NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-3182-21
STATE OF NEW JERSEY
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
MICHAEL W. SANDERS, a/k/a MICHAEL WILLIAMS, MICHAEL WILLIAM, MIKE WILLIAMS, and MIKE SANDERS,
Defendant-Appellant. _________________________
Submitted September 27, 2023 – Decided December 7, 2023
Before Judges Haas and Gooden Brown.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Atlantic County, Indictment No. 16-10-2408.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Anderson David Harkov, Designated Counsel, on the brief).
William E. Reynolds, Atlantic County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Mario Christopher Formica, Chief Counsel to the Prosecutor, of counsel; Linda Anne Shashoua, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant Michael Sanders appeals from the April 20, 2022, Law
Division order denying his petition for post-conviction relief (PCR) without an
evidentiary hearing. We affirm.
We glean these facts from the record. On October 19, 2016, defendant
was indicted on one count of first-degree armed robbery, N.J.S.A. 2C:15-
1(a)(2). On January 19, 2017, defendant entered a non-negotiated guilty plea to
the charge, see R. 3:9-3(c), and testified during his plea colloquy that he robbed
a bank on July 28, 2016, while threatening the teller that he had a gun in his
waistband. The teller gave defendant over $600 in cash. Because he had been
a bank customer and his identity was not obscured, bank employees recognized
defendant, who subsequently turned himself in voluntarily and confessed after
being administered Miranda1 warnings.
Defendant had three prior robbery convictions and was on parole for the
latest conviction when he committed the offense. As a result, the State objected
to the non-negotiated plea and sought a fifteen-year prison sentence, subject to
1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). A-3182-21 2 the No Early Release Act (NERA), N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2. Nonetheless, the trial
court gave a conditional indication that it would sentence defendant to a twelve-
year NERA sentence, concurrent to the parole violation sentence he was already
serving, with credit for time served as determined by the court.
During the plea colloquy, defendant confirmed his understanding of the
terms of his guilty plea as discussed in open court and as memorialized in the
plea forms. Defendant acknowledged his potential exposure to a mandatory
extended term sentence of life in prison, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.1, and his
understanding that if the court decided "the interests of justice would [not] be
served" by the imposition of a twelve-year NERA sentence, R. 3:9-3(c), he
would have the option of withdrawing his guilty plea. After ensuring that the
plea complied with the requirements of Rule 3:9-2, the court accepted
defendant's guilty plea and scheduled sentencing.
At the March 3, 2017, sentencing hearing, the court found aggravating
factors three, six, and nine based on defendant's high risk of re-offense,
extensive prior criminal history, and need for deterrence, and mitigating factor
twelve based on defendant's voluntary surrender and confession. See N.J.S.A.
2C:44-1(a)(3), (6), (9), (b)(12). The court sentenced defendant to twelve years
of imprisonment, subject to NERA, for the armed robbery, to run concurrent
A-3182-21 3 with the parole violation sentence. The court also awarded 85 days of jail credit,
and 150 days of gap-time credit. See State v. C.H., 228 N.J. 111, 117 (2017)
(explaining that only jail credits reduce a parole ineligibility term as well as the
underlying sentence imposed).
Defendant did not file a direct appeal. However, defendant filed a timely
PCR petition, supplemented by assigned counsel's brief. In his PCR petition
and brief, among other things, defendant asserted his attorney was ineffective
by failing to explain the difference between jail and gap-time credit. According
to defendant, he pled guilty expecting to receive all 235 days in custody as jail
credit but only received 85 days of jail credit.
Following oral argument conducted on March 23, 2022, the PCR court
issued a written decision dated April 20, 2022, denying defendant's PCR petition
without an evidentiary hearing. The judge reviewed the factual background and
procedural history of the case, applied the governing legal principles, and
concluded defendant failed to establish a prima facie claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel (IAC). This appeal followed.
On appeal, defendant raises the following points for our consideration:
POINT ONE
THE PCR COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO GRANT DEFENDANT'S REQUEST FOR AN
A-3182-21 4 EVIDENTIARY HEARING BECAUSE THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE IN THE RECORD THAT PLEA COUNSEL EVER EXPLAINED TO DEFENDANT THAT HE WOULD NOT RECEIVE JAIL CREDIT FOR MOST OF THE TIME HE WAS INCARCERATED PRIOR TO SENTENCING AND ANY DISCUSSIONS BETWEEN COUNSEL AND DEFENDANT THAT TOOK PLACE COULD ONLY BE REVEALED THROUGH AN EVIDENTIARY HEARING.
POINT TWO
THE POST-CONVICTION RELIEF COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO CONCLUDE THAT AS A RESULT OF PLEA COUNSEL'S FAILURE TO ADVISE DEFENDANT THAT HE WOULD NOT RECEIVE FULL JAIL CREDIT FOR THE TIME HE SERVED IN CUSTODY PRIOR TO SENTENCING, COMBINED WITH HIS FAILURE TO EXPLAIN TO DEFENDANT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN JAIL CREDIT AND GAP-TIME CREDIT, THAT DEFENDANT ENTERED AN INVOLUNTARY GUILTY PLEA, WITHOUT A FULL UNDERSTANDING OF ITS CONSEQUENCES, DEPRIVING DEFENDANT OF HIS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO THE EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL.
"[W]e review under the abuse of discretion standard the PCR court's
determination to proceed without an evidentiary hearing." State v. Brewster,
429 N.J. Super. 387, 401 (App. Div. 2013). "If the court perceives that holding
an evidentiary hearing will not aid the court's analysis of whether the defendant
A-3182-21 5 is entitled to [PCR], . . . then an evidentiary hearing need not be granted." State
v. Marshall, 148 N.J. 89, 158 (1997) (citations omitted).
An evidentiary hearing is only required when a defendant establishes "a
prima facie case in support of [PCR]," the court determines that there are
"material issues of disputed fact that cannot be resolved by reference to the
existing record," and the court determines that "an evidentiary hearing is
necessary to resolve the claims" asserted. State v. Porter, 216 N.J. 343, 354
(2013) (alteration in original) (quoting R. 3:22-10(b)). "[W]here . . . no
evidentiary hearing was conducted," as here, "we may review the factual
inferences the [trial] court has drawn from the documentary record de novo,"
and "[w]e also review de novo the court's conclusions of law." State v. Blake,
444 N.J. Super. 285, 294 (App. Div. 2016).
"To establish a prima facie case, defendant must demonstrate a reasonable
likelihood that his or her claim, viewing the facts alleged in the light most
favorable to the defendant, will ultimately succeed on the merits." R. 3:22-
10(b). To establish a prima facie IAC claim, a defendant must demonstrate "by
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-3182-21
STATE OF NEW JERSEY
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
MICHAEL W. SANDERS, a/k/a MICHAEL WILLIAMS, MICHAEL WILLIAM, MIKE WILLIAMS, and MIKE SANDERS,
Defendant-Appellant. _________________________
Submitted September 27, 2023 – Decided December 7, 2023
Before Judges Haas and Gooden Brown.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Atlantic County, Indictment No. 16-10-2408.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Anderson David Harkov, Designated Counsel, on the brief).
William E. Reynolds, Atlantic County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Mario Christopher Formica, Chief Counsel to the Prosecutor, of counsel; Linda Anne Shashoua, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant Michael Sanders appeals from the April 20, 2022, Law
Division order denying his petition for post-conviction relief (PCR) without an
evidentiary hearing. We affirm.
We glean these facts from the record. On October 19, 2016, defendant
was indicted on one count of first-degree armed robbery, N.J.S.A. 2C:15-
1(a)(2). On January 19, 2017, defendant entered a non-negotiated guilty plea to
the charge, see R. 3:9-3(c), and testified during his plea colloquy that he robbed
a bank on July 28, 2016, while threatening the teller that he had a gun in his
waistband. The teller gave defendant over $600 in cash. Because he had been
a bank customer and his identity was not obscured, bank employees recognized
defendant, who subsequently turned himself in voluntarily and confessed after
being administered Miranda1 warnings.
Defendant had three prior robbery convictions and was on parole for the
latest conviction when he committed the offense. As a result, the State objected
to the non-negotiated plea and sought a fifteen-year prison sentence, subject to
1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). A-3182-21 2 the No Early Release Act (NERA), N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2. Nonetheless, the trial
court gave a conditional indication that it would sentence defendant to a twelve-
year NERA sentence, concurrent to the parole violation sentence he was already
serving, with credit for time served as determined by the court.
During the plea colloquy, defendant confirmed his understanding of the
terms of his guilty plea as discussed in open court and as memorialized in the
plea forms. Defendant acknowledged his potential exposure to a mandatory
extended term sentence of life in prison, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.1, and his
understanding that if the court decided "the interests of justice would [not] be
served" by the imposition of a twelve-year NERA sentence, R. 3:9-3(c), he
would have the option of withdrawing his guilty plea. After ensuring that the
plea complied with the requirements of Rule 3:9-2, the court accepted
defendant's guilty plea and scheduled sentencing.
At the March 3, 2017, sentencing hearing, the court found aggravating
factors three, six, and nine based on defendant's high risk of re-offense,
extensive prior criminal history, and need for deterrence, and mitigating factor
twelve based on defendant's voluntary surrender and confession. See N.J.S.A.
2C:44-1(a)(3), (6), (9), (b)(12). The court sentenced defendant to twelve years
of imprisonment, subject to NERA, for the armed robbery, to run concurrent
A-3182-21 3 with the parole violation sentence. The court also awarded 85 days of jail credit,
and 150 days of gap-time credit. See State v. C.H., 228 N.J. 111, 117 (2017)
(explaining that only jail credits reduce a parole ineligibility term as well as the
underlying sentence imposed).
Defendant did not file a direct appeal. However, defendant filed a timely
PCR petition, supplemented by assigned counsel's brief. In his PCR petition
and brief, among other things, defendant asserted his attorney was ineffective
by failing to explain the difference between jail and gap-time credit. According
to defendant, he pled guilty expecting to receive all 235 days in custody as jail
credit but only received 85 days of jail credit.
Following oral argument conducted on March 23, 2022, the PCR court
issued a written decision dated April 20, 2022, denying defendant's PCR petition
without an evidentiary hearing. The judge reviewed the factual background and
procedural history of the case, applied the governing legal principles, and
concluded defendant failed to establish a prima facie claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel (IAC). This appeal followed.
On appeal, defendant raises the following points for our consideration:
POINT ONE
THE PCR COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO GRANT DEFENDANT'S REQUEST FOR AN
A-3182-21 4 EVIDENTIARY HEARING BECAUSE THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE IN THE RECORD THAT PLEA COUNSEL EVER EXPLAINED TO DEFENDANT THAT HE WOULD NOT RECEIVE JAIL CREDIT FOR MOST OF THE TIME HE WAS INCARCERATED PRIOR TO SENTENCING AND ANY DISCUSSIONS BETWEEN COUNSEL AND DEFENDANT THAT TOOK PLACE COULD ONLY BE REVEALED THROUGH AN EVIDENTIARY HEARING.
POINT TWO
THE POST-CONVICTION RELIEF COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO CONCLUDE THAT AS A RESULT OF PLEA COUNSEL'S FAILURE TO ADVISE DEFENDANT THAT HE WOULD NOT RECEIVE FULL JAIL CREDIT FOR THE TIME HE SERVED IN CUSTODY PRIOR TO SENTENCING, COMBINED WITH HIS FAILURE TO EXPLAIN TO DEFENDANT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN JAIL CREDIT AND GAP-TIME CREDIT, THAT DEFENDANT ENTERED AN INVOLUNTARY GUILTY PLEA, WITHOUT A FULL UNDERSTANDING OF ITS CONSEQUENCES, DEPRIVING DEFENDANT OF HIS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO THE EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL.
"[W]e review under the abuse of discretion standard the PCR court's
determination to proceed without an evidentiary hearing." State v. Brewster,
429 N.J. Super. 387, 401 (App. Div. 2013). "If the court perceives that holding
an evidentiary hearing will not aid the court's analysis of whether the defendant
A-3182-21 5 is entitled to [PCR], . . . then an evidentiary hearing need not be granted." State
v. Marshall, 148 N.J. 89, 158 (1997) (citations omitted).
An evidentiary hearing is only required when a defendant establishes "a
prima facie case in support of [PCR]," the court determines that there are
"material issues of disputed fact that cannot be resolved by reference to the
existing record," and the court determines that "an evidentiary hearing is
necessary to resolve the claims" asserted. State v. Porter, 216 N.J. 343, 354
(2013) (alteration in original) (quoting R. 3:22-10(b)). "[W]here . . . no
evidentiary hearing was conducted," as here, "we may review the factual
inferences the [trial] court has drawn from the documentary record de novo,"
and "[w]e also review de novo the court's conclusions of law." State v. Blake,
444 N.J. Super. 285, 294 (App. Div. 2016).
"To establish a prima facie case, defendant must demonstrate a reasonable
likelihood that his or her claim, viewing the facts alleged in the light most
favorable to the defendant, will ultimately succeed on the merits." R. 3:22-
10(b). To establish a prima facie IAC claim, a defendant must demonstrate "by
a preponderance of the credible evidence," State v. Echols, 199 N.J. 344, 357
(2009), that his or her attorneys' performance fell below the objective standard
of reasonableness set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
A-3182-21 6 (1984), and adopted by our Supreme Court in State v. Fritz, 105 N.J. 42, 49-58
(1987), and that the outcome would have been different without the purported
deficient performance. Stated differently, a defendant must show that: (1)
counsel's performance was deficient; and (2) the deficient performance
prejudiced the defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Fritz, 105 N.J. at 58.
To establish the prejudice prong to set aside a guilty plea based on IAC, a
defendant must show "that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel's errors, [the defendant] would not have pled guilty and would have
insisted on going to trial." State v. DiFrisco, 137 N.J. 434, 457 (1994) (alteration
in original) (quoting Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985)). To that end, "'a
[defendant] must convince the court that a decision to reject the plea bargain'"
and "insist on going to trial" would have been "'rational under the
circumstances.'" State v. Maldon, 422 N.J. Super. 475, 486 (App. Div. 2011)
(quoting Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 372 (2010)). That determination
should be "based on evidence, not speculation." Ibid.
Failure to meet either prong of the two-prong Strickland/Fritz test results
in the denial of a petition for PCR. State v. Parker, 212 N.J. 269, 280 (2012)
(citing Echols, 199 N.J. at 358). That said, "courts are permitted leeway to
choose to examine first whether a defendant has been prejudiced, and if not, to
A-3182-21 7 dismiss the claim without determining whether counsel's performance was
constitutionally deficient." State v. Gaitan, 209 N.J. 339, 350 (2012) (citation
omitted) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697).
Applying these principles, we discern no abuse of discretion in the PCR
judge's denial of defendant's PCR petition without an evidentiary hearing, and
we affirm the denial substantially for the reasons stated in the judge's cogent
written opinion. Even if his attorney was deficient, defendant cannot show it
would have been rational under the circumstances to reject the plea offer when
he was facing the possibility of mandatory life imprisonment and the specter of
overwhelming evidence of guilt. See State v. Rountree, 388 N.J. Super. 190,
215 (App. Div. 2006) (rejecting defendant's IAC claim based only on
defendant's "'bald assertions'" that his "misunderstanding" of gap-time credit
caused him to turn down an offer (quoting State v. Cummings, 321 N.J. Super.
154, 170 (App. Div. 1999))). Thus, defendant failed to establish the prejudice
prong to warrant PCR relief or an evidentiary hearing.
Affirmed.
A-3182-21 8