This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0803
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Ronnie Jo Johnson, Appellant.
Filed February 8, 2016 Affirmed Klaphake, Judge *
Ramsey County District Court File No. 62-CR-12-2676
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Peter R. Marker, Assistant County Attorney, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Jessica Merz Godes, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Connolly, Presiding Judge; Johnson, Judge; and
Klaphake, Judge.
* Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
KLAPHAKE, Judge
Appellant challenges the district court’s revocation of his probation on his
conviction of attempted first-degree criminal sexual conduct. Because the evidence
supports the district court’s findings that (1) he violated a condition of probation, (2) the
probation violation was intentional or inexcusable, and (3) the need for his confinement
outweighs the policies favoring probation, we affirm.
DECISION
In November 2012, appellant Ronnie Jo Johnson entered an Alford/Norgaard plea
to a charge of attempted first-degree criminal sexual conduct. He was sentenced to 84
months in prison, stayed for 15 years, with conditions of probation. The district court
continued Johnson on probation after he admitted two probation violations in 2013 and
2014. In October 2014, Johnson admitted a third probation violation based on accessing
social media, possessing pornography, and being terminated from sex-offender treatment.
On the recommendation of his probation agent, the district court again continued him on
probation, ordering that Johnson serve 150 days in the Ramsey County workhouse, “be
furloughed to Zumbro House, upon acceptance to that program,” “continue there in a
secure group-home setting,” and “comply with the Zumbro House policies and
procedures.” In November 2014, Johnson’s probation agent alleged that he had violated
probation a fourth time by failing to reside at Zumbro House and refusing to comply with
its policies. The district court held a contested probation-revocation hearing, revoked
Johnson’s probation, and ordered his sentence executed.
2 When an offender violates a condition of probation, the district court may continue
probation, revoke probation and impose the stayed sentence, or order intermediate
sanctions. Minn. Stat. § 609.14, subd. 3 (2014). Before revoking probation, the district
court must “1) designate the specific condition or conditions that were violated; 2) find that
the violation was intentional or inexcusable; and 3) find that need for confinement
outweighs the policies favoring probation.” State v. Austin, 295 N.W.2d 246, 250 (Minn.
1980). Failure to address all three Austin factors requires a reversal and remand, even if
the evidence was sufficient to support the revocation. State v. Modtland, 695 N.W.2d 602,
606-08 (Minn. 2005) (rejecting this court’s application of a “sufficient-evidence
exception” to the requirement for Austin findings). These required findings are designed
to ensure that revocation is not “a reflexive reaction to an accumulation of technical
violations, but rather is based on “a showing that the offender’s behavior demonstrates that
he or she cannot be counted on to avoid antisocial activity.” Austin, 295 N.W.2d at 251
(quotation omitted). This court reviews the district court’s analysis of the Austin factors
for an abuse of discretion. Modtland, 695 N.W.2d at 605. But whether the district court
has made the required findings presents a question of law, which we review de novo. Id.
Johnson challenges the district court’s findings as to each of the Austin factors.
Johnson argues that the evidence did not show that he violated a condition of
probation, the first Austin factor. He maintains that because the relevant probation
condition provided that he be “furloughed to Zumbro House, upon acceptance to that
program,” he could not have violated that condition without acceptance to Zumbro House.
But the president of Zumbro House testified that he did not accept Johnson into that
3 program because, during the course of a 45-minute interview, Johnson did not assume
responsibility for his original offense and stated that he did not want or need the level of
supervision required at Zumbro House. Although the district court recognized that Johnson
participated in the screening process, his failure to gain acceptance to Zumbro House
constitutes a probation violation because it was based on his stated unwillingness to enter
the program. See State v. Muhlenhardt, 403 N.W.2d 638, 639 (Minn. 1987) (holding that
the defendant’s conduct violated his probation requirement to enter a certain treatment
program when he “did not make a good faith effort to gain admission to the program and …
in fact did what he could to avoid being accepted into the program”); State v. Rock, 380
N.W.2d 211, 213 (Minn. App. 1986) (holding that when a court-ordered treatment program
would not accept the defendant because of his unwillingness to work with the program, his
actions reflected a willful violation of probation conditions), review denied (Minn. Mar. 27,
1986). Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion by determining that Johnson
violated a condition of probation.
As to the second Austin factor, the district court found that Johnson committed an
intentional violation of probation because he stated that he was not interested in complying
voluntarily with the level of supervision required at Zumbro House. Johnson points out
that at the very end of the screening interview, he told the interviewer that he could “work
with” that level of supervision. But this court defers to the district court’s credibility
determinations. See State v. Losh, 694 N.W.2d 98, 102 (Minn. App. 2005) (deferring to
district court's credibility determinations in probation-revocation proceeding), aff’d on
other grounds, 721 N.W.2d 886 (Minn. 2006). The district court did not find Johnson’s
4 statement credible and instead credited the interviewer’s testimony that he believed that
once Johnson entered Zumbro House, he would probably not “buy into” the level of
supervision required to live there.
Johnson notes that the interviewer also denied him admission to Zumbro House
because he failed to accept responsibility for his offense. He points out that he entered an
Alford or Norgaard plea, which does not require him to acknowledge responsibility for his
crime. See State v. Ecker, 524 N.W.2d 712, 716 (Minn. 1994) (stating that a defendant
who enters an Alford plea maintains his innocence, but pleads guilty because the record
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0803
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Ronnie Jo Johnson, Appellant.
Filed February 8, 2016 Affirmed Klaphake, Judge *
Ramsey County District Court File No. 62-CR-12-2676
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Peter R. Marker, Assistant County Attorney, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Jessica Merz Godes, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Connolly, Presiding Judge; Johnson, Judge; and
Klaphake, Judge.
* Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
KLAPHAKE, Judge
Appellant challenges the district court’s revocation of his probation on his
conviction of attempted first-degree criminal sexual conduct. Because the evidence
supports the district court’s findings that (1) he violated a condition of probation, (2) the
probation violation was intentional or inexcusable, and (3) the need for his confinement
outweighs the policies favoring probation, we affirm.
DECISION
In November 2012, appellant Ronnie Jo Johnson entered an Alford/Norgaard plea
to a charge of attempted first-degree criminal sexual conduct. He was sentenced to 84
months in prison, stayed for 15 years, with conditions of probation. The district court
continued Johnson on probation after he admitted two probation violations in 2013 and
2014. In October 2014, Johnson admitted a third probation violation based on accessing
social media, possessing pornography, and being terminated from sex-offender treatment.
On the recommendation of his probation agent, the district court again continued him on
probation, ordering that Johnson serve 150 days in the Ramsey County workhouse, “be
furloughed to Zumbro House, upon acceptance to that program,” “continue there in a
secure group-home setting,” and “comply with the Zumbro House policies and
procedures.” In November 2014, Johnson’s probation agent alleged that he had violated
probation a fourth time by failing to reside at Zumbro House and refusing to comply with
its policies. The district court held a contested probation-revocation hearing, revoked
Johnson’s probation, and ordered his sentence executed.
2 When an offender violates a condition of probation, the district court may continue
probation, revoke probation and impose the stayed sentence, or order intermediate
sanctions. Minn. Stat. § 609.14, subd. 3 (2014). Before revoking probation, the district
court must “1) designate the specific condition or conditions that were violated; 2) find that
the violation was intentional or inexcusable; and 3) find that need for confinement
outweighs the policies favoring probation.” State v. Austin, 295 N.W.2d 246, 250 (Minn.
1980). Failure to address all three Austin factors requires a reversal and remand, even if
the evidence was sufficient to support the revocation. State v. Modtland, 695 N.W.2d 602,
606-08 (Minn. 2005) (rejecting this court’s application of a “sufficient-evidence
exception” to the requirement for Austin findings). These required findings are designed
to ensure that revocation is not “a reflexive reaction to an accumulation of technical
violations, but rather is based on “a showing that the offender’s behavior demonstrates that
he or she cannot be counted on to avoid antisocial activity.” Austin, 295 N.W.2d at 251
(quotation omitted). This court reviews the district court’s analysis of the Austin factors
for an abuse of discretion. Modtland, 695 N.W.2d at 605. But whether the district court
has made the required findings presents a question of law, which we review de novo. Id.
Johnson challenges the district court’s findings as to each of the Austin factors.
Johnson argues that the evidence did not show that he violated a condition of
probation, the first Austin factor. He maintains that because the relevant probation
condition provided that he be “furloughed to Zumbro House, upon acceptance to that
program,” he could not have violated that condition without acceptance to Zumbro House.
But the president of Zumbro House testified that he did not accept Johnson into that
3 program because, during the course of a 45-minute interview, Johnson did not assume
responsibility for his original offense and stated that he did not want or need the level of
supervision required at Zumbro House. Although the district court recognized that Johnson
participated in the screening process, his failure to gain acceptance to Zumbro House
constitutes a probation violation because it was based on his stated unwillingness to enter
the program. See State v. Muhlenhardt, 403 N.W.2d 638, 639 (Minn. 1987) (holding that
the defendant’s conduct violated his probation requirement to enter a certain treatment
program when he “did not make a good faith effort to gain admission to the program and …
in fact did what he could to avoid being accepted into the program”); State v. Rock, 380
N.W.2d 211, 213 (Minn. App. 1986) (holding that when a court-ordered treatment program
would not accept the defendant because of his unwillingness to work with the program, his
actions reflected a willful violation of probation conditions), review denied (Minn. Mar. 27,
1986). Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion by determining that Johnson
violated a condition of probation.
As to the second Austin factor, the district court found that Johnson committed an
intentional violation of probation because he stated that he was not interested in complying
voluntarily with the level of supervision required at Zumbro House. Johnson points out
that at the very end of the screening interview, he told the interviewer that he could “work
with” that level of supervision. But this court defers to the district court’s credibility
determinations. See State v. Losh, 694 N.W.2d 98, 102 (Minn. App. 2005) (deferring to
district court's credibility determinations in probation-revocation proceeding), aff’d on
other grounds, 721 N.W.2d 886 (Minn. 2006). The district court did not find Johnson’s
4 statement credible and instead credited the interviewer’s testimony that he believed that
once Johnson entered Zumbro House, he would probably not “buy into” the level of
supervision required to live there.
Johnson notes that the interviewer also denied him admission to Zumbro House
because he failed to accept responsibility for his offense. He points out that he entered an
Alford or Norgaard plea, which does not require him to acknowledge responsibility for his
crime. See State v. Ecker, 524 N.W.2d 712, 716 (Minn. 1994) (stating that a defendant
who enters an Alford plea maintains his innocence, but pleads guilty because the record
establishes, and the defendant reasonably believes, that the state has sufficient evidence to
obtain a conviction); Williams v. State, 760 N.W.2d 8, 12 (Minn. App. 2009) (reciting
grounds for a Norgaard plea, including the defendant’s assertion of lack of memory on
essential elements of the offense), review denied (Minn. Apr. 21, 2009). But the district
court did not find that Johnson’s intentional violation of probation related to a failure to
take responsibility for his offense. Rather, based on the record, the district court found that
Johnson was unable to commit to the level of supervision required in a program that could
meet his need for treatment in a secure setting. See Modtland, 695 N.W.2d at 608 (stating
that district courts must “convey their substantive reasons for revocation and the evidence
relied upon”). The district court did not abuse its discretion by finding that the second
Austin factor was satisfied.
The third Austin factor requires the district court to “find that [the] need for
confinement outweighs the policies favoring probation.” 295 N.W.2d at 250. A district
court may satisfy the third Austin factor if any one of three sub-factors is present:
5 (1) confinement is required to protect the public from additional criminal activity by the
offender; (2) the offender is in need of correctional treatment which can be most effectively
provided by confinement; or (3) it would unduly depreciate the seriousness of the violation
if probation was not revoked. Id. at 251.
The district court found that the third Austin factor was met because policies
favoring probation and rehabilitation had prompted probation to seek a placement for
Johnson outside of a correctional setting, but that he could not be allowed to be left
unsupervised in the community consistent with public safety. The district court also found
that Johnson needed to be held in the correctional system until probation could find a level
of supervision consistent with public safety outside of that system.
Johnson argues that the district court’s findings do not reflect consideration of any
listed Austin sub-factor. See id. We disagree. The district court’s findings sufficiently
address the first Austin subfactor: that confinement is necessary to protect the public from
further criminal conduct. See id.
Johnson also maintains that the record does not support the district court’s finding
on the third Austin factor because his probation agent did not attempt an alternative
placement. But the district court found that Zumbro House had the appropriate level of
supervision for Johnson. The probation agent testified that a comparable program was not
available in the community, and that she had previous clients who had reoffended while
residing in less-secure group homes. Based on this record, the district court did not abuse
6 its discretion by finding that the need for confinement outweighed the policies favoring
probation, and the requirements of the third Austin factor were met.
Affirmed.