STATE OF MISSOURI, ) ) Respondent, ) ) vs. ) No. SD32900 ) HEATHER DAWN BENNETT, ) FILED: February 9, 2015 ) Appellant. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF DOUGLAS COUNTY
Honorable R. Craig Carter, Judge
AFFIRMED
Heather Bennett ("Defendant") appeals convictions for robbery and second-
degree (felony) murder of Jackie "Allen" Yarber. She claims insufficient evidence
supports her murder conviction and charges trial court error in admitting into
evidence preliminary hearing testimony and her statement to police. We affirm.
Background
We summarize facts in accordance with our standard of review, crediting only
evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the verdict and disregarding all
others. State v. Stallman, 289 S.W.3d 776, 778 (Mo.App. 2009). Yarber, who had known Defendant just a few days, showered her with
attention, gifts, and cash in hopes of dating her. The day of the killing, Defendant
was preparing for her child's birthday party, but had no car. Yarber drove Defendant
around; spent $150 of his money on decorations, gifts, and pizza; and let Defendant
drive his truck to pick up party guests. After the party that night, Yarber and others
went to Defendant's home.
Defendant went to a back room with Brad Jenkins and Daniel Baird to smoke
methamphetamine. She claimed Yarber carried $400; they could get him "out back
and beat him up and take it." Jenkins felt it was too close to the house. Defendant
then said they could "take him out in the woods and kill him." After she offered
more encouragement, it was agreed to kill Yarber, split the stolen cash three ways,
and take his truck (Defendant wanted the stereo and wheels).
Yarber was persuaded to leave with Baird and Jenkins in his truck under
pretense of going "dirt-roading" (drinking on dirt roads). Defendant rode with her
friend Michael Hand and told him the plan as he drove. Out in the country, the
trucks parted ways. Jenkins and Baird robbed Yarber and slayed him in grisly
fashion, then called Defendant to report it was “done” and eventually returned to her
home.
Police investigation led to arrests and charges. Jenkins and Baird each
pleaded guilty to robbery, murder, and armed criminal action. A jury convicted
Defendant of robbery and murder, resulting in this appeal.
Point I – Sufficiency of Felony Murder Evidence
Second-degree murder occurs if a person commits any felony and "another
2 person is killed as a result of the perpetration of that felony." Stallman, 289
S.W.3d at 779. Under Missouri's foreseeability-proximate cause theory of felony
murder, the actual killer's identity "is irrelevant and a defendant may be considered
responsible for any deaths that are the natural and proximate result of the
commission of a felony." Id.1 Defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of proof
for her robbery conviction; the issue is whether Yarber died as a reasonably
foreseeable consequence of the robbery. State v. Cole, 384 S.W.3d 318, 328
(Mo.App. 2012).
Defendant urges "no" – that no evidence indicated she knew about, planned,
or encouraged the killing, and "[a]t most, she knew about or encouraged a robbery."
She portrays Baird and Jenkins as subsequently deciding to kill Yarber, an
independent, intervening cause allegedly relieving her from criminal responsibility
for the death.
This argument ignores our standard of review, Stallman, 289 S.W.3d at 778,
and above-summarized testimony indicating Defendant foresaw and even promoted
the killing of Yarber.2 Point I fails.
1 We decline Defendant's invitation to reinterpret Missouri's felony-murder statute in light of Burrage v. U.S., 134 S. Ct. 881 (2014). Burrage addressed sentencing provisions of the federal Controlled Substances Act, did not declare constitutional law, was not a felony murder case per se, and compels no particular result here. 2 To quote fully some of this testimony: Q When [Defendant] told you could take [Victim] out back and [rob him] what, if anything, did you do? A I said no. Q Why? A Because it was too close to the house. Q What were you concerned about? A Getting snitched out or told on.
3 Point II – Alleged Crawford Violation
Michael Hand initially cooperated with the prosecution and testified at
Defendant's preliminary hearing. But after Hand twice failed to appear for
deposition, the prosecutor reported "a very good chance" he would charge Hand with
crimes arising out of the robbery and murder.
After Hand refused to testify at Defendant's trial, invoking his right against
self-incrimination, the prosecutor offered Hand's testimony from Defendant's
Q What happened at that point? A We sat around some more, talking a little more, then we talked about killing Allen Yarber. Q Who brought that up? A Heather did. Q What did she say? A She said instead of taking him out we can take him out in the woods and kill him. *** Q What did you do at that point? A At that point we talked little more, she told me Jackie was a child molester. Q How did that make you feel? A Angry. Q Why is that? A Because I don't like child molesters, makes me scared for my kids. Q When she told you that what, if anything, happened. A After she told me that, I was on board to kill him. *** Q At that point you guys had decided to do what? A Kill Allen Yarber. Q What else? A Take his truck, Heather wanted the stereo and wheels. Q When did she tell you that? A She told me right before we left the room. Q Was there any talk about taking cash? A Yes, sir, she said we could split it three ways. Q $400 three ways? A Yes, sir.
4 preliminary hearing. Defense counsel objected, arguing that issues had changed
since the preliminary hearing and the defense had no way to cross-examine Hand
further. The trial court overruled the objection and Hand's prior testimony was read
to the jury.
Defendant claims this violated her constitutional right to confront witnesses
against her, citing Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004). We review this
question of law de novo. State v. Turner, 242 S.W.3d 770, 774 (Mo.App. 2008).
We rejected a similar complaint in Turner where, as here, the defense had
availed itself of the opportunity to cross-examine the witness at preliminary hearing.
Drawing on earlier cases, we concluded that admitting the prior testimony did not
violate Crawford. Id. at 776-77 (citing primarily State v. Griffin, 848 S.W.2d
464 (Mo. banc 1993), and State v. Aaron, 218 S.W.3d 501 (Mo.App. 2007)).
Defendant claims cross-examination at the preliminary hearing was not
adequate because Hand then was seen as a fact witness, not a potential co-
defendant. Similar arguments failed in Griffin, 848 S.W.2d at 470, Turner, 242
S.W.3d at 776, and Aaron, 218 S.W.3d at 510.
The trial court did not violate Crawford or abuse its discretion in admitting
Hand’s prior testimony. Turner, 242 S.W.3d at 776-77. We deny Point II.
Point III – Alleged Siebert Violation
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STATE OF MISSOURI, ) ) Respondent, ) ) vs. ) No. SD32900 ) HEATHER DAWN BENNETT, ) FILED: February 9, 2015 ) Appellant. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF DOUGLAS COUNTY
Honorable R. Craig Carter, Judge
AFFIRMED
Heather Bennett ("Defendant") appeals convictions for robbery and second-
degree (felony) murder of Jackie "Allen" Yarber. She claims insufficient evidence
supports her murder conviction and charges trial court error in admitting into
evidence preliminary hearing testimony and her statement to police. We affirm.
Background
We summarize facts in accordance with our standard of review, crediting only
evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the verdict and disregarding all
others. State v. Stallman, 289 S.W.3d 776, 778 (Mo.App. 2009). Yarber, who had known Defendant just a few days, showered her with
attention, gifts, and cash in hopes of dating her. The day of the killing, Defendant
was preparing for her child's birthday party, but had no car. Yarber drove Defendant
around; spent $150 of his money on decorations, gifts, and pizza; and let Defendant
drive his truck to pick up party guests. After the party that night, Yarber and others
went to Defendant's home.
Defendant went to a back room with Brad Jenkins and Daniel Baird to smoke
methamphetamine. She claimed Yarber carried $400; they could get him "out back
and beat him up and take it." Jenkins felt it was too close to the house. Defendant
then said they could "take him out in the woods and kill him." After she offered
more encouragement, it was agreed to kill Yarber, split the stolen cash three ways,
and take his truck (Defendant wanted the stereo and wheels).
Yarber was persuaded to leave with Baird and Jenkins in his truck under
pretense of going "dirt-roading" (drinking on dirt roads). Defendant rode with her
friend Michael Hand and told him the plan as he drove. Out in the country, the
trucks parted ways. Jenkins and Baird robbed Yarber and slayed him in grisly
fashion, then called Defendant to report it was “done” and eventually returned to her
home.
Police investigation led to arrests and charges. Jenkins and Baird each
pleaded guilty to robbery, murder, and armed criminal action. A jury convicted
Defendant of robbery and murder, resulting in this appeal.
Point I – Sufficiency of Felony Murder Evidence
Second-degree murder occurs if a person commits any felony and "another
2 person is killed as a result of the perpetration of that felony." Stallman, 289
S.W.3d at 779. Under Missouri's foreseeability-proximate cause theory of felony
murder, the actual killer's identity "is irrelevant and a defendant may be considered
responsible for any deaths that are the natural and proximate result of the
commission of a felony." Id.1 Defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of proof
for her robbery conviction; the issue is whether Yarber died as a reasonably
foreseeable consequence of the robbery. State v. Cole, 384 S.W.3d 318, 328
(Mo.App. 2012).
Defendant urges "no" – that no evidence indicated she knew about, planned,
or encouraged the killing, and "[a]t most, she knew about or encouraged a robbery."
She portrays Baird and Jenkins as subsequently deciding to kill Yarber, an
independent, intervening cause allegedly relieving her from criminal responsibility
for the death.
This argument ignores our standard of review, Stallman, 289 S.W.3d at 778,
and above-summarized testimony indicating Defendant foresaw and even promoted
the killing of Yarber.2 Point I fails.
1 We decline Defendant's invitation to reinterpret Missouri's felony-murder statute in light of Burrage v. U.S., 134 S. Ct. 881 (2014). Burrage addressed sentencing provisions of the federal Controlled Substances Act, did not declare constitutional law, was not a felony murder case per se, and compels no particular result here. 2 To quote fully some of this testimony: Q When [Defendant] told you could take [Victim] out back and [rob him] what, if anything, did you do? A I said no. Q Why? A Because it was too close to the house. Q What were you concerned about? A Getting snitched out or told on.
3 Point II – Alleged Crawford Violation
Michael Hand initially cooperated with the prosecution and testified at
Defendant's preliminary hearing. But after Hand twice failed to appear for
deposition, the prosecutor reported "a very good chance" he would charge Hand with
crimes arising out of the robbery and murder.
After Hand refused to testify at Defendant's trial, invoking his right against
self-incrimination, the prosecutor offered Hand's testimony from Defendant's
Q What happened at that point? A We sat around some more, talking a little more, then we talked about killing Allen Yarber. Q Who brought that up? A Heather did. Q What did she say? A She said instead of taking him out we can take him out in the woods and kill him. *** Q What did you do at that point? A At that point we talked little more, she told me Jackie was a child molester. Q How did that make you feel? A Angry. Q Why is that? A Because I don't like child molesters, makes me scared for my kids. Q When she told you that what, if anything, happened. A After she told me that, I was on board to kill him. *** Q At that point you guys had decided to do what? A Kill Allen Yarber. Q What else? A Take his truck, Heather wanted the stereo and wheels. Q When did she tell you that? A She told me right before we left the room. Q Was there any talk about taking cash? A Yes, sir, she said we could split it three ways. Q $400 three ways? A Yes, sir.
4 preliminary hearing. Defense counsel objected, arguing that issues had changed
since the preliminary hearing and the defense had no way to cross-examine Hand
further. The trial court overruled the objection and Hand's prior testimony was read
to the jury.
Defendant claims this violated her constitutional right to confront witnesses
against her, citing Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004). We review this
question of law de novo. State v. Turner, 242 S.W.3d 770, 774 (Mo.App. 2008).
We rejected a similar complaint in Turner where, as here, the defense had
availed itself of the opportunity to cross-examine the witness at preliminary hearing.
Drawing on earlier cases, we concluded that admitting the prior testimony did not
violate Crawford. Id. at 776-77 (citing primarily State v. Griffin, 848 S.W.2d
464 (Mo. banc 1993), and State v. Aaron, 218 S.W.3d 501 (Mo.App. 2007)).
Defendant claims cross-examination at the preliminary hearing was not
adequate because Hand then was seen as a fact witness, not a potential co-
defendant. Similar arguments failed in Griffin, 848 S.W.2d at 470, Turner, 242
S.W.3d at 776, and Aaron, 218 S.W.3d at 510.
The trial court did not violate Crawford or abuse its discretion in admitting
Hand’s prior testimony. Turner, 242 S.W.3d at 776-77. We deny Point II.
Point III – Alleged Siebert Violation
This point charges error "in admitting [Defendant's] police statement into
evidence at trial over objection," citing an alleged violation of Missouri v. Seibert,
5 542 U.S. 600 (2004).3 Yet an initial and basic flaw of this complaint is lack of timely
objection.
The record on appeal includes two recorded "statements" – State's Exhibits 42
and 44. The defense said "No objection" both when Exhibit 42 was offered and
before it was played for the jury. Exhibit 44 came in through a later witness; again
the defense said "No objection" before it was admitted and played in part for the
jury.
Later, during the fourth day of trial, defense cross-examination developed the
testimony Defendant now cites in claiming a Siebert violation. Although Defendant
later objected (unsuccessfully and somewhat unclearly) to the jury hearing any more
of admitted Exhibit 44 or related testimony, she never moved to strike the admitted
exhibits or sought a withdrawal instruction or any similar relief.
We need not reach strong arguments of no Siebert violation, or reject
Defandant's claim as in Gaw, 285 S.W.3d at 324-25. Here, "Defendant did not
simply fail to object to Exhibit [42 or 44], [s]he affirmatively stated [s]he had no
objection to [either]." State v. Langford, No. SD32548, 2014 WL 2895869, at *4
(Mo.App. June 26, 2014).
3 Siebert tested a police protocol for custodial interrogation that calls for giving no warnings of the rights to silence and counsel until interrogation has produced a confession …. [T]he interrogating officer follows it with Miranda warnings and then leads the suspect to cover the same ground a second time. The question … is the admissibility of the repeated statement. Id. at 604. As interpreted for Missouri courts, Siebert holds "that a confession is inadmissible despite a belated Miranda warning where a 'two-step interrogation technique was used in a calculated way to undermine the Miranda warning.'" State v. Gaw, 285 S.W.3d 318, 323 (Mo. banc 2009) (quoting Siebert, 542 U.S. at 622 (Kennedy, J., concurring in judgment)).
6 "The general rule in Missouri is that a statement of 'no objection' when evidence is introduced affirmatively waives appellate review of the admission." State v. McWhorter, 240 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Mo.App. S.D. 2007). "Under those circumstances, even plain error review is not warranted." State v. Goudeau, 85 S.W.3d 126, 128–29 (Mo.App. S.D.2002) (quoting State v. Markham, 63 S.W.3d 701, 707-08 (Mo.App. S.D. 2002)); see also State v. White, 421 S.W.3d 560, 569 (Mo.App. E.D. 2014); State v. Massa, 410 S.W.3d 645, 656-57 (Mo.App. S.D. 2013); State v. Johnson, 160 S.W.3d 839, 842 (Mo.App. S.D. 2005).
Id. Defendant waived her Point III challenge to admission of these exhibits. Id.
Point denied.
Conclusion
Finding no merit in any of Defendant's points, we affirm the judgment and
convictions.
DANIEL E. SCOTT, J. – OPINION AUTHOR
JEFFREY W. BATES, J. – CONCURS
WILLIAM W. FRANCIS, JR., P.J./C.J. – CONCURS