In the Missouri Court of Appeals Western District
STATE OF MISSOURI, ) Respondent, ) v. ) WD84656 ) JAMES ADDIE, ) Appellant. ) FILED: November 29, 2022
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF COLE COUNTY THE HONORABLE JON E. BEETEM, JUDGE
BEFORE DIVISION TWO: LISA WHITE HARDWICK, PRESIDING JUDGE, THOMAS N. CHAPMAN AND JANET SUTTON, JUDGES
James Addie appeals his convictions for first-degree murder and armed
criminal action. He contends the circuit court abused its discretion by admitting
expert testimony regarding tire track impressions that was not “shown to be the
product of reliable principles and methods.” For reasons explained herein, we
affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The sufficiency of the evidence to support Addie’s convictions is not at
issue. The facts, in the light most favorable to the verdict, establish that in April
2018, Addie shot and killed his paramour, Molly Watson. Addie and Watson were coworkers at the Department of Corrections at the
Moberly Correctional Center. When their relationship began, Addie told Watson
that he was divorced. In fact, Addie was married and living with his wife and two
children. Addie and Watson got engaged and made plans to marry on April 29,
2018. On April 25, 2018, Addie and Watson applied for a marriage license.
The week before the wedding, Addie told Watson that his ex-wife died and
he needed to help his children with funeral arrangements. On April 27, 2018,
Addie sent a text message to Watson saying his ex-wife’s funeral was
“tomorrow.” In a subsequent message, Addie expressed that he wanted to see
Watson that night. Later that same day, Addie brought wedding decorations to
the hotel and made a payment towards the remaining balance for the wedding.
Addie left his family residence on April 27, 2018, around 7:00 p.m. and
returned at 10:00 p.m. Between 8:00 p.m. and 8:30 p.m., Watson’s phone showed
Addie exchanged text messages with Watson, with the last message from Watson
stating that she “didn’t feel like leaving.” Watson’s phone showed that Addie
called her at 8:26 p.m. Her phone also showed that she was on that call and that
she was also driving for 22 minutes.
On the same night, Glen McSparren was driving on a road where Watson’s
body would later be found. McSparren saw an older man driving a dark-colored
vehicle and a second vehicle that was stopped near a low-water crossing. The
man stopped and got out of his car to talk to McSparren. When McSparren asked
the man if “someone was stuck down there,” the man responded that he did not
2 “know where they were at, it is going to be awhile.” McSparren left but returned
to the scene later that night, found Watson’s body lying in front of the vehicle that
was still stopped near the low-water crossing, and notified police.
Upon investigation of the scene, the police found Watson’s cell phone and
items inside the vehicle pertaining to upcoming wedding plans, including the
marriage license listing her name and Addie’s. They were able to identify Watson
and located additional information about Addie from an online wedding registry.
Addie lived approximately 30 minutes from the site where Watson’s body was
found.
The police arrived at Addie’s residence around 2:45 a.m. the next day.
Addie told the police he was married, his wife did not know about his affair with
Watson, and that he got “involved in something I shouldn’t have.” Addie
consented to a search of his vehicle. One of the officers noticed that the tire tread
on Addie’s car was consistent with tire tracks at the location where Watson’s body
was found. Impressions of the tire tracks and photographs of the tire tread were
collected for analysis by the Missouri State Highway Patrol Laboratory.
The State charged Addie with first-degree murder and armed criminal
action relating to the death of Watson. Defense counsel filed a pretrial motion to
exclude the tire track evidence pursuant to Section 490.065, 1 asserting that it was
not a proper subject for expert testimony.
1 All statutory references are to the Revised Statutes of Missouri 2016, as updated by the 2020 Cumulative Supplement.
3 During a pretrial hearing, James Crafton, a criminalist for the Missouri State
Highway Patrol Laboratory, testified to his training and expertise in conducting
impression examinations of tires and footwear. He further explained that such
impression examinations have been tested through scientific methods, peer
reviewed, and shown to be reliable with repeatable results. At the conclusion of
the hearing, the trial court found that Crafton qualified as an expert and that his
opinions were admissible as expert testimony under the standards of Section
490.065.2.
During the jury trial, Crafton opined that the tire marks at the scene where
Watson’s body was found matched the rear passenger tire on Addie’s car. The
court overruled defense objections to the testimony on grounds of reliability.
Defense counsel cross-examined Crafton but did not present evidence after the
State rested.
The jury convicted Addie on both counts. The court sentenced Addie to life
in prison without probation or parole for the murder and a consecutive ten-year
term for the armed criminal action conviction. Addie appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the circuit court’s decision to admit or exclude expert testimony
for an abuse of discretion. Spalding v. Stewart Title Guar. Co., 463 S.W.3d 770,
778 (Mo. banc 2015) (citing Kivland v. Columbia Orthopaedic Grp., LLP, 331
S.W.3d 299, 311 (Mo. banc 2011)). The circuit court has broad discretion to admit
or exclude evidence at trial. State v. Forrest, 183 S.W.3d 218, 223 (Mo. banc 2006).
4 We will not disturb the court's ruling unless we find that the court abused that
discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs when the “ruling is clearly against
the logic of the circumstances and is so unreasonable as to indicate a lack of
careful consideration.” State v. Baker, 422 S.W.3d 508, 513 (Mo. App. 2014).
ANALYSIS
In his sole point on appeal, Addie contends the circuit court abused its
discretion in admitting Crafton’s testimony and overruling defense counsel’s
objections that the tire impression evidence did not meet the standards of
reliability required by Section 490.065.
Section 490.065.2(1) provides that an expert may testify if “the testimony is
the product of reliable principles and methods; and the expert has reliably applied
the principles and methods to the facts of the case.” (c) and (d). Section 490.065
mirrors FRE 702 and 703, which affirms the circuit court’s role as gatekeeper for
the admissibility of expert testimony. State v. Marshall, 596 S.W.3d 156, 159 (Mo.
App. 2020) (citations omitted). This gatekeeping function involves a “three-part
test: (1) whether the expert is qualified, (2) whether the testimony is relevant, and
(3) whether the testimony is reliable.” Id. (quoting State ex rel. Gardner v.
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In the Missouri Court of Appeals Western District
STATE OF MISSOURI, ) Respondent, ) v. ) WD84656 ) JAMES ADDIE, ) Appellant. ) FILED: November 29, 2022
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF COLE COUNTY THE HONORABLE JON E. BEETEM, JUDGE
BEFORE DIVISION TWO: LISA WHITE HARDWICK, PRESIDING JUDGE, THOMAS N. CHAPMAN AND JANET SUTTON, JUDGES
James Addie appeals his convictions for first-degree murder and armed
criminal action. He contends the circuit court abused its discretion by admitting
expert testimony regarding tire track impressions that was not “shown to be the
product of reliable principles and methods.” For reasons explained herein, we
affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The sufficiency of the evidence to support Addie’s convictions is not at
issue. The facts, in the light most favorable to the verdict, establish that in April
2018, Addie shot and killed his paramour, Molly Watson. Addie and Watson were coworkers at the Department of Corrections at the
Moberly Correctional Center. When their relationship began, Addie told Watson
that he was divorced. In fact, Addie was married and living with his wife and two
children. Addie and Watson got engaged and made plans to marry on April 29,
2018. On April 25, 2018, Addie and Watson applied for a marriage license.
The week before the wedding, Addie told Watson that his ex-wife died and
he needed to help his children with funeral arrangements. On April 27, 2018,
Addie sent a text message to Watson saying his ex-wife’s funeral was
“tomorrow.” In a subsequent message, Addie expressed that he wanted to see
Watson that night. Later that same day, Addie brought wedding decorations to
the hotel and made a payment towards the remaining balance for the wedding.
Addie left his family residence on April 27, 2018, around 7:00 p.m. and
returned at 10:00 p.m. Between 8:00 p.m. and 8:30 p.m., Watson’s phone showed
Addie exchanged text messages with Watson, with the last message from Watson
stating that she “didn’t feel like leaving.” Watson’s phone showed that Addie
called her at 8:26 p.m. Her phone also showed that she was on that call and that
she was also driving for 22 minutes.
On the same night, Glen McSparren was driving on a road where Watson’s
body would later be found. McSparren saw an older man driving a dark-colored
vehicle and a second vehicle that was stopped near a low-water crossing. The
man stopped and got out of his car to talk to McSparren. When McSparren asked
the man if “someone was stuck down there,” the man responded that he did not
2 “know where they were at, it is going to be awhile.” McSparren left but returned
to the scene later that night, found Watson’s body lying in front of the vehicle that
was still stopped near the low-water crossing, and notified police.
Upon investigation of the scene, the police found Watson’s cell phone and
items inside the vehicle pertaining to upcoming wedding plans, including the
marriage license listing her name and Addie’s. They were able to identify Watson
and located additional information about Addie from an online wedding registry.
Addie lived approximately 30 minutes from the site where Watson’s body was
found.
The police arrived at Addie’s residence around 2:45 a.m. the next day.
Addie told the police he was married, his wife did not know about his affair with
Watson, and that he got “involved in something I shouldn’t have.” Addie
consented to a search of his vehicle. One of the officers noticed that the tire tread
on Addie’s car was consistent with tire tracks at the location where Watson’s body
was found. Impressions of the tire tracks and photographs of the tire tread were
collected for analysis by the Missouri State Highway Patrol Laboratory.
The State charged Addie with first-degree murder and armed criminal
action relating to the death of Watson. Defense counsel filed a pretrial motion to
exclude the tire track evidence pursuant to Section 490.065, 1 asserting that it was
not a proper subject for expert testimony.
1 All statutory references are to the Revised Statutes of Missouri 2016, as updated by the 2020 Cumulative Supplement.
3 During a pretrial hearing, James Crafton, a criminalist for the Missouri State
Highway Patrol Laboratory, testified to his training and expertise in conducting
impression examinations of tires and footwear. He further explained that such
impression examinations have been tested through scientific methods, peer
reviewed, and shown to be reliable with repeatable results. At the conclusion of
the hearing, the trial court found that Crafton qualified as an expert and that his
opinions were admissible as expert testimony under the standards of Section
490.065.2.
During the jury trial, Crafton opined that the tire marks at the scene where
Watson’s body was found matched the rear passenger tire on Addie’s car. The
court overruled defense objections to the testimony on grounds of reliability.
Defense counsel cross-examined Crafton but did not present evidence after the
State rested.
The jury convicted Addie on both counts. The court sentenced Addie to life
in prison without probation or parole for the murder and a consecutive ten-year
term for the armed criminal action conviction. Addie appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the circuit court’s decision to admit or exclude expert testimony
for an abuse of discretion. Spalding v. Stewart Title Guar. Co., 463 S.W.3d 770,
778 (Mo. banc 2015) (citing Kivland v. Columbia Orthopaedic Grp., LLP, 331
S.W.3d 299, 311 (Mo. banc 2011)). The circuit court has broad discretion to admit
or exclude evidence at trial. State v. Forrest, 183 S.W.3d 218, 223 (Mo. banc 2006).
4 We will not disturb the court's ruling unless we find that the court abused that
discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs when the “ruling is clearly against
the logic of the circumstances and is so unreasonable as to indicate a lack of
careful consideration.” State v. Baker, 422 S.W.3d 508, 513 (Mo. App. 2014).
ANALYSIS
In his sole point on appeal, Addie contends the circuit court abused its
discretion in admitting Crafton’s testimony and overruling defense counsel’s
objections that the tire impression evidence did not meet the standards of
reliability required by Section 490.065.
Section 490.065.2(1) provides that an expert may testify if “the testimony is
the product of reliable principles and methods; and the expert has reliably applied
the principles and methods to the facts of the case.” (c) and (d). Section 490.065
mirrors FRE 702 and 703, which affirms the circuit court’s role as gatekeeper for
the admissibility of expert testimony. State v. Marshall, 596 S.W.3d 156, 159 (Mo.
App. 2020) (citations omitted). This gatekeeping function involves a “three-part
test: (1) whether the expert is qualified, (2) whether the testimony is relevant, and
(3) whether the testimony is reliable.” Id. (quoting State ex rel. Gardner v.
Wright, 562 S.W.3d 311, 319 (Mo. App. 2018)).
Addie’s argument focuses solely on the reliability of Crafton’s testimony
and not his qualifications or the relevancy of the evidence. The reliability of
expert testimony is interpreted under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509
5 U.S. 579, 593–94 (1993). 1 Id. Courts consider factors such as testing, peer
review, error rates, and “acceptability” in the scientific community in determining
reliability of a scientific theory or technique. Id. at 160 (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at
593-94). Addie argues that the State failed to cite a specific case on tire
impressions under Daubert or Section 490.065. However, the test for reliability is
“flexible,” and the “list of specific factors neither necessarily nor exclusively
applies to all experts or in every case.” Id.
The record indicates that the State presented evidence to address several
factors relating to the reliability of Crafton’s expert opinions. Crafton testified that
he was trained to collect impression evidence, such as “when a tire or a foot
would make contact with a surface and has left a re-producible impression on that
particular surface.” He explained that “impression examination” is a process that
has been tested through scientific methods, resulting in a well-established set of
standards for determining the class and individual characteristics of such tracks.
Crafton referred to peer review journals and articles where the examination
process has been shown to produce reliable and repeatable results. He explained
that the testing process for impressions has a low error rate and that matches can
be determined within a positive predictive rate of 98.8%.
1 Our court “has held that because the language of Section 490.065 now mirrors FRE 702 and 703, and because FRE 702 and 703 are interpreted under Daubert and its progeny, the cases interpreting those federal rules remain relevant and useful in guiding our interpretation of Section 490.065.” State v. Marshall, 596 S.W.3d 156, 159 (Mo. App. 2020) (referencing Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 593–94 (1993).
6 Based on this testing process, Crafton testified to his conclusion that the
rear tire tread on Addie’s car matched the tire tracks at the location where
Watson’s body was found. He also stated that the results obtained in the highway
patrol laboratory were peer reviewed by another qualified expert.
Addie argues on appeal that Crafton relied on a research study involving
footwear impressions and that there are no similar studies for tire tracks.
However, Crafton specifically addressed whether tire track impressions have been
the subject of scientific study:
Q: …The process of evaluating tire casts compared to tires and going through the process you just described, individual characteristics, is that process relied upon by experts in your field?
A: Yes, it is.
Q: Has that process been peer reviewed?
A: Yes.
Q: Has it been scientifically studied?
A: Yes, it has.
Q: And validated?
Q: Do you find it otherwise reasonable reliable?
A: Yes, I do.
Q: Did you rely on it in this case?
7 When further questioned on this topic, Crafton noted that he had provided
Addie’s counsel with “quite a few different articles specifically geared towards tire
impressions.” He confirmed that the articles involved peer-reviewed studies that
show the “scientific reliability of tire impressions of tire impressions or
impression evidence.” Addie’s counsel declined to cross-examine Crafton about
the referenced articles.
The record supports the circuit court’s determination that Crafton’s
testimony satisfied the requirements of reliability under Daubert and Section
490.065 for an expert opinion regarding tire track impressions. Accordingly, we
find no abuse of discretion in the admission of the expert evidence and deny the
point on appeal.
CONCLUSION
The judgment is affirmed.
____________________________________ LISA WHITE HARDWICK, JUDGE ALL CONCUR.