Anthony Rex Gabbert, Judge
The State of Missouri appeals the circuit court’s judgment suppressing all evidence seized, and statements made by Roy D. Lucas, after executing a search warrant at Lucas’s residence. The State raises one point on appeal. The State argues that the circuit court erred in suppressing all evidence obtained as a result of the search of Lucas’s residence because the exclusionary rule should not have been applied. The State contends that the officers who executed the search reasonably, and in good faith, relied on a facially valid search warrant. We affirm.
Factual Background
On July 24, 2018, Judge Cindy Suter issued a warrant to search 825 E. Logan St. for marijuana, methamphetamine, cocaine, drug paraphernalia, cell phones, digital recording devices, cameras, and other related items related to the drug trade. The affidavit of Sergeant Mark Arnsper-ger was submitted in support of probable cause for the search warrant. Officers executed the search warrant and seized a cell phone, six pipes for marijuana or methamphetamine, two BB pistols, a pistol cap gun, gun holsters, a knife, a bandana, a marijuana cigarette, and a homemade videotape.
Lucas was charged with one count of possession of a controlled substance, and one count of maintaining or keeping a public nuisance, both of which are class C felonies. Before trial, Lucas filed a motion to suppress all evidence seized from him at his residence. The trial court held a hearing on the motion. The court found that the “issuing judge did not have a substantial basis for concluding that there was a fair probability that evidence related to methamphetamine would be found on [Lucas’s] property. As such, the determination that probable cause existed in this case was clearly erroneous.”
The court also held that the good-faith exception did not apply because the officers acted in bad faith by seizing items that were not contemplated by the warrant. The court suppressed all evidence seized and all of Lucas’s statements. The State appeals.
Exclusionary Rule
In the State’s only point on appeal, it argues that the circuit court erred in suppressing all evidence obtained as a result of the search of Lucas’s residence because the exclusionary rule should not have been applied. The State contends that the officers who executed the search reasonably, and in good faith, relied on a facially valid search warrant. We find no error.
‘We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress to determine if it is supported by substantial evidence, and we reverse the trial court’s ruling only if it is clearly erroneous.”
State v. Ellis,
355 S.W.3d 522, 523 (Mo.App.2011) (citing
State v. Johnson,
354 S.W.3d 627 (Mo. banc 2011)). We view the facts and reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, and we disregard contrary evidence and inferences.”
Id.
However, whether the exclusionary rule applies in a particular case is a question of law that we review de novo.
Id.
Generally evidence obtained as a direct result of an unlawful search or seizure is considered “fruit of the poisonous tree” and is inadmissible at trial.
Mapp v. Ohio,
367 U.S. 643, 655, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961);
Wong Sun v. United
States,
371 U.S. 471, 484, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963). Nevertheless, “evidence seized pursuant to an invalid search warrant may still be admitted if the police officers conducting the search and seizure relied in good faith on the warrant.”
State v. Trenter,
85 S.W.3d 662, 679 (Mo.App.2002) (citing
United States v. Leon,
468 U.S. 897, 922, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984));
see also State v. Sweeney,
701 S.W.2d 420 (Mo. banc 1985) (adopting in Missouri the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule). However, use of the good-faith exception announced in
Leon
assumes that the warrant was properly executed:
Leon,
468 U.S. at 918 n.19, 104 S.Ct. 3405;
Trenter,
85 S.W.3d at 679 (citing
United States v. Medlin,
798 F.2d 407, 410 (10th Cir.1986)). Therefore, if the good faith exception is to apply, the officers executing the warrant may search “only those places and for those objects that it was reasonable to believe were covered by the warrant.”
Leon,
468 U.S. at 918 n.19, 104 S.Ct. 3405.
Here, the search warrant specifically included the following items: “Marijuana, methamphetamine, crack cocaine, cocaine, pills, controlled substances, packaging material, measuring devices, scales, drug paraphernalia, cooking instruments, currencies, cell phones, digital recording devices, cameras, and phones records.” Among the items seized by the officers was a bag containing BB guns with a bandana, and a homemade video tape.
After the warrant had been executed and charges filed against Lucas, he filed a motion to suppress all of the evidence that was seized. At the suppression hearing, the trial court found that neither the BB guns nor homemade videotape that was seized was evidence contemplated in the search warrant. As a result, the court found that the officers exceeded the scope of the warrant and.therefore, declined to apply the good faith exception and suppressed all of the seized evidence.
In support of its argument, the State cites
State v. Gordon,
851 S.W.2d 607 (Mo.App.1993). In
Gordon,
police officers seized a shotgun described in the search warrant and other evidence not described in the warrant.
Id.
at 615. The trial court suppressed all of the evidence because of errors in the search warrant and found the warrant to be invalid.
Id.
at 610. Furthermore, the trial court refused to apply the good-faith exception because of how the search warrant was procured from the magistrate, how the affidavit was prepared and the information it contained, and how the application for the search warrant was prepared.
Id.
at 610. On appeal, the Southern District found that .the warrant was in fact valid and suppressed only those items that were seized that were not within the scope of the search warrant.
Id
at 616.
There is, however, at least one very important difference between the
Gordon
case cited by the State and this case — the validity of the search warrant. Unlike the ultimate finding in
Gordon,
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Anthony Rex Gabbert, Judge
The State of Missouri appeals the circuit court’s judgment suppressing all evidence seized, and statements made by Roy D. Lucas, after executing a search warrant at Lucas’s residence. The State raises one point on appeal. The State argues that the circuit court erred in suppressing all evidence obtained as a result of the search of Lucas’s residence because the exclusionary rule should not have been applied. The State contends that the officers who executed the search reasonably, and in good faith, relied on a facially valid search warrant. We affirm.
Factual Background
On July 24, 2018, Judge Cindy Suter issued a warrant to search 825 E. Logan St. for marijuana, methamphetamine, cocaine, drug paraphernalia, cell phones, digital recording devices, cameras, and other related items related to the drug trade. The affidavit of Sergeant Mark Arnsper-ger was submitted in support of probable cause for the search warrant. Officers executed the search warrant and seized a cell phone, six pipes for marijuana or methamphetamine, two BB pistols, a pistol cap gun, gun holsters, a knife, a bandana, a marijuana cigarette, and a homemade videotape.
Lucas was charged with one count of possession of a controlled substance, and one count of maintaining or keeping a public nuisance, both of which are class C felonies. Before trial, Lucas filed a motion to suppress all evidence seized from him at his residence. The trial court held a hearing on the motion. The court found that the “issuing judge did not have a substantial basis for concluding that there was a fair probability that evidence related to methamphetamine would be found on [Lucas’s] property. As such, the determination that probable cause existed in this case was clearly erroneous.”
The court also held that the good-faith exception did not apply because the officers acted in bad faith by seizing items that were not contemplated by the warrant. The court suppressed all evidence seized and all of Lucas’s statements. The State appeals.
Exclusionary Rule
In the State’s only point on appeal, it argues that the circuit court erred in suppressing all evidence obtained as a result of the search of Lucas’s residence because the exclusionary rule should not have been applied. The State contends that the officers who executed the search reasonably, and in good faith, relied on a facially valid search warrant. We find no error.
‘We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress to determine if it is supported by substantial evidence, and we reverse the trial court’s ruling only if it is clearly erroneous.”
State v. Ellis,
355 S.W.3d 522, 523 (Mo.App.2011) (citing
State v. Johnson,
354 S.W.3d 627 (Mo. banc 2011)). We view the facts and reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, and we disregard contrary evidence and inferences.”
Id.
However, whether the exclusionary rule applies in a particular case is a question of law that we review de novo.
Id.
Generally evidence obtained as a direct result of an unlawful search or seizure is considered “fruit of the poisonous tree” and is inadmissible at trial.
Mapp v. Ohio,
367 U.S. 643, 655, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961);
Wong Sun v. United
States,
371 U.S. 471, 484, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963). Nevertheless, “evidence seized pursuant to an invalid search warrant may still be admitted if the police officers conducting the search and seizure relied in good faith on the warrant.”
State v. Trenter,
85 S.W.3d 662, 679 (Mo.App.2002) (citing
United States v. Leon,
468 U.S. 897, 922, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984));
see also State v. Sweeney,
701 S.W.2d 420 (Mo. banc 1985) (adopting in Missouri the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule). However, use of the good-faith exception announced in
Leon
assumes that the warrant was properly executed:
Leon,
468 U.S. at 918 n.19, 104 S.Ct. 3405;
Trenter,
85 S.W.3d at 679 (citing
United States v. Medlin,
798 F.2d 407, 410 (10th Cir.1986)). Therefore, if the good faith exception is to apply, the officers executing the warrant may search “only those places and for those objects that it was reasonable to believe were covered by the warrant.”
Leon,
468 U.S. at 918 n.19, 104 S.Ct. 3405.
Here, the search warrant specifically included the following items: “Marijuana, methamphetamine, crack cocaine, cocaine, pills, controlled substances, packaging material, measuring devices, scales, drug paraphernalia, cooking instruments, currencies, cell phones, digital recording devices, cameras, and phones records.” Among the items seized by the officers was a bag containing BB guns with a bandana, and a homemade video tape.
After the warrant had been executed and charges filed against Lucas, he filed a motion to suppress all of the evidence that was seized. At the suppression hearing, the trial court found that neither the BB guns nor homemade videotape that was seized was evidence contemplated in the search warrant. As a result, the court found that the officers exceeded the scope of the warrant and.therefore, declined to apply the good faith exception and suppressed all of the seized evidence.
In support of its argument, the State cites
State v. Gordon,
851 S.W.2d 607 (Mo.App.1993). In
Gordon,
police officers seized a shotgun described in the search warrant and other evidence not described in the warrant.
Id.
at 615. The trial court suppressed all of the evidence because of errors in the search warrant and found the warrant to be invalid.
Id.
at 610. Furthermore, the trial court refused to apply the good-faith exception because of how the search warrant was procured from the magistrate, how the affidavit was prepared and the information it contained, and how the application for the search warrant was prepared.
Id.
at 610. On appeal, the Southern District found that .the warrant was in fact valid and suppressed only those items that were seized that were not within the scope of the search warrant.
Id
at 616.
There is, however, at least one very important difference between the
Gordon
case cited by the State and this case — the validity of the search warrant. Unlike the ultimate finding in
Gordon,
in this case, we are dealing with an invalid search warrant.
Where evidence is seized pursuant
to an
invalid
search warrant, the evidence may still be admitted if the police officers who conducted the search and seizure did so in good faith reliance on the search warrant.
Leon,
468 U.S. at 922, 104 S.Ct. 8405.
However, use of the good-faith exception announced in
Leon
assumes that the warrant was properly executed.
Id.
at 918, 104 S.Ct. 3405 n.19. Here, the record reflects that the officers seized two BB pistols, a pistol cap gun, gun holsters, a knife, a bandana, and a homemade video tape — all of which were not covered by the search warrant. All in all, the officers seized about as many items not covered by the warrant as covered by the warrant, evidencing a flagrant and widespread disregard for the scope of the warrant by the officers. As the officers did not properly execute the warrant by seizing items outside the scope of the warrant and flagrantly disregarding the scope of the warrant, the good faith exception does not apply. Thus, we find no error. Point one is denied.
We conclude, therefore, that the circuit court did not err in declining to apply the good faith exception and suppressing all of the items seized when officers executed a search warrant on Lucas’s residence because the officers failed to properly execute the search warrant by seizing items outside the scope of the warrant and flagrantly disregarding the scope of the warrant. We affirm the circuit court’s judgment.
All concur.