State of Missouri v. Paul Bolton

• Court: Missouri Court of Appeals
• Decided: December 26, 2023
• Docket: ED111305
• Status: Published

Opinion

In the Missouri Court of Appeals Eastern District DIVISION FOUR

STATE OF MISSOURI, ) No. ED111305 ) Respondent, ) ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of vs. ) St. Francois County ) 19SF-CR01598-01 ) PAUL BOLTON, ) Honorable Wendy W. Horn ) Appellant. ) Filed: December 26, 2023

Before John P. Torbitzky, P.J., James M. Dowd, J., and Michael S. Wright, J.

OPINION

Paul Bolton, an inmate at the Department of Corrections facility in Bonne Terre,

Missouri, appeals his conviction for the crime of endangering a corrections employee, a felony

under section 575.155 1, for spitting in A.H.’s face while she was attempting to restrain him for

refusing to follow her directions to return to his housing unit. Bolton claims the trial court

abused its discretion and denied his right to present a complete defense when it sustained the

State’s objection to the admission of certain medical records that would have supported his

testimony that he may have spit involuntarily due to an allergic reaction to two penicillin shots

he had received earlier that day at the prison infirmary. We affirm because Bolton failed to

1 All statutory references are to the Revised Statutes of Missouri (2016). establish the foundation for the records under section 490.680, Missouri’s business records

statute, in order to overcome their inadmissible hearsay status.

Background

Bolton was incarcerated at the Bonne Terre prison after he pleaded guilty to burglary in

March 2013. He was paroled but then violated his parole in June 2019 and returned to Bonne

Terre. On July 12, 2019, after Bolton received medical care at the prison infirmary that included

two penicillin shots, he returned to his prison housing unit. Bolton was allergic to penicillin and

began having an allergic reaction which included breathing problems, hives, and dizziness.

Bolton then entered an area of the prison where inmates were not supposed to be and A.H.

directed him to return to his wing. Bolton was agitated and yelling but A.H. could not

understand him. He did not return to his housing unit as instructed.

A.H. directed Bolton to face the wall in order to handcuff him but he resisted. Another

corrections officer came to help A.H. and during the struggle, Bolton spit in A.H.’s face

including her eyes, nose, and mouth. The other officer did not see Bolton spit, but saw A.H. step

back, wipe her face, and say “he just spit in my face.” A.H. went to the hospital as a

precautionary measure per prison policy because she was exposed to bodily fluid.

The trial took place on September 6, 2022. A.H., the other officer, and Bolton testified.

During Bolton’s direct examination, counsel attempted to introduce “Exhibit A,” Bolton’s

medical records from the Department of Corrections which included two pages showing that

before the incident he had received penicillin and an antihistamine medicine about forty-five

minutes later. The State objected to the introduction of these records based on hearsay and lack

of foundation. The trial court sustained the objection. Nevertheless, Bolton testified without

objection that he was allergic to penicillin, the nature of his allergic reaction to penicillin, and

2 that he had received two penicillin shots shortly before he spit on A.H. The jury found Bolton

guilty and on January 4, 2023, the trial court sentenced him to four years in prison.

This appeal follows.

Standard of Review

Abuse of discretion is the standard of review for the admission of evidence. State v.

Griest, 670 S.W.3d 179, 188 (Mo. App. W.D. 2023). A trial court has broad discretion whether

or not to admit evidence. Id. “An abuse of discretion is found when the decision to admit or

exclude the challenged evidence is clearly against the logic of the circumstances and is so

unreasonable as to indicate a lack of careful consideration.” State v. Barriner, 210 S.W.3d 285,

296 (Mo. App. W.D. 2006). We view the facts in the light most favorable to the trial court’s

ruling and disregard facts and inferences to the contrary. Id.

Discussion

Bolton asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in not admitting his medical

records, which he claims would have supported his defense, because he satisfied section

490.680’s foundational requirements for overcoming the hearsay objection since the records

were logically and legally relevant and Bolton was an “other qualified witness” under the statute.

We disagree because Bolton failed to satisfy the basic requirements of section 490.680 in that no

one testified or signed an affidavit verifying the records’ identity, mode of preparation, or

whether they were made in the regular course of business.

Section 490.680 states: “A record of an act, condition or event, shall, insofar as relevant,

be competent evidence if the custodian or other qualified witness testifies to its identity and the

mode of its preparation, and if it was made in the regular course of business, at or near the time

of the act, condition or event, and if, in the opinion of the court, the sources of information,

3 method and time of preparation were such as to justify its admission.” Medical records, of

course, fall under this statute. Long v. St. John’s Regional Health Center, Inc., 98 S.W.3d 601,

607 (Mo. App. S.D. 2003). Portions of hospital records, including those related to a patient’s

medical history, are admissible unless they are subject to specific objections such as relevancy,

inadequate sources of information, or other substantive grounds. Caples v. Earthgrains Co., 43

S.W.3d 444, 452 (Mo. App. E.D. 2001).

Moreover, the requisite foundation for the admission of business records can be

established by testimony or by the affidavit of a qualified witness. Section 490.692; Payne v.

Cornhusker Motor Lines, Inc., 177 S.W.3d 820, 839-40 (Mo. App. E.D. 2005). “A proper

foundation for the admission of a business record requires testimony from a witness who has

‘sufficient knowledge of the business operation and methods of keeping records of the business

to give the records probity.’” Jamestowne Homeowners Ass’n Trustees v. Jackson, 417 S.W.3d

348, 354 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013) (quoting Asset Acceptance v. Lodge, 325 S.W.3d 525, 528 (Mo.

App. E.D. 2010)).

We do not dispute Bolton’s assertion that portions of these records were relevant. But the

requirements of section 490.680, which may be satisfied through a simple affidavit by the

records custodian or “other qualified witness” familiar with the records and their mode of

creation and maintenance, must still be met. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

sustaining the State’s foundation and hearsay objections.

We likewise readily reject Bolton’s argument that he was an “other qualified witness” as

contemplated by the statute because he was not a clerk, nurse, doctor, or other employee at the

Department of Corrections with sufficient knowledge of the Department’s recordkeeping. As the

4 patient, Bolton may have been familiar with the care documented in the records, but he failed to

demonstrate any familiarity with the recordkeeping practices that section 490.680 requires.

Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

_______________________________ James M. Dowd, Judge John P. Torbitzky, P.J. and Michael S. Wright, J. concur.