This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A14-1202
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Tyler Thomas Devries Morse, Appellant.
Filed June 22, 2015 Reversed Minge, Judge Dissenting, Bjorkman, Judge
Nobles County District Court File No. 53-CR-12-1086
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Kathleen A. Kusz, Nobles County Attorney, Travis J. Smith, Special Assistant County Attorney, Slayton, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Lydia Villalva Lijó, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Stauber, Presiding Judge; Bjorkman, Judge; and
Minge, Judge.
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
MINGE, Judge
Appellant Tyler Thomas Devries Morse challenges the district court’s denial of his
motion to suppress evidence asserting that there was not a reasonable, articulable
suspicion of a traffic violation to support a legally proper stop of his vehicle. We reverse.
FACTS
In the early morning of October 20, 2012, Worthington Police Officer Joshua
McCuen was on patrol in a squad car. Officer McCuen observed a vehicle leaving
Worthington’s downtown area at approximately 2:00 a.m. Officer McCuen testified that
there are bars in downtown Worthington, that it was bar closing time, and that he decided
to investigate the vehicle. The driver of this vehicle was appellant Tyler Thomas Devries
Morse. Officer McCuen’s squad-car video camera recorded the investigation from its
fixed dashboard position facing forward from the center of the squad car.
Morse’s vehicle traveled northeasterly on Second Avenue. The officer observed
Morse’s vehicle stop at a stop sign at a three-way, T-type intersection. The cross street is
Okabena Street, which runs east-west at an angle with Second Avenue. Both streets have
a single lane of travel in each direction and street parking next to the curb. Because of
the angle of the intersection, a left turn would be tight; going right only requires a gentle
turn. In the vicinity of the intersection between Second Avenue and Okabena Street,
there are no center lines, no marked parking lanes, no lane dividers, no painted lines, no
marked cross-walks, and no fog lines. The record indicates that another squad car was
ahead of Morse. There is no indication that pedestrians or bicyclists were present. There
2 was one parked car on the north side of Okabena Street near the intersection. There are
curbs and sidewalks on each road.
The squad video indicated, and the district court found, that Morse signaled a right
turn onto Okabena Street, and his vehicle’s left rear tire came close to or touched what
appears to be the unmarked center seam of the road. After traveling a short distance,
Morse made a left turn onto a street with marked lanes. Still following the Morse
vehicle, Officer McCuen observed it move “towards the center line of the road, almost
touching it, and moving back into its lane.” He described the weaving as “[v]ery slight.
Almost a drift.” Officer McCuen testified that the Morse vehicle’s movement within its
lane was significant to him because “most of the time drivers are impaired when they are
drifting like that, at that time of day” and that “[a]t that time I believed the driver was
impaired.”
Officer McCuen activated his flashing squad-car lights, initiating a traffic stop of
the Morse vehicle. The officer approached the driver and asked for identification and
proof of insurance. Officer McCuen noticed that the driver, Morse, had watery eyes and
a strong odor of alcohol emanated from the vehicle. Officer McCuen asked Morse to step
out of the vehicle and conducted a horizontal-gaze-nystagmus test, “observe[d] all six
clues of impairment,” and observed Morse “sway side to side and front to back
approximately 2 inches.” Morse refused to complete other standard field sobriety tests
and Officer McCuen arrested Morse.
Once at the Nobles County jail, Officer McCuen read Morse the Minnesota Motor
Vehicle Implied Consent Advisory. When asked whether he would like to speak to an
3 attorney, at 2:20 a.m., Morse indicated that he did. At 3:06 p.m., after multiple phone
calls, Morse spoke to an attorney and agreed to take a breath test. The breath test
indicated that Morse’s alcohol concentration was .19.
Morse was charged with one count of driving while impaired in violation of Minn.
Stat. § 169A.20, subd. 1(1) (2012), and one count of driving while impaired with an
alcohol concentration of .08 within two hours of driving in violation of Minn. Stat.
§ 169A.20, subd. 1(5) (2012). Because of two qualified prior impaired driving incidents,
Morse was charged with second-degree driving while impaired and subject to penalties as
enumerated in Minn. Stat. § 169A.25, subd. 2 (2012).
At a contested omnibus hearing, Morse challenged the traffic stop and asked the
district court to dismiss the charges. Officer McCuen testified that he saw the vehicle
make a wide right turn where “it crossed over the center of the road almost striking a
vehicle that was parked on the [north] side of [Okabena Street].” Morse testified,
denying the driving offenses. The squad video and police report were submitted as
evidence.
At the outset, the district court reviewed the constitutional standard for traffic
stops. Then it discussed the record stating that the squad video was “significantly less
compelling than [Officer McCuen’s] testimony indicated, and the video evidence clearly
does not support [Officer McCuen’s] recollection that [Morse’s] vehicle nearly struck a
vehicle parked along the curb” as Morse took a right turn. But it also found that the
video “supports [Officer McCuen’s] assertion that [Morse’s] vehicle had made a [right
turn] that was not ‘as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway’
4 as prohibited by Minn. Stat. § 169.19, subd. 1(a).” In making this finding, the district
court observed that this “statutory standard is admittedly somewhat vague.” The district
court found that Morse’s vehicle drifted close to the center line of another street prior to
being stopped and that the in-lane movement together with the officer’s reliance on his
training and experience were relevant in determining the legality of the stop. The district
court concluded that based on the totality of all these circumstances, the stop was
supported by reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity.
Morse also challenged the admission of the breath test results, claiming he had not
consented. While Morse’s case was pending in the district court, the United States
Supreme Court issued Missouri v. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. 1552 (2013). In McNeely, the
appellant challenged the constitutionality of his breath test. Id. at 1557. On July 23,
2013, the district court held a second contested omnibus hearing in which Officer
McCuen testified again and Morse’s implied-consent advisory audio recording was
submitted to the district court. The district court took the constitutional matter under
advisement. On October 20, 2013, the Minnesota Supreme Court issued State v. Brooks,
838 N.W.2d 563 (Minn. 2013). In Brooks, the Minnesota Supreme Court applied the
United States Supreme Court’s decision in McNeely, rejecting the single-factor exigency
standard and reinforcing the totality-of-the-circumstances test when evidence is seized
without a warrant. Id. at 567, 572; see also id. at 573 (holding that Minnesota implied
consent law is constitutional). On November 25, 2013, the district court denied Morse’s
motion to suppress the breath test results. Morse had a stipulated-facts trial under Minn.
R. Crim. P. 26.01, subd. 4, was found guilty of operating a motor vehicle with an alcohol
5 concentration of .08 within two hours of operation, and the prosecutor dismissed the
remaining charges.
DECISION
Morse’s appeal raises two issues: the validity of the initial traffic stop and the
denial of his motion to suppress the results of the breath test.
“We review a district court’s determination regarding the legality of an
investigatory traffic stop and questions of reasonable suspicion de novo.” Wilkes v.
Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 777 N.W.2d 239, 242-43 (Minn. App. 2010). “When reviewing a
pretrial order on a motion to suppress evidence, we may independently review the facts
and determine whether, as a matter of law, the district court erred in suppressing or not
suppressing the evidence.” State v. Askerooth, 681 N.W.2d 353, 359 (Minn. 2004). We
will not set aside a district court’s findings of fact unless clearly erroneous. State v.
Gauster, 752 N.W.2d 496, 502 (Minn. 2008). We defer to the district court’s credibility
determinations. Sefkow v. Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d 203, 210 (Minn. 1988).
In Minnesota, we require police officers to have an “objective individualized
articulable suspicion of criminal wrongdoing before subjecting a driver to an
investigative stop.” Ascher v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 519 N.W.2d 183, 187 (Minn.
1994). With their training and experience, officers are generally given deference to
“properly act on suspicion that would elude an untrained eye” of a layperson. State v.
Britton, 604 N.W.2d 84, 88-89 (Minn. 2000). We do not inquire into or defer to the
officer’s subjective reasoning for initiating a traffic stop and whether it was justified;
rather we require that there be an objective justification for the stop. See State v. Koppi,
6 798 N.W.2d 358, 363-64 (Minn. 2011) (quoting State v. Speak, 339 N.W.2d 741, 745
(Minn. 1983)); see also State v. Schrupp, 625 N.W.2d 844, 846-47 (Minn. App. 2001)
(stating that an “officer’s subjective good-faith belief” that “criminal activity may be
afoot” is not sufficient and the officer “must articulate specific facts” that reasonably
justify the stop), review denied (Minn. July 24, 2001). The stop cannot be “the product of
mere whim, caprice, or idle curiosity.” State v. Johnson, 257 N.W.2d 308, 309 (Minn.
1977) (citation omitted). Similarly, because the focus is on objective facts, we do not
speculate whether a stop is pretextual and set aside such stops. See State v. Olson, 482
N.W.2d 212, 214 (Minn. 1992) (stating that the supreme court has consistently held “that
if there is an objective basis for it, an arrest or search is lawful even if the officer . . .
based his or her action on the wrong ground or had an improper motive”); see also State
v. Everett, 472 N.W.2d 864, 867 (Minn. 1991) (stating that our supreme court follows the
United States Supreme Court case Scott v. United States, 436 U.S. 128, 98 S. Ct. 1717
(1978), in determining that a search will be upheld if there is an objective legal basis for
an arrest or search, even if the police officer had an improper motive).
Minnesota law does “not require much” to justify a law-enforcement officer’s
traffic stop. State v. George, 557 N.W.2d 575, 578 (Minn. 1997). “Ordinarily, if an
officer observes a violation of a traffic law, however insignificant, the officer has an
objective basis for stopping the vehicle.” Id. However, some apparent violation is
required; a single observation of a swerve within the vehicle’s lane, alone, is insufficient
to justify a traffic stop. State v. Brechler, 412 N.W.2d 367, 368-69 (Minn. App. 1987).
7 Appellant asserts that Officer McCuen made an unconstitutional stop of his
vehicle. We recognize that the constitution requires an ascertainable standard for police
to stop a person. See Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 358, 103 S. Ct. 1855, 1858
(1983). A criminal statute may be unconstitutionally vague if it provides the police with
absolute discretion to decide what activities violate the statute. See City of Chicago v.
Morales, 527 U.S. 41, 61, 119 S. Ct. 1849, 1861 (1999) (stating that the Illinois Supreme
Court held that loitering ordinance was unconstitutionally vague because it provided
police absolute discretion to decide what activities constituted loitering); see also
Kolender, 461 U.S. at 858, 860-61, 103 S. Ct. at 1858-60 (concluding statute requiring a
person to provide “credible and reliable” identification was unconstitutionally vague
because police had complete discretion to determine what conduct satisfied the statute).
The problem with a vague statute is that it “lets enforcers define who is a violator in the
first place.” In re Welfare of B.A.H., 845 N.W.2d 158, 164 (Minn. 2014).
Here, we must determine whether or not Officer McCuen had a reasonable,
articulable suspicion of criminal activity, specifically a traffic violation, based on
Morse’s driving conduct. The district court found that Morse’s left rear tire came close to
or touched the unlined center seam of the roadway, but specifically discredited the
officer’s testimony that Morse’s vehicle threatened the parked car. The district court did
not find that Morse crossed an unmarked center line to enter the opposing lane of travel,
but simply found that Morse violated a traffic law by failing to turn “as close as
practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway.” Minn. Stat. § 169.19, subd.
1(a). The district court concluded “the basis for the traffic stop in this case . . . rests on a
8 relatively thin reed -- on the officer’s observation of one arguably insignificant violation
of a traffic law on a street without a marked center line” and a single slight drift.
The statute at issue is as follows:
Subdivision 1. Turning at intersection. The driver of a vehicle intending to turn at an intersection shall do so as follows:
(a) [B]oth the approach for a right turn and a right turn shall be made as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway.
Id.1 The statute requires that a driver’s turn be “as close as practicable” to the curb.
“Practicable” is defined by Black’s Law Dictionary as “reasonably capable of
being accomplished; feasible in a particular situation.” Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed.
2014). What constitutes “as close as practicable” is highly dependent on the “particular
situation” present. The statute presumably does not require that drivers “hug the curb”
through the turn or begin and end the turn in lanes used for parking when there are no
cars parked in those lanes. Conversely, if one encounters a double-parked delivery van in
one’s lane of travel, turning from or into the opposing lane of travel may be as close as
practicable. Driving a bus, or semi-truck, or car with a trailer, one may find it physically
necessary to turn into the opposing lane. Therefore, the interpretation of the right-turn
1 Subdivision one, subpart a of Minn. Stat. § 169.19 was amended in 2014 to read: “Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, both the approach for a right turn and a right turn shall be made as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway. When necessary to accommodate vehicle configuration, a driver is permitted to make a right turn into the farthest lane of a roadway with two or more lanes in the same direction in order to make a U-turn at a reduced conflict intersection, if it is safe to do so.” 2014 Minn. Laws ch. 287, § 10. Because appellant’s offense occurred prior to the effective date of the amendment, we only consider the earlier version of the statute. 9 traffic law, and a determination of whether it was violated, requires analysis of all the
circumstances surrounding the turn.
The definition of “practicable” is not only flexible and subject to differences of
opinion, it is inherently ambiguous and vague. Failing to turn “as close as practicable” is
not measurable by some objective standard like failing to stop at a stop sign, violating the
speed limit, or violating the boating-hours statute. See State v. Gresser, 657 N.W.2d 875,
879-80 (Minn. App. 2003) (concluding boating-hours statute, which restricted operating
personal watercraft one hour before sunset, was not unconstitutionally vague because
sunrise and sunset times are easily accessible). The district court acknowledged that the
turn statute is “somewhat vague.” Because the statute permits police officers to decide,
subjectively, when a turn is not “as close as practicable” to the curb, we note the risk that
a statute is unconstitutionally vague unless it is narrowly construed. See State v.
Crawley, 819 N.W.2d 94, 105 (Minn. 2012) (“we can uphold [the statute’s]
constitutionality by construing it narrowly”).
Here, our standard for a permissible stop only requires a reasonable articulable
suspicion. See Britton, 604 N.W.2d at 88 (requiring reasonable articulable suspicion to
justify a stop). When combined with vagueness of the right-turn law, the subjectivity of
the standard is compounded. This creates a level of officer discretion that is of
constitutional concern. To avoid this problem of compounded subjectivity, we
conservatively construe the right-turn statute in effect at the time of this offense so as not
to criminalize the right turn of a vehicle at this angled intersection with single lanes of
travel when the vehicle does not enter the opposing lane of travel.
10 It does not appear from the district court’s findings of fact and the squad video that
Morse crossed into the opposing lane of traffic when he turned. We conclude that, on
these facts, Morse’s right turn did not violate this narrowed construction of the then-
effective version of Minn. Stat. § 169.19, subd. 1(a).
Because we conclude that Morse’s driving conduct was not a violation of a traffic
law, there is no traffic violation to supplement the single weave observed by Officer
McCuen and the officer’s training and experience that led him to subjectively believe that
Morse may be driving while impaired. We also avoid the district court’s concerns that
the right-turn basis for the stop was “significantly less compelling than the Officer’s
recollection,” that the video evidence was unconvincing, and that the stop of appellant
“rests on a relatively thin reed.” Accordingly, we conclude that this case is similar to our
supreme court’s Brechler case because the driving conduct was too slight to warrant
reasonable suspicion of a traffic violation and that the stop was improper. See Brechler,
412 N.W.2d at 369.
Because we conclude that Morse’s traffic stop was improper, the evidence
obtained as a result of that stop is not admissible. Therefore, we reverse the district
court’s denial of Morse’s motion to suppress the evidence obtained from the traffic stop,
and we reverse Morse’s conviction.
Given our conclusion that Morse’s conviction must be reversed, we do not need to
reach the second issue dealing with the constitutional adequacy of his consent to the
breath test. Nonetheless, we note that the supreme court in Brooks, 838 N.W.2d 570-72,
upheld warrantless searches premised on voluntary consent. Under the standard of that
11 decision, the record supports the district court’s determination that Morse’s consent was
voluntary.
Reversed.
12 BJORKMAN, Judge (dissenting)
I respectfully dissent. Because the district court’s findings of fact are not clearly
erroneous and its legal conclusion that the traffic stop was valid is sound, I would affirm.
This court reviews de novo the legality of an investigatory stop. Wilkes v. Comm’r
of Pub. Safety, 777 N.W.2d 239, 242-43 (Minn. App. 2010). But we will not set aside a
district court’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. Jasper v. Comm’r of
Pub. Safety, 642 N.W.2d 435, 440 (Minn. 2002).
A limited investigatory stop of a motorist is permissible “if the state can show that
the officer had a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person
stopped of criminal activity.” State v. Anderson, 683 N.W.2d 818, 822-23 (Minn. 2004)
(quotation omitted). An officer’s observation of a traffic violation, no matter how
insignificant, generally “forms the requisite particularized and objective basis for
conducting a traffic stop.” Id. at 823. That is precisely the situation in this case.
The district court found that Officer McCuen saw Morse’s vehicle make a wide
right turn. The district court discredited the officer’s testimony that the turn was so wide
that Morse’s vehicle nearly struck a vehicle parked on the other side of the street but
found that the driver’s side rear tire of Morse’s vehicle was near or touching the center
seam of the road. And the district court expressly found that there were no parked
vehicles or other obstacles to Morse’s right as he turned, so the turn “wasn’t as close to
the right curb . . . as it could have been.” Morse does not challenge these findings. Nor
does he challenge the conclusion that this driving conduct violates the law requiring
drivers to execute such turns “as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the
D-1 roadway.” Minn. Stat. § 169.19, subd. 1(a) (2012). Morse contends only that this traffic
violation cannot justify the stop because it is “insignificant.” But that is all the law
requires to justify a traffic stop. See Anderson, 683 N.W.2d at 823; see also Rose v.
Comm’r. of Pub. Safety, 637 N.W.2d 326, 328 (Minn. App. 2001) (stating that “[t]he
factual basis necessary to maintain a routine traffic stop is minimal”).
Moreover, other unchallenged findings of fact further support the validity of the
stop. Moments after making the wide turn, Morse’s vehicle drifted noticeably within its
lane. In Officer McCuen’s experience, such driving conduct often indicates impairment,
particularly late at night around the time of bar closing. Viewing Morse’s undisputed
traffic violation and these other circumstances together, I would conclude that the traffic
stop was valid.
Morse’s argument regarding his breath test is similarly unavailing. A warrantless
search of a person’s breath, blood, or urine is valid if the person voluntarily consents to
the search. State v. Brooks, 838 N.W.2d 563, 568 (Minn. 2013). Whether consent is
voluntary is a question of fact, determined by examining the totality of the circumstances.
State v. Othoudt, 482 N.W.2d 218, 222 (Minn. 1992). Morse challenges the district
court’s finding that he voluntarily consented to breath testing, arguing that his consent
could not have been voluntary because he was in police custody and the record does not
clearly indicate whether he had the opportunity for meaningful consultation with an
attorney. But the record reveals, and Morse does not dispute, that he exhibited numerous
indicia of intoxication, Officer McCuen was neither coercive nor aggressive, and Morse
received a standard implied-consent advisory and more than 40 minutes to contact an
D-2 attorney before agreeing to and completing the testing process. This record amply
supports the district court’s finding that Morse voluntarily consented to the breath test.
Accordingly, I would conclude that the breath test was valid and affirm in all respects.
D-3