NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0821-21
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
JAHMELL W. CROCKAM,
Defendant-Appellant. ________________________
Submitted March 13, 2024 – Decided April 3, 2024
Before Judges Currier and Firko.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Ocean County, Indictment No. 11-03-0471.
Jennifer Nicole Sellitti, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Howard Woodley Bailey, Designated Counsel, on the brief).
Matthew J. Platkin, Attorney General, attorney for respondent (Steven A. Yomtov, Deputy Attorney General, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM Defendant Jahmell W. Crockam appeals from an October 22, 2021 Law
Division order denying his petition for post-conviction relief (PCR) alleging
ineffective assistance of trial counsel without an evidentiary hearing. We
affirm.
I.
This matter comes before us a second time. Defendant appealed from the
denial of his first PCR petition. We affirmed in part and remanded in part
because defendant's previous PCR counsel only addressed two of the eight
claims asserted in defendant's pro se petition. We concluded PCR counsel did
not meet the necessary requirements in his representation of defendant, and
reversed the PCR court's denial of relief on the six claims that first PCR counsel
did not list or incorporate in his brief, and which were not addressed by the PCR
court. State v. Crockam, No. A-0617-18 (App. Div. Apr. 14, 2020).
To resolve the issues raised in this PCR appeal, we need not discuss the
trial evidence, which is detailed in our unpublished opinions addressing PCR
and on direct appeal affirming defendant's convictions and sentence for the first-
degree murder of Officer Christopher Matlosz while performing his duties as a
law enforcement officer, second-degree possession of a weapon, a handgun, for
an unlawful purpose, and second-degree possession of a handgun. Defendant
A-0821-21 2 was sentenced to an aggregate sentence of life imprisonment without parole,
subject to the No Early Release Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2. State v. Crockam, No.
A-4400-12 (App. Div. Feb. 3, 2016).
On February 2, 2017, defendant filed a pro se petition for PCR alleging
ineffective assistance of trial counsel. In his certification in support of PCR,
defendant alleged he was denied the effective assistance of trial counsel because
trial counsel did not: (1) challenge the warrant; (2) seek a cross-racial
identification charge; (3) investigate to determine if certain witnesses received
favorable "deals" for their testimony; (4) file a motion to dismiss the indictment;
(5) produce his grandmother, father, and mother for the Wade1 hearing; (6) file
a motion to suppress all witnesses who identified him and made statements
against him; (7) send an investigator to look into the photo that was sent out
prior to his arrest; and (8) object when a Muslim witness was sworn by placing
his hand on a Bible. Crockam, No. A-0617-18 (slip op. at 16-17).
As noted in our PCR opinion, defendant's first PCR counsel only
addressed two of the eight claims in the supplemental brief: defense counsel (1)
was deficient because counsel did not call defendant's grandmother and failed
to obtain her cell phone records; and (2) failed to call defendant's grandmother
1 United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 (1967). A-0821-21 3 to show that five witnesses who testified against him were identified as a result
of an illegal search of her cell phone. Id. at 17. First PCR counsel did not
incorporate defendant's other six contentions in his brief, and the first PCR court
did not address them. Ibid.
On remand, we ordered the PCR court to assign new PCR counsel for
defendant, allow PCR counsel to submit supplemental certifications and another
brief, and permit the State to respond. Id. at 18. We also ordered the PCR court
to conduct oral argument on the petition and determine if defendant presented a
prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel. Ibid.
Following our remand, on September 24, 2021, Judge Steven F. Nemeth
conducted oral argument and reserved decision. Upon considering the parties'
briefs and arguments, the judge entered an order accompanied by a
comprehensive twenty-five-page written decision denying defendant's PCR
petition alleging ineffective assistance of trial counsel without an evidentiary
hearing.
As a threshold matter, with respect to PCR counsel's obligations under
Rule 3:22-6(d),2 Judge Nemeth found that second PCR counsel listed and
2 Rule 3:22-6(d) provides:
A-0821-21 4 incorporated defendant's pro se claims in her brief, and thus, met the
requirements set forth in State v. Webster, 187 N.J. 254 (2006). In accordance
with our mandate, the judge then considered each of defendant's pro se claims
not previously adjudicated by the first PCR court.
With regard to defendant's first claim—that trial counsel failed to
challenge the search warrant—Judge Nemeth found that defendant had
previously raised this PCR claim and was thus procedurally barred under Rule
3:22-5.3 The claim was premised on the lack of a warrant and consent to obtain
information from defendant's grandmother's cell phone; and because the search
Substitution: Withdrawal of Assigned Counsel. The court shall not substitute new assigned counsel at the request of defendant while assigned counsel is serving, except upon a showing of good cause and notice to the Office of the Public Defender. Assigned counsel may not seek to withdraw on the ground of lack of merit of the petition. Counsel should advance all of the legitimate arguments requested by the defendant that the record will support. If defendant insists upon the assertion of any grounds for relief that counsel deems to be without merit, counsel shall list such claims in the petition or amended petition or incorporate them by reference. Pro se briefs can also be submitted. 3 Rule 3:22-5 states: "A prior adjudication upon the merits of any ground for relief is conclusive whether made in the proceedings resulting in the conviction or in any post-conviction proceeding brought pursuant to this [R]ule or prior to the adoption thereof, or in any appeal taken from such proceedings." A-0821-21 5 was unlawful, defendant contended the statements of the individuals allegedly
identified from her cell phone warranted suppression.
However, as Judge Nemeth pointed out, the first PCR court had already
determined that defendant failed to provide sufficient evidence to support his
claim that trial counsel was deficient for not challenging the search and seizure
of the cell phone, because no affidavits were submitted to support the claim that
these individuals were identified through the search of the cell phone.
Judge Nemeth noted that defendant only supplied an unsworn statement
from his grandmother alleging that she did not provide the police with
permission to search her cell phone and that her unsworn statement did not
mention whether the police obtained witness information as a result of th e
search. Based upon this proffer, the first PCR judge had concluded that
defendant's claim amounted to a mere bald assertion, which did not entitle him
to an evidentiary hearing. We affirmed on direct appeal. Crockam, No. A-0617-
18, slip op. at 13-15.
As for defendant's second claim—that trial counsel failed to seek a cross-
racial identification jury charge—Judge Nemeth found that the charge was given
and this claim lacked merit. Thus, Judge Nemeth ruled that "[t]he trial record
clearly shows that a cross-racial identification charge was provided to the jury,"
A-0821-21 6 and therefore, "trial counsel could not have been ineffective even if he did not
request one."
With regard to defendant's third claim—that trial counsel failed to
investigate whether certain witnesses 4 received favorable "deals" for their
testimony—Judge Nemeth found this was "a mere bald assertion" because no
certifications or affidavits detailing what an investigation would have revealed
were submitted with the petition. Judge Nemeth noted plea agreements are a
matter of public record in this State, and the fact that defendant failed to provide
any record of the purported deals made by the State with these witnesses "speaks
volumes."
Judge Nemeth found this deficiency in defendant's proofs amounted to a
"clear and convincing indication that no such 'deals' could have been used to
impeach any witnesses." In addition, the judge highlighted there were other
witnesses at trial who testified defendant had admitted to them that he murdered
Officer Matlosz. Thus, Judge Nemeth concluded that defendant failed to
provide any explanation how such "deals," if they were made, refuted the
testimony of these other witnesses.
4 Presumably, these witnesses are Darius Johnson, Ronnie Crippen, Tonya Cook, and Corey Rua as identified in defendant's initial pro se PCR petition. A-0821-21 7 As to defendant's fourth claim—that trial counsel failed to file a motion
to dismiss the indictment—Judge Nemeth found this claim was previously raised
in the first PCR petition. Specifically, defendant asserted that the information
used by the State before the grand jury was discovered as a result of the
purported unlawful search of the cell phone, which amounted to the same
argument raised in defendant's first PCR claim. Because the first PCR judge
had already determined that defendant failed to provide sufficient evidence to
support this contention—that trial counsel was deficient by not challenging the
search and seizure of the cell phone—Judge Nemeth determined that defendant's
fourth claim was procedurally barred under Rule 3:22-5.
As for defendant's fifth claim—that his trial counsel failed to produce his
grandmother, father, and mother for the Wade hearing—Judge Nemeth found
this was another bald assertion because defendant "fail[ed] to allege any
specificity with respect to how trial counsel was ineffective in this context." In
particular, the judge noted that defendant did not submit any affidavits or
certifications indicating what testimony these individuals would have given at
the Wade hearing.
As to defendant's sixth claim—that trial counsel failed to file a motion to
suppress the testimony of witnesses who identified him—Judge Nemeth found
A-0821-21 8 this claim was previously raised before the first PCR court and was thus
procedurally barred under Rule 3:22-5. According to Judge Nemeth, the first
PCR court had already determined that defendant failed to provide sufficient
evidence in support of his claim that trial counsel was purportedly deficient in
not challenging the search and seizure of the grandmother's cell phone and this
claim was procedurally barred.
As for defendant's seventh claim—that his trial counsel failed to
investigate the photo of him that was disseminated prior to his arrest—again,
Judge Nemeth found this was merely a bald assertion because defendant failed
to provide an affidavit or certification in support of his claim and advanced no
argument regarding what an investigation would have revealed.
Finally, with regard to defendant's eighth claim—that counsel failed to
object when a witness, who was purportedly Muslim, was sworn in by placing
his hand on a Bible—Judge Nemeth found that defendant neither presented
proofs nor made any argument in support of this claim. The judge also found
defendant failed to establish that such a purported "error" would have materially
affected the outcome of the trial. This appeal followed.
Before us, defendant raises the following sole point with subparts for our
consideration:
A-0821-21 9 THE [PCR] COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE DEFENDANT'S PETITION FOR [PCR] WITHOUT AFFORDING HIM AN EVIDENTIARY HEARING TO FULLY ADDRESS HIS CONTENTION THAT HE RECEIVED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL.
A. THE PREVAILING LEGAL PRINCIPLES REGARDING CLAIMS OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL, EVIDENTIARY HEARINGS, AND PETITIONS FOR [PCR].
B. DEFENDANT RECEIVED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL WHEN HIS TRIAL ATTORNEY FAILED TO REQUEST A MORE SPECIFIC JURY CHARGE ON CROSS-RACIAL IDENTIFICATION.
II.
We begin our analysis by acknowledging the legal principles governing
this appeal. PCR serves the same function as a federal writ of habeas corpus.
State v. Preciose, 129 N.J. 451, 459 (1992). When petitioning for PCR, a
defendant must establish, by a preponderance of the credible evidence, that he
is entitled to the requested relief. Ibid. To sustain this burden, the petitioner
must allege and articulate specific facts, "which, if believed, would provide the
court with an adequate basis on which to rest its decision." State v. Mitchell,
126 N.J. 565, 579 (1992).
A-0821-21 10 To establish an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a defendant must
demonstrate: (1) "counsel's performance was deficient"; and (2) "the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense." Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
687 (1984); see also State v. Fritz, 105 N.J. 42, 58 (1987) (adopting the
Strickland two-pronged analysis in New Jersey). "That is, the defendant must
establish, first, that 'counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness' and, second, that 'there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.'" State v. Alvarez, 473 N.J. Super. 448, 455 (App. Div. 2022) (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688).
When assessing Strickland's first prong, "[j]udicial scrutiny of counsel's
performance must be highly deferential." 466 U.S. at 669. "Merely because a
trial strategy fails does not mean that counsel was ineffective." State v. Bey,
161 N.J. 233, 251 (1999). Thus, a trial court "must indulge a strong presumption
that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance," and "the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the
circumstances, the challenged action [by counsel] 'might be considered sound
trial strategy.'" Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 (quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350
U.S. 91, 101 (1955)).
A-0821-21 11 Under Strickland's second prong, the defendant must show "the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense." Id. at 687. That is, "counsel's errors were
so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is
reliable." Ibid. It is insufficient for the defendant to show the errors "had some
conceivable effect on the outcome." Id. at 693. Ultimately, "[a]n error by
counsel, even if professionally unreasonable, does not warrant setting aside the
judgment of a criminal proceeding if [it] had no effect on the judgment." Id. at
691.
Further, "[a]ny factual assertion that provides the predicate for a claim of
relief must be made by an affidavit or certification pursuant to Rule 1:4-4 and
based upon personal knowledge of the declarant before the court may grant an
evidentiary hearing." R. 3:22-10(c); see State v. Cummings, 321 N.J. Super.
154, 170 (App. Div. 1999).
Short of obtaining immediate relief, a defendant may show that an
evidentiary hearing is warranted to develop the factual record in connection with
an ineffective assistance claim. Preciose, 129 N.J. at 462-63. The mere raising
of a claim for PCR does not entitle the defendant to an evidentiary hearing.
Cummings, 321 N.J. Super. at 170. Rather, "[i]f the court perceives that holding
an evidentiary hearing will not aid the court's analysis of whether the defendant
A-0821-21 12 is entitled to [PCR], . . . then an evidentiary hearing need not be granted." State
v. Marshall, 148 N.J. 89, 158 (1997) (citations omitted).
The PCR court should grant an evidentiary hearing only when: "(1) the
defendant establishes a prima facie case in support of PCR; (2) the court
determines that there are disputed issues of material fact that cannot be resolved
by review of the existing record; and (3) the court determines that an evidentiary
hearing is required to resolve the claims asserted." State v. Vanness, 474 N.J.
Super. 609, 623 (App. Div. 2023) (citing State v. Porter, 216 N.J. 343, 354
(2013)).
"Where, as here, the PCR court has not conducted an evidentiary hearing,
we review its legal and factual determinations de novo." State v. Aburoumi, 464
N.J. Super. 326, 338 (App. Div. 2020); see also State v. Nash, 212 N.J. 518,
540-41 (2013). However, "we review under the abuse of discretion standard the
PCR court's determination to proceed without an evidentiary hearing." State v.
Brewster, 429 N.J. Super. 387, 401 (App. Div. 2013) (citing Marshall, 148 N.J.
at 157-58).
Rule 3:22-5 provides "[a] prior adjudication upon the merits of any ground
for relief is conclusive whether made in the proceedings resulting in the
conviction or in any [PCR] proceeding, . . . or in any appeal taken from such
A-0821-21 13 proceedings." "[A] prior adjudication on the merits ordinarily constitutes a
procedural bar to the reassertion of the same ground as a basis for post -
conviction review." Preciose, 129 N.J. at 476 (citing R. 3:22-5 ). "[A] defendant
may not use a petition for [PCR] as an opportunity to relitigate a claim already
decided on the merits." State v. McQuaid, 147 N.J. 464, 483 (1997) (citation
omitted).
Based on our review of the record and applicable law, we are satisfied that
defendant failed to make a prima facie showing of ineffectiveness of trial
counsel under the Strickland/Fritz test warranting an evidentiary hearing.
Defendant's arguments raised on appeal were more than adequately addressed
by the PCR judge and do not warrant additional discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
The claims were either procedurally barred or without substantive merit. We
affirm substantially for the reasons articulated by Judge Nemeth in his
thoughtful and thorough written opinion. We add the following comments.
Defendant alleges trial counsel was ineffective in failing to request a
cross-racial identification charge that conformed with State v. Henderson, 208
N.J. 208, 267 (2011). "A cross-racial identification occurs when an eyewitness
is asked to identify a person of another race." Id. (quoting State v. Cromedy,
158 N.J. 112, 120 (1999)). "[T]he purpose of a cross-racial instruction is to alert
A-0821-21 14 the jury through a cautionary instruction that it should pay close attention to a
possible influence of race." Cromedy, 158 N.J. at 133; id. at 120-23
(recognizing that a witness may have more difficulty making a cross-racial
identification). A cross-racial identification charge is appropriate "whenever
cross-racial identification is an issue at trial." Henderson, 208 N.J. at 299.
The former Model Jury Charge for cross-racial identification provided:
The fact that an identifying witness is not of the same race as the perpetrator and/or defendant, and whether that fact might have an impact on the accuracy of the witness' original perception and/or the accuracy subsequent identification. You should consider that ordinary human experience of people have greater difficulty in accurately identifying members of a different race.
[(Emphasis added).]
In contrast, the new Model Jury Charge on cross-racial identification changed
"ordinary human experience" to "research has shown."
Here, the trial court appropriately gave the cross-racial identification
charge that was then used in the Model Jury Charge. The Henderson Court
clearly explained that its decision changing the Model Jury Charge on cross-
racial identification would apply to "future cases only" and the ruling would take
effect "thirty days from the date [the Court] approves new [M]odel [J]ury
[C]harges on eyewitness identification." Henderson, 208 N.J. at 302.
A-0821-21 15 At the time of defendant's trial, our Court had not yet approved the new
charge, and when the Court did so—six months after defendant's trial—the new
charge was to be applied prospectively. 5 Moreover, the revised cross-racial
identification charge is not "drastically different" from the former charge as
defendant contends. Indeed, the only real difference between the two charges is
the former Cromedy charge refers to "ordinary human experience," and the
revised Henderson charge notes "research has shown" to describe the "greater
difficulty in accurately identifying members of a different race." And, there was
corroborating evidence here based on defendant's own statements to a number
of individuals that he had shot and killed an officer, coupled with being
identified by multiple witnesses. Thus, trial counsel was not ineffective, and
defendant has not shown prejudice under either Strickland/Fritz prong.
Affirmed.
5 Henderson was decided on August 24, 2011. Defendant's trial concluded on March 22, 2012. The new Model Jury Charge became effective on September 4, 2012. A-0821-21 16