This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0332
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Tremayne Anthony Miller, Appellant.
Filed November 9, 2015 Affirmed Cleary, Chief Judge
Stearns County District Court File No. 73-CR-11-5408
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota;
Janelle P. Kendall, Stearns County Attorney, St. Cloud, Minnesota; and
Scott A. Hersey, Special Assistant County Attorney, Minnesota County Attorneys Association, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Hooten, Presiding Judge; Cleary, Chief Judge; and
Halbrooks, Judge. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
CLEARY, Chief Judge
Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion when it revoked his
probation because the violations were not intentional or inexcusable and the evidence did
not establish that the need for confinement outweighed the policies favoring probation.
Because the district court did not abuse its discretion in revoking appellant’s probation,
we affirm.
FACTS
On February 23, 2012, appellant Tremayne Anthony Miller pleaded guilty to one
count of Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) – refusal to take a chemical test, in violation
of Minn. Stat. § 169A.20, subd. 2 (2010). The district court sentenced appellant to a 64-
month prison term, stayed for seven years during which appellant would serve probation.
The conditions of appellant’s probation included paying restitution, completing chemical
dependency programs, abstaining from all mood-altering chemicals, 30 days of
consecutive alcohol monitoring each of the seven years, remaining law-abiding,
completing an intensive supervision program, and other conditions. The court also
sentenced appellant to serve two staggered jail terms, beginning January 1, 2013 and
January 1, 2014, which could be suspended based on the recommendation of the
supervising probation officer.
Based on appellant’s good performance on the conditions of his probation, the
district court suspended appellant’s first staggered term on the recommendation of the
2 probation officer. Appellant continued to fulfill probation conditions until October 2013
when he was first terminated from his required alcohol treatment aftercare program for
failure to attend. Appellant restarted aftercare in December 2013 but was again
terminated for failure to attend on January 21, 2014. On January 1, 2014, appellant failed
to report for his final staggered jail term. On January 2, appellant went to Hennepin
County Government Center and had his alcohol-tracking bracelet removed. The state
argued that appellant missed a meeting with his probation officer that day, but appellant
claimed that he was never told of any meeting that day beyond the removal of his
alcohol-tracking bracelet. Following these violations, the probation officer filed a
violations report recommending probation be revoked and appellant’s sentence be
executed.
At the November 25, 2014 revocation hearing, the state alleged appellant
committed three probation violations. Appellant admitted two of these violations: that he
did not complete aftercare treatment and that he failed to report to jail for his required
term. The district court accepted appellant’s admissions of these two violations and
found the state proved the third violation, that appellant had failed to maintain contact
with probation staff by missing an appointment, by clear and convincing evidence.
The district court found that “the violations were intentional or inexcusable”
because appellant “hadn’t exercised any amount of diligence in maintaining contact with
his agent with regard to these probation violations.” It also found that the violations
necessitated the revocation of appellant’s probation and executed his 64-month sentence.
3 This appeal followed.
DECISION
When a probationer violates a condition of probation, the district court may
continue probation, revoke probation and execute the stayed sentence, or order
intermediate sanctions. Minn. Stat. § 609.14, subd. 3 (2014). The district court must
make three findings on the record before revoking probation. State v. Modtland, 695
N.W.2d 602, 606 (Minn. 2005). The court “must 1) designate the specific condition or
conditions that were violated; 2) find that the violation was intentional or inexcusable;
and 3) find that the need for confinement outweighs the policies favoring probation.”
State v. Austin, 295 N.W.2d 246, 250 (Minn. 1980). These required findings are
designed to ensure that revocation is not “a reflexive reaction to an accumulation of
technical violations” but rather is based on “a showing that the offender’s behavior
demonstrates that he or she cannot be counted on to avoid antisocial activity.” Id. at 251
(quotations omitted). When a district court makes these findings, it “has broad discretion
in determining if there is sufficient evidence to revoke probation and should be reversed
only if there is a clear abuse of that discretion.” Id. at 249-50. Appellant argues that the
district court abused its discretion in concluding that the second and third Austin factors
had been satisfied.
I. Second Austin Factor
Appellant argues that this failure to complete aftercare was unintentional and
excusable. He attributes his failure to attend, and eventual termination from the program,
4 to stress and emotional struggles. Appellant’s grandmother and brother had been
hospitalized and visiting family interfered with attending aftercare. Additionally, these
family health problems affected appellant’s own mental health and appellant stated that
depression led to him “shutting down emotionally and mentally and physically.” He
argues the court abused its discretion in finding that his failure to attend the aftercare
program was intentional or inexcusable.
As to this first probation violation, the district court considered both appellant’s
failure to complete the aftercare program and his failure to maintain contact with
probation officers after missing sessions. Appellant was twice terminated from aftercare
for failure to attend. A Hennepin County Department of Community Corrections and
Rehabilitation report stated that he had “not been honest with his probation officer”
regarding his absences from treatment. The district court considered the mental and
familial stress appellant was experiencing, but concluded that it did not make his failure
to complete aftercare excusable. This finding is supported by the record and was not an
abuse of discretion.
Next, appellant argues that his failure to attend a January 2, 2014 probation
meeting and his failure to report for his jail term on January 1 were unintentional and
excusable violations. He claims that he never received notice of either the meeting or the
need to report for the jail term. Appellant also argues that the lack of clarity of his
conditions led him to reasonably misunderstand his probation responsibilities, making
these violations excusable.
5 Appellant’s previous January 1, 2013 jail term had been suspended and he argues
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0332
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Tremayne Anthony Miller, Appellant.
Filed November 9, 2015 Affirmed Cleary, Chief Judge
Stearns County District Court File No. 73-CR-11-5408
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota;
Janelle P. Kendall, Stearns County Attorney, St. Cloud, Minnesota; and
Scott A. Hersey, Special Assistant County Attorney, Minnesota County Attorneys Association, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Hooten, Presiding Judge; Cleary, Chief Judge; and
Halbrooks, Judge. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
CLEARY, Chief Judge
Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion when it revoked his
probation because the violations were not intentional or inexcusable and the evidence did
not establish that the need for confinement outweighed the policies favoring probation.
Because the district court did not abuse its discretion in revoking appellant’s probation,
we affirm.
FACTS
On February 23, 2012, appellant Tremayne Anthony Miller pleaded guilty to one
count of Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) – refusal to take a chemical test, in violation
of Minn. Stat. § 169A.20, subd. 2 (2010). The district court sentenced appellant to a 64-
month prison term, stayed for seven years during which appellant would serve probation.
The conditions of appellant’s probation included paying restitution, completing chemical
dependency programs, abstaining from all mood-altering chemicals, 30 days of
consecutive alcohol monitoring each of the seven years, remaining law-abiding,
completing an intensive supervision program, and other conditions. The court also
sentenced appellant to serve two staggered jail terms, beginning January 1, 2013 and
January 1, 2014, which could be suspended based on the recommendation of the
supervising probation officer.
Based on appellant’s good performance on the conditions of his probation, the
district court suspended appellant’s first staggered term on the recommendation of the
2 probation officer. Appellant continued to fulfill probation conditions until October 2013
when he was first terminated from his required alcohol treatment aftercare program for
failure to attend. Appellant restarted aftercare in December 2013 but was again
terminated for failure to attend on January 21, 2014. On January 1, 2014, appellant failed
to report for his final staggered jail term. On January 2, appellant went to Hennepin
County Government Center and had his alcohol-tracking bracelet removed. The state
argued that appellant missed a meeting with his probation officer that day, but appellant
claimed that he was never told of any meeting that day beyond the removal of his
alcohol-tracking bracelet. Following these violations, the probation officer filed a
violations report recommending probation be revoked and appellant’s sentence be
executed.
At the November 25, 2014 revocation hearing, the state alleged appellant
committed three probation violations. Appellant admitted two of these violations: that he
did not complete aftercare treatment and that he failed to report to jail for his required
term. The district court accepted appellant’s admissions of these two violations and
found the state proved the third violation, that appellant had failed to maintain contact
with probation staff by missing an appointment, by clear and convincing evidence.
The district court found that “the violations were intentional or inexcusable”
because appellant “hadn’t exercised any amount of diligence in maintaining contact with
his agent with regard to these probation violations.” It also found that the violations
necessitated the revocation of appellant’s probation and executed his 64-month sentence.
3 This appeal followed.
DECISION
When a probationer violates a condition of probation, the district court may
continue probation, revoke probation and execute the stayed sentence, or order
intermediate sanctions. Minn. Stat. § 609.14, subd. 3 (2014). The district court must
make three findings on the record before revoking probation. State v. Modtland, 695
N.W.2d 602, 606 (Minn. 2005). The court “must 1) designate the specific condition or
conditions that were violated; 2) find that the violation was intentional or inexcusable;
and 3) find that the need for confinement outweighs the policies favoring probation.”
State v. Austin, 295 N.W.2d 246, 250 (Minn. 1980). These required findings are
designed to ensure that revocation is not “a reflexive reaction to an accumulation of
technical violations” but rather is based on “a showing that the offender’s behavior
demonstrates that he or she cannot be counted on to avoid antisocial activity.” Id. at 251
(quotations omitted). When a district court makes these findings, it “has broad discretion
in determining if there is sufficient evidence to revoke probation and should be reversed
only if there is a clear abuse of that discretion.” Id. at 249-50. Appellant argues that the
district court abused its discretion in concluding that the second and third Austin factors
had been satisfied.
I. Second Austin Factor
Appellant argues that this failure to complete aftercare was unintentional and
excusable. He attributes his failure to attend, and eventual termination from the program,
4 to stress and emotional struggles. Appellant’s grandmother and brother had been
hospitalized and visiting family interfered with attending aftercare. Additionally, these
family health problems affected appellant’s own mental health and appellant stated that
depression led to him “shutting down emotionally and mentally and physically.” He
argues the court abused its discretion in finding that his failure to attend the aftercare
program was intentional or inexcusable.
As to this first probation violation, the district court considered both appellant’s
failure to complete the aftercare program and his failure to maintain contact with
probation officers after missing sessions. Appellant was twice terminated from aftercare
for failure to attend. A Hennepin County Department of Community Corrections and
Rehabilitation report stated that he had “not been honest with his probation officer”
regarding his absences from treatment. The district court considered the mental and
familial stress appellant was experiencing, but concluded that it did not make his failure
to complete aftercare excusable. This finding is supported by the record and was not an
abuse of discretion.
Next, appellant argues that his failure to attend a January 2, 2014 probation
meeting and his failure to report for his jail term on January 1 were unintentional and
excusable violations. He claims that he never received notice of either the meeting or the
need to report for the jail term. Appellant also argues that the lack of clarity of his
conditions led him to reasonably misunderstand his probation responsibilities, making
these violations excusable.
5 Appellant’s previous January 1, 2013 jail term had been suspended and he argues
that both he and probation staff acted in ways consistent with the January 1, 2014 term
being suspended. According to the state, appellant was scheduled to have his alcohol-
tracking bracelet removed and have a meeting with a probation officer on January 2.
These obligations could be understood as inconsistent with the requirement that appellant
report for the jail term on January 1. After the appointment, an “officer called the
defendant on January 3, 2014 and told him to call [his assigned probation officer] on
Monday January 6, 2014 to address his missed [appointment].” The call did not address
appellant’s failure to report for his jail term. Although he was sent a notification of the
jail term, appellant no longer lived at the address it was sent to and stated that he never
received it. Appellant believed he was in compliance with his probation as of January 1,
and argues that because he did not receive notice to report for the jail term, his failure to
report was excusable.
However, the district court rejected appellant’s assertions, concluding that he
could not reasonably have believed his jail term was suspended and, moreover, he had
received notice to report unless instructed otherwise. The court stated:
I don’t think it’s plausible to say I thought I wouldn’t have to go to jail even though you knew you weren’t going to aftercare, even if you weren’t discharged until two weeks after or three weeks after you were supposed to report for that last staggered sentence. I feel that my order was very, very clear that the jail staggered sentences would need to be executed unless they were waived. . . .
6 The court emphasized that it stated at sentencing, both orally and in writing, that the jail
terms must be served unless they were suspended. Additionally, the district court noted
appellant’s failure to maintain contact with probation officers following the violations.
Appellant was sentenced to serve a jail term that was required unless it was
suspended. The term was not suspended and he failed to report, violating his probation.
The district court had grounds for finding the violation was intentional or inexcusable and
stated those grounds. We review this decision only for a clear abuse of discretion. The
court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the second Austin factor was satisfied as
to these violations.
II. Third Austin Factor
“The purpose of probation is rehabilitation and revocation should be used only as
a last resort when treatment has failed.” Austin, 295 N.W.2d at 250. Before revoking
probation and executing a prison sentence, a district court must find that the need for
confinement outweighs the policies favoring probation. Id. In assessing this third Austin
factor, courts are to consider whether
(i) confinement is necessary to protect the public from further criminal activity by the offender; or (ii) the offender is in need of correctional treatment which can most effectively be provided if he is confined; or (iii) it would unduly depreciate the seriousness of the violation if probation were not revoked.
Modtland, 695 N.W.2d at 607 (citing Austin, 295 N.W.2d at 251). Even when a court
finds intentional or inexcusable violations have occurred, public policy favors revocation
7 only where at least one of these three subfactors supports execution of a prison sentence.
State v. Cottew, 746 N.W.2d 632, 636 (Minn. 2008).
Appellant makes two arguments in support of his claim that the district court
abused its discretion in finding that the need for confinement outweighed the policies
favoring probation. First, appellant argues that based on his actions, the district court had
correctional options other than executing the sentence, and declining these other options
was an abuse of discretion. Appellant highlights his successful compliance with
probation conditions for nearly two years, including maintaining sobriety, paying
restitution, and completion of inpatient alcohol treatment. Because of these factors, he
argues, “the current violations did not make appellant a danger to public safety.”
At the revocation hearing, the district court stated that all three Modtland
subfactors supported confinement. The district court stated that confinement was
necessary “to protect the public from further criminal activity.” It also found that
appellant’s “need for the correctional treatment and the aftercare can most effectively be
provided while he is in custody,” because appellant had been unable to properly commit
his time to treatment while on probation. Last, the court found that continued probation
“would unduly depreciate the seriousness of the violation and the prior sentence.”
Although the court could have provided greater discussion of its reasoning, it
discussed some specific facts supporting these findings. The court explained how “other
people . . . demanding his time” had led to appellant’s violations, and reasoned that
correctional treatment could be better provided in custody without those distractions. It
8 emphasized that appellant failed to maintain contact with probation officers during and
after the violations. Further, a court may conclude that the policies favor revoking
probation where only one of these subfactors supports that decision. Cottew, 746 N.W.2d
at 636 (stating that public policy limits revocation to situations where Modtland subfactor
(i), (ii), or (iii) is present). Here the district court found all three. A court has broad
discretion in determining whether there is sufficient evidence to revoke probation. Austin,
295 N.W.2d at 249. These findings and the record that supports them are sufficient to
demonstrate that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding the third Austin
factor required confinement.
Next, appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by improperly
applying a “lower threshold for revocation” because appellant received a dispositional
departure at sentencing. A district court may consider a dispositional departure as
relevant to, but not determinate of, a revocation decision. State v. Fleming, __ N.W.2d
__, __, 2015 WL 5197944, at *10 (Minn. App. 2015), pet. for review filed (Minn. Oct. 8,
2015). The supreme court has held that in making a revocation decision, “[l]ess judicial
forbearance is urged for persons violating conditions of a stayed sentence who were
convicted of a more severe offense or who had a longer criminal history.” State v.
Osborne, 732 N.W.2d 249, 254 (Minn. 2007) (quoting Minn. Sent. Guidelines III.B.
(2006)).
At the revocation hearing, the district court referenced the dispositional departure
twice. The court stated it was “saddened” to be dealing with appellant’s violations two
9 and a half years after the dispositional departure and noted the earlier departure in support
of its finding that continued probation “would unduly depreciate the seriousness of the
violation and the prior sentence.” Appellant’s serious crime and criminal history led to a
64-month underlying sentence, meaning he was due lesser judicial forbearance. The
court’s finding on the third Austin factor was not a reflexive reaction to any violation or
based solely on the dispositional departure.
We conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion by finding that the need for
appellant’s confinement outweighs the policies that favor probation.
Affirmed.