counsel's representation was
deficient, "'[j]udicial scrutiny...must be highly deferential,' and must avoid
A-1633-20 15 viewing the performance under the 'distorting effects of hindsight.'" State v.
Norman, 151 N.J. 5, 37 (1997) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). Moreover,
"[t]he quality of counsel's performance cannot be fairly assessed by focusing on
a handful of issues while ignoring the totality of counsel's performance in the
context of the State's evidence of [a] defendant's guilt." State v. Castagna, 187
N.J. 293, 314 (2006) (citing State v. Marshall, 123 N.J. 1, 165 (1991)).
The second prong of the Strickland test requires the defendant to show
"that counsel's errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial,
a trial whose result is reliable." Id. at 687. In determining whether defense
counsel's alleged deficient performance prejudiced the defense, "[i]t is not
enough for the defendant to show that the errors had some conceivable effect on
the outcome of the proceeding." Id. at 693. Rather, defendant bears the burden
of showing that "there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. "
Id. at 694.
"In order to establish a prima facie claim, a petitioner must do more than
make bald assertions that [he or she] was denied the effective assistance of
counsel." State v. Cummings, 321 N.J. Super. 154, 170 (App. Div. 1999). The
petitioner must allege specific facts sufficient to support a prima facie claim.
A-1633-20 16 Ibid. Furthermore, the petitioner must present these facts in the form of
admissible evidence. In other words, the relevant facts must be shown through
"affidavits or certifications based upon the personal knowledge of the affiant or
the person making the certification." Ibid.; see also R. 3:22-10(c) ("Any factual
assertion that provides the predicate for a claim of relief must be made by an
affidavit or certification ... and based upon personal knowledge of the declarant
before the court may grant an evidentiary hearing.").
As a general proposition, we defer to a PCR court's factual findings "when
supported by adequate, substantial and credible evidence." State v. Harris, 181
N.J. 391, 415 (2004) (quoting Toll Bros, Inc. v. Twp. of W. Windsor, 173 N.J.
502, 549 (2002)). However, when the trial court does not hold an evidentiary
hearing, we "may exercise de novo review over the factual inferences drawn
from the documentary record." Id. at 421 (citing Zettlemoyer v. Fulcomer, 923
F.2d 284, 291 n.5 (3d Cir. 1991)). Similarly, we review de novo the PCR court's
legal conclusions. State v. Nash, 212 N.J. 518, 540–41 (2013) (citing Harris,
181 N.J. at 415-16).
Defendant's principal contention is that his trial counsel was
constitutionally ineffective because trial counsel did not argue that defendant
deserved leniency under Miller and Zuber. Furthermore, defendant argues that
A-1633-20 17 his trial counsel should have argued that his thirty-year prison sentence amounts
to the functional equivalent of life without parole. These arguments lack merit.
Defendant was thirteen days beyond his eighteenth birthday at the time he
committed the offenses in this case. It is beyond dispute that he was no longer
a minor. Under the first Strickland prong, defendant must prove that his
counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.
Strickland, 46 U.S. at 687-88. Defendant's attorney's performance was
objectively reasonable because, on their face, the constitutional protections
outlined in Miller and Zuber do not apply to defendant. Because trial counsel's
performance did not fall below a standard of objective reasonableness,
defendant cannot establish that his trial counsel's representation resulted in any
prejudice to defendant to satisfy the second Strickland prong.
Defendant's argument that he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing also
lacks merit. Defendant did not establish a prima facie case for PCR. There were
no genuine issues of material fact that the court could not resolve with reference
to the existing record. An evidentiary hearing was not required to resolve any
disputes. R. 3:22-10(b).
A-1633-20 18 To the extent we have not directly addressed the balance of defendant's
arguments, we find them to lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a
written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
Affirmed.
A-1633-20 19