MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS WESTERN DISTRICT STATE OF MISSOURI, ) ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) WD87379 ) CODY BOEHMER, ) Filed: October 7, 2025 ) Appellant. ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of Boone County The Honorable Jeff Harris, Judge Before Division Three: Edward R. Ardini, Jr., P.J., and Alok Ahuja and Thomas N. Chapman, JJ. Based on his guilty pleas, Cody Boehmer was convicted in the Boone
County Circuit Court of first-degree property damage and first-degree trespass.
The circuit court sentenced him to a term of imprisonment, and entered a written
judgment recording that disposition. The court later entered a separate order requiring Boehmer to pay $188,550.50 in restitution to the victims of his crimes.
Boehmer appeals. He argues that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to enter the
restitution order; in the alternative, he contends that the court lacked a sufficient evidentiary basis for the amount of restitution it ordered. Because we conclude
that the circuit court had exhausted its jurisdiction prior to entry of the
restitution order, we vacate that order. Factual Background Boehmer was charged with two counts of first-degree property damage and
two counts of first-degree trespass for unlawfully entering the property of A1 Auto Recyclers in Columbia on two separate nights in July 2022. Prosecutors
alleged that, during the two incidents, Boehmer broke out the windows of
hundreds of vehicles located on the property. A1 Auto’s owner estimated that the damage to the vehicles on the lot, including the owner’s personal vehicle, totaled
$350,000.
Pursuant to a plea agreement, Boehmer pleaded guilty to one count of first- degree property damage and one count of first-degree trespass; the State
dismissed the other two charges.
The circuit court held a plea hearing on July 31, 2023. During the plea colloquy, Boehmer admitted he committed the offense of first-degree trespass
and first-degree property damage. Boehmer waived the preparation of a
sentencing assessment report, and the court proceeded to sentencing.
During the hearing, the State requested thirty days to file a memorandum
concerning restitution with the circuit court. Boehmer’s counsel responded, “Yes,
your Honor. It’s fine.” Prior to sentencing Boehmer, the circuit court asked him whether he understood that the State would be requesting that Boehmer be
ordered to pay restitution:
[Court]: [T]he State will be seeking restitution in this case; in other words, requiring you to pay back the amount of damage that the State determines, that it’s determined that you caused. Do you understand that?
[Defendant]: Yeah.
2 Consistent with the parties’ agreement, the circuit court sentenced Boehmer to four years’ imprisonment for the property damage charge, and 150
days’ incarceration on the trespass charge. The circuit court entered a written
judgment and sentence on the date of the hearing. The judgment reported the sentences imposed on the two charges to which Boehmer pleaded guilty, and the
State’s dismissal of the other two charges. The judgment also stated that “[t]he
State shall file a restitution memo within 30 days of today’s date.”
On August 17, 2023, the State filed a memorandum and proposed order,
which requested that the court order Boehmer to pay $186,201.25 in restitution
to “Victim 1,” and $2,349.25 in restitution to “Victim 2.” Without conducting any further hearing, the circuit court entered an order requiring restitution in the
amounts the State had requested on August 18, 2023. After the circuit court
denied his motion to rescind the restitution order, Boehmer filed this appeal.
Discussion On appeal, Boehmer challenges both the circuit court’s jurisdiction to enter
the restitution order, and the evidentiary basis for that order. We address only
the jurisdictional issue, because it is dispositive.
Whether a circuit court has jurisdiction is a question of law which we
review de novo. State ex rel. State v. Parkinson, 280 S.W.3d 70, 74-75 (Mo. 2009).
In a criminal case, the circuit court’s judgment becomes final on imposition
of sentence, and the circuit court lacks jurisdiction to take further action after that point. As the Supreme Court recently explained in State v. Forbes, 708
S.W.3d 468 (Mo. 2023):
3 A final judgment is rendered when the circuit court orally announces the judgment and imposes sentence in the presence of the defendant. . . . The circuit court can take no further action inconsistent with the oral rendition of sentence except when otherwise expressly provided by statute or rule. To allow otherwise would result in a chaos of review unlimited in time, scope, and expense. Accordingly, any action taken by a circuit court after sentence is imposed is a nullity and void unless specifically authorized by law. Id. at 472-73 (cleaned up). “[A] circuit court ‘exhausts its jurisdiction’ over a
criminal case once it imposes sentence.” State ex rel. Zahnd v. Van Amburg, 533
S.W.3d 227, 230 (Mo. 2017) (quoting State ex rel. Simmons v. White, 866 S.W.2d
443, 445 (Mo. 1993)); see also, e.g., Johnson v. State, 696 S.W.3d 84, 92 (Mo.
App. S.D. 2024); State v. Whirley, 666 S.W.3d 223, 232 (Mo. App. W.D. 2023); State v. Jobe, 660 S.W.3d 700, 703 (Mo. App. S.D. 2023).
“No statute or rule expressly authorize[s] [a] circuit court to amend the
judgment and sentence to order restitution” at a later date. State ex rel. Adams
v. Crane, 652 S.W.3d 402, 406 (Mo. App. W.D. 2022). Accordingly, where a
circuit court has rendered final judgment in a criminal case by sentencing the
defendant, the court has no power to later enter an order imposing a restitution
obligation. Id. at 407 (“the circuit court did not order restitution as part of
Adams’ original sentences and attempted to order it after it had exhausted its
jurisdiction. . . . [I]ts action . . . purporting to amend the judgment and
sentences by ordering restitution was a nullity and void.”); Bosworth v. State,
559 S.W.3d 5, 10-11 (Mo. App. E.D. 2018) (same).
We recognize that during Boehmer’s sentencing hearing, and in its written judgment, the circuit court indicated that it would decide the restitution issue at a
later date. The court could not suspend the finality which otherwise attached to
4 its oral pronouncement of sentence, however. The Supreme Court faced a similar situation in Forbes:
At the conclusion of the [February 10, 2020 sentencing] hearing, the State requested Forbes pay restitution to the victim as a condition of parole. Forbes objected to the restitution amount but did not object to the imposition of restitution as a condition of parole. In response, the circuit court stated it would determine the amount of restitution at the upcoming April 13, 2020, appeal bond status review. 708 S.W.3d at 470-71. Despite the circuit court’s express reservation of the issue
of restitution for future determination, the Supreme Court held that the court had
exhausted its jurisdiction when it orally pronounced sentence. The Court
explained that “[i]n this case, the circuit court rendered final judgment on February 10, 2020, when it orally sentenced Forbes to 10 years in prison. After
rendering judgment, the circuit court exhausted its jurisdiction.” Id. at 473-74
(footnote omitted). Because “the circuit court in this case did not order an
amount in restitution as part of Forbes’ sentence on February 10, 2020,” id. at
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MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS WESTERN DISTRICT STATE OF MISSOURI, ) ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) WD87379 ) CODY BOEHMER, ) Filed: October 7, 2025 ) Appellant. ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of Boone County The Honorable Jeff Harris, Judge Before Division Three: Edward R. Ardini, Jr., P.J., and Alok Ahuja and Thomas N. Chapman, JJ. Based on his guilty pleas, Cody Boehmer was convicted in the Boone
County Circuit Court of first-degree property damage and first-degree trespass.
The circuit court sentenced him to a term of imprisonment, and entered a written
judgment recording that disposition. The court later entered a separate order requiring Boehmer to pay $188,550.50 in restitution to the victims of his crimes.
Boehmer appeals. He argues that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to enter the
restitution order; in the alternative, he contends that the court lacked a sufficient evidentiary basis for the amount of restitution it ordered. Because we conclude
that the circuit court had exhausted its jurisdiction prior to entry of the
restitution order, we vacate that order. Factual Background Boehmer was charged with two counts of first-degree property damage and
two counts of first-degree trespass for unlawfully entering the property of A1 Auto Recyclers in Columbia on two separate nights in July 2022. Prosecutors
alleged that, during the two incidents, Boehmer broke out the windows of
hundreds of vehicles located on the property. A1 Auto’s owner estimated that the damage to the vehicles on the lot, including the owner’s personal vehicle, totaled
$350,000.
Pursuant to a plea agreement, Boehmer pleaded guilty to one count of first- degree property damage and one count of first-degree trespass; the State
dismissed the other two charges.
The circuit court held a plea hearing on July 31, 2023. During the plea colloquy, Boehmer admitted he committed the offense of first-degree trespass
and first-degree property damage. Boehmer waived the preparation of a
sentencing assessment report, and the court proceeded to sentencing.
During the hearing, the State requested thirty days to file a memorandum
concerning restitution with the circuit court. Boehmer’s counsel responded, “Yes,
your Honor. It’s fine.” Prior to sentencing Boehmer, the circuit court asked him whether he understood that the State would be requesting that Boehmer be
ordered to pay restitution:
[Court]: [T]he State will be seeking restitution in this case; in other words, requiring you to pay back the amount of damage that the State determines, that it’s determined that you caused. Do you understand that?
[Defendant]: Yeah.
2 Consistent with the parties’ agreement, the circuit court sentenced Boehmer to four years’ imprisonment for the property damage charge, and 150
days’ incarceration on the trespass charge. The circuit court entered a written
judgment and sentence on the date of the hearing. The judgment reported the sentences imposed on the two charges to which Boehmer pleaded guilty, and the
State’s dismissal of the other two charges. The judgment also stated that “[t]he
State shall file a restitution memo within 30 days of today’s date.”
On August 17, 2023, the State filed a memorandum and proposed order,
which requested that the court order Boehmer to pay $186,201.25 in restitution
to “Victim 1,” and $2,349.25 in restitution to “Victim 2.” Without conducting any further hearing, the circuit court entered an order requiring restitution in the
amounts the State had requested on August 18, 2023. After the circuit court
denied his motion to rescind the restitution order, Boehmer filed this appeal.
Discussion On appeal, Boehmer challenges both the circuit court’s jurisdiction to enter
the restitution order, and the evidentiary basis for that order. We address only
the jurisdictional issue, because it is dispositive.
Whether a circuit court has jurisdiction is a question of law which we
review de novo. State ex rel. State v. Parkinson, 280 S.W.3d 70, 74-75 (Mo. 2009).
In a criminal case, the circuit court’s judgment becomes final on imposition
of sentence, and the circuit court lacks jurisdiction to take further action after that point. As the Supreme Court recently explained in State v. Forbes, 708
S.W.3d 468 (Mo. 2023):
3 A final judgment is rendered when the circuit court orally announces the judgment and imposes sentence in the presence of the defendant. . . . The circuit court can take no further action inconsistent with the oral rendition of sentence except when otherwise expressly provided by statute or rule. To allow otherwise would result in a chaos of review unlimited in time, scope, and expense. Accordingly, any action taken by a circuit court after sentence is imposed is a nullity and void unless specifically authorized by law. Id. at 472-73 (cleaned up). “[A] circuit court ‘exhausts its jurisdiction’ over a
criminal case once it imposes sentence.” State ex rel. Zahnd v. Van Amburg, 533
S.W.3d 227, 230 (Mo. 2017) (quoting State ex rel. Simmons v. White, 866 S.W.2d
443, 445 (Mo. 1993)); see also, e.g., Johnson v. State, 696 S.W.3d 84, 92 (Mo.
App. S.D. 2024); State v. Whirley, 666 S.W.3d 223, 232 (Mo. App. W.D. 2023); State v. Jobe, 660 S.W.3d 700, 703 (Mo. App. S.D. 2023).
“No statute or rule expressly authorize[s] [a] circuit court to amend the
judgment and sentence to order restitution” at a later date. State ex rel. Adams
v. Crane, 652 S.W.3d 402, 406 (Mo. App. W.D. 2022). Accordingly, where a
circuit court has rendered final judgment in a criminal case by sentencing the
defendant, the court has no power to later enter an order imposing a restitution
obligation. Id. at 407 (“the circuit court did not order restitution as part of
Adams’ original sentences and attempted to order it after it had exhausted its
jurisdiction. . . . [I]ts action . . . purporting to amend the judgment and
sentences by ordering restitution was a nullity and void.”); Bosworth v. State,
559 S.W.3d 5, 10-11 (Mo. App. E.D. 2018) (same).
We recognize that during Boehmer’s sentencing hearing, and in its written judgment, the circuit court indicated that it would decide the restitution issue at a
later date. The court could not suspend the finality which otherwise attached to
4 its oral pronouncement of sentence, however. The Supreme Court faced a similar situation in Forbes:
At the conclusion of the [February 10, 2020 sentencing] hearing, the State requested Forbes pay restitution to the victim as a condition of parole. Forbes objected to the restitution amount but did not object to the imposition of restitution as a condition of parole. In response, the circuit court stated it would determine the amount of restitution at the upcoming April 13, 2020, appeal bond status review. 708 S.W.3d at 470-71. Despite the circuit court’s express reservation of the issue
of restitution for future determination, the Supreme Court held that the court had
exhausted its jurisdiction when it orally pronounced sentence. The Court
explained that “[i]n this case, the circuit court rendered final judgment on February 10, 2020, when it orally sentenced Forbes to 10 years in prison. After
rendering judgment, the circuit court exhausted its jurisdiction.” Id. at 473-74
(footnote omitted). Because “the circuit court in this case did not order an
amount in restitution as part of Forbes’ sentence on February 10, 2020,” id. at
474 n.12, the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to order restitution two months
later.
The Southern District of this Court addressed a similar situation, and
reached the identical result, in State v. Flood, 687 S.W.3d 194 (Mo. App. S.D.
2024). In Flood, a circuit court accepted a defendant’s guilty plea, sentenced the
defendant to a term of incarceration, suspended execution of the sentence, and
placed the defendant on probation. Id. “The circuit court's written judgment
entered that same day stated that Defendant was ordered to pay restitution in an amount ‘to be determined by [the] Court on 9/6/2022[.]’” Id. at 195. Although
the written judgment in Flood “revealed that the circuit court intended to include
5 a restitution requirement in its judgment,” the Court of Appeals held that the circuit court had exhausted its jurisdiction when it imposed sentence, and could
not later order restitution in a specific dollar amount. Id. at 196.
Although Boehmer may have acquiesced in the circuit court’s later determination of a restitution amount, “neither a trial court's attempts to retain
jurisdiction or the parties’ acquiescence to any continued jurisdiction can alter
the date on which a judgment becomes final.” JWSTL, LLC v. Union Pac. R.R.
Co., 686 S.W.3d 317, 323 (Mo. App. E.D. 2024); accord, State v. Paden, 533
S.W.3d 731, 736 (Mo. App. W.D. 2017) (holding that “the circuit court lacked
jurisdiction to modify Paden's sentence after it became final,” even though sentence modification was made on the joint motion of the prosecution and the
defendant). A party’s “acquiescence in the circuit court's actions beyond its
jurisdiction [following entry of final criminal judgment] cannot endow those
actions with a legitimacy that they never enjoyed.” State v. Joordens, 347 S.W.3d
98, 101 (Mo. App. W.D. 2011).
The circuit court exhausted its jurisdiction in this case on July 31, 2023,
when it orally pronounced Boehmer’s sentence, and memorialized that sentence
in a written judgment. Even though Boehmer may have acquiesced, the court
lacked jurisdiction to enter a restitution order at a later date. “Because the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to modify the sentence after it became final, the circuit
court's action on [August 17, 2023], purporting to amend the judgment by
[imposing a restitution obligation] was of no effect.” Id. Although the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to enter the August 17, 2023 order, “‘[a]ppellate courts
6 inherently have supervisory authority to confine a trial court to its jurisdiction.’” Id. (quoting In re Estate of Shaw, 256 S.W.3d 72, 77 (Mo. 2008)).
Conclusion The circuit court’s order imposing a restitution obligation of $188,550.50 on Boehmer is vacated.
________________________ Alok Ahuja, Judge All concur.