This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1303
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Patricia Ann Shepard, Appellant.
Filed August 15, 2016 Affirmed Reilly, Judge
Hennepin County District Court File No. 27-CR-14-667
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Erica Shiff Glassberg, Bloomington City Attorney, Torrie J. Schneider, Assistant City Attorney, Bloomington, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Amy Lawler, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Reilly, Presiding Judge; Smith, Tracy M., Judge; and
Klaphake, Judge.*
* Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
REILLY, Judge
Appellant challenges her misdemeanor trespass conviction on the grounds that
(1) the evidence was not sufficient to support the conviction; (2) the district court erred by
admitting evidence over appellant’s hearsay objections; and (3) appellant was denied her
constitutional right to confront witnesses against her. We affirm.
FACTS
Appellant Patricia Ann Shepard was convicted of trespass stemming from events
that occurred on December 31, 2013, in conjunction with a proposed Idle No More
demonstration at the Mall of America (MOA). Idle No More is a Canadian-based
movement protesting against the Canadian government’s abrogation of treaty rights. A
number of groups in the United States formed Idle No More groups in solidarity with the
Canadian movement, and appellant facilitates and promotes some of a local group’s
activities in conjunction with Idle No More.
In December 2012, approximately 1,000 people gathered at MOA as part of an Idle
No More demonstration. Idle No More organizers did not seek authorization for the event.
MOA informed the Idle No More promoters and attendees, including appellant, that the
event was unauthorized. In December 2013, MOA learned that Idle No More intended to
gather at the mall on New Year’s Eve. Idle No More posted the event on social media and
invited over 12,000 people to attend. Appellant also personally promoted the December
2013 event on social media platforms. Concerned about the size of the demonstration and
the potential to disrupt mall operations during a holiday, MOA informed the event
2 organizers that the event was not authorized. MOA identified appellant as one of the
organizers and sent her a letter stating:
It has come to our attention that your group is planning a political protest at [MOA] in connection with Idle No More ....
Any attempt by your group to conduct a protest is a violation of MOA policies and will subject your group to removal from MOA property, and potential arrest by the City of Bloomington police department.
The letter was signed by MOA’s Management Team.1
MOA developed a plan to respond to the event, enact crowd-control measures, and
communicate that the event was unauthorized. On December 31, MOA Director of
Security Douglas Reynolds informed MOA Security Department personnel that Idle No
More organizers, including appellant, were not allowed at the mall. In the event the
organizers came onto the property, MOA personnel intended to first ask them to leave and,
if they refused, to issue trespass notices to them and ask them not to return for a designated
period of time. MOA posted signs at the entrances stating that demonstrations and protests
were not permitted and searched large bags and purses to ensure that people were not
bringing in anything that could be used as part of the demonstration. The Bloomington
Police Department also formulated a plan to respond to the protest and stationed uniformed
police officers at MOA to assist MOA’s Security Department.
1 The members of MOA’s Management Team are undefined but include MOA security personnel Douglas Reynolds and William Bernhjelm.
3 On December 31, appellant participated in a press conference on a public sidewalk
outside the mall and announced that she intended to go into the mall to discuss the event
with MOA management. Appellant entered MOA and began walking toward the rotunda,
where the event was originally scheduled to take place. Appellant was accompanied by
family members and community members, including a man holding a drum. Appellant
was carrying gifts to deliver to management personnel in an effort to reconcile the
disagreement.
Appellant approached Bloomington Police Sergeant James Ousley and asked him
for directions to MOA’s management office. Sergeant Ousley told appellant that a member
of MOA management wanted to speak to her and escorted her to MOA Security Captain
William Bernhjelm. Appellant told Bernhjelm that she wanted to speak with someone from
MOA management, and Bernhjelm confirmed that he was part of MOA’s Management
Team. Bernhjelm asked appellant to leave MOA due to her participation in organizing the
Idle No More demonstration. Appellant made no attempt to leave and stated that she had
a legal right to be on the property. Bernhjelm asked appellant to leave three more times,
and appellant refused each time. Bernhjelm asked appellant to confirm her refusal to leave,
and appellant confirmed that she would not leave the property. After Bernhjelm asked
appellant to leave four times and she refused each time, Bernhjelm, with the assistance of
Sergeant Ousley, arrested appellant for trespass.
The state filed a citation with the district court charging appellant with trespassing
on the premises of another and refusing to depart, in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.605,
subd. 1(b)(3) (2013). Appellant pleaded not guilty, and the matter proceeded to trial. The
4 jury found appellant guilty of the charged offense, and the district court imposed a 30-day
stayed sentence. This appeal follows.
DECISION
I.
Appellant first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting her conviction.
Our review of a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge is “limited to a painstaking analysis
of the record to determine whether the evidence, when viewed in a light most favorable to
the conviction, was sufficient to permit the jurors to reach the verdict which they did.”
State v. DeRosier, 695 N.W.2d 97, 108 (Minn. 2005) (quotation omitted). We assume “the
jury believed the state’s witnesses and disbelieved any evidence to the contrary.” State v.
Moore, 438 N.W.2d 101, 108 (Minn. 1989). Inconsistencies in testimony go to witness
credibility, which is an issue for the fact-finder. See State v. Pendleton, 706 N.W.2d 500,
512 (Minn. 2005).
The state charged appellant with trespassing on the premises of another and refusing
to depart. A person is guilty of this offense if she intentionally “trespasses on the premises
of another and, without claim of right, refuses to depart from the premises on demand of
the lawful possessor.” Minn. Stat. § 609.605, subd. 1(b)(3). A defendant’s lack of a claim
of right is a basic element in a criminal trespass case that the state must prove beyond a
reasonable doubt. State v. Brechon, 352 N.W.2d 745, 750 (Minn. 1984) (“[I]n a criminal
trespass case the state must present evidence from which it is reasonable to infer that the
defendant has no legal claim of right to be on the premises where the trespass is alleged to
have occurred.”). The state’s evidence “normally would be in the realm of property law,
5 such as that the title or right of possession is in a third party and that no title or permission
has been given to defendant, or if given has been withdrawn.” Id. The evidence presented
by the state “should be of such a nature as to permit a reasonable inference that there could
be no claim of right by defendant.” Id. Once the state presents evidence that the defendant
has no claim of right to the property, the burden shifts to the defendant to “offer evidence
of [her] reasonable belief that [s]he has a property right, such as that of an owner, tenant,
lessee, licensee or invitee.” Id. However, “[s]ubjective reasons not related to a claimed
property right or permission are irrelevant and immaterial to the issue of claim of right.”
Id. It is for the jury to determine whether the defendant’s evidence is sufficient to establish
a claim of right. Id.
Appellant argues that she had a good-faith reasonable belief that she was permitted
to enter MOA to meet with MOA management as an invitee, provided she did not
participate in an unauthorized event while on the property or act in disregard of MOA’s
rules of conduct. Appellant claims that because the state failed to provide evidence
disproving appellant’s good-faith reasonable belief, it did not meet its burden of proof
under Brechon and this court must reverse the conviction. In response, the state asserts
that criminal charges only attached when appellant refused to leave after an MOA security
officer instructed her to do so. The state argues that the proper inquiry is whether appellant
had a good-faith reasonable belief that she had a claim of right to remain at MOA after
Bernhjelm repeatedly asked her to leave.
Our analysis is controlled by State v. Wicklund, 589 N.W.2d 793 (Minn. 1999). In
that case, defendants staged an anti-fur protest at MOA adjacent to a department store and
6 attempted to engage passersby in the protest. Wicklund, 589 N.W.2d at 794-95. The
protest was “at all times peaceful and nonconfrontational.” Id. at 795. MOA security
personnel warned the protestors several times that they were on private property and would
be arrested if they did not leave the mall. Id. Four defendants refused to leave and were
arrested and charged with misdemeanor trespass under Minn. Stat. § 609.065, subd.
1(b)(3). Id. The Wicklund defendants sought dismissal of the charges, asserting that they
had a claim of right under Brechon which precluded the state from proving trespass charges
and asserting freedom-of-speech arguments. Id. The district court held that MOA was
public property because the public was generally invited onto the property and public
financing was leveraged in MOA’s development. Id. at 796. This court reversed on appeal
and concluded that constitutional free-speech protections did not apply to defendants’
conduct at the privately owned MOA. Id. at 797. The Minnesota Supreme Court affirmed
our decision on appeal. Id. at 803.
Appellant cites Wicklund for the proposition that “individuals would only be asked
to leave for protesting or otherwise violating the Mall of America code of conduct.”
Appellant argues that “Wicklund would not support a finding that an individual who enters
the Mall in order to seek out management and discuss the nature of an event . . . , without
any violation of the Mall code of conduct, is entering the Mall without a claim of right.”
Appellant urges this court to adopt an interpretation of Wicklund that “protestors lose their
claim of right only when they protest, are advised that their protest is unauthorized and
must stop, and choose to continue protesting anyway.” However, Wicklund does not create
such a test, and we decline to read Wicklund as restrictively as appellant suggests. See
7 Sefkow v. Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d 203, 210 (Minn. 1988) (“The function of the court of
appeals [as an error-correcting court] is limited to identifying errors and then correcting
them.”).
Appellant also contends that the current case is factually distinguishable from
Wicklund because the Bloomington Police Department had a stronger presence at MOA
during appellant’s arrest. Appellant argues that the stronger police presence “indicates an
ongoing symbiotic relationship between the Mall and the City of Bloomington police,”
which is prohibited under Wicklund. The record reflects that Bloomington police officers
were present at MOA on December 31 to provide extra assistance in case the demonstration
took place. The Wicklund court reasoned that facts constituting a symbiosis “must indeed
convince us that the ‘power, property, and prestige’ of the state has been in fact placed
behind the [complained-of] conduct.” 589 N.W.2d at 802 (emphasis omitted) (quoting
Brennan v. Minneapolis Soc’y for the Blind, Inc., 282 N.W.2d 515, 528 (Minn. 1979)
(quoting Burton v. Wilmington Parking Auth., 365 U.S. 715, 725, 81 S. Ct. 856, 862
(1961))). In a footnote to the case, the Minnesota Supreme Court noted that the presence
of a police substation in a mall and the presence of police officers in a mall during business
hours would not “rise to the level that the power, property and prestige of the state would
implicate the state as the responsible actor.” Id. at 802 n.8.
The undisputed testimony reflects that MOA security personnel asked appellant to
leave MOA multiple times, and she refused. From her own testimony, appellant
understood that she was being asked to leave, but she did not want to go. The state
presented sufficient evidence from which it is reasonable to infer that appellant had no
8 claim of right to remain at MOA under Wicklund. Because the state presented evidence
sustaining its burden of proof that appellant had no claim of right to be in MOA after she
was asked to leave, the burden shifted to appellant to show evidence of her “reasonable
belief” that she had a property right in MOA as “owner, tenant, lessee, licensee or invitee.”
See Brechon, 352 N.W.2d at 750. The record shows that MOA security personnel asked
appellant to leave four times, and she understood that she was being asked to go. The jury
could determine that, at that point, appellant could not have nurtured a reasonable belief
that she had a property right in MOA as an invitee.
Upon review, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict,
and we assume the jury believed the state’s witnesses and disbelieved any evidence to the
contrary. State v. Doppler, 590 N.W.2d 627, 635 (Minn. 1999). The jury heard evidence
from MOA security officers, Bloomington police officers, and appellant, evaluated the
credibility of these witnesses, viewed MOA videotape of the interaction, and ultimately
concluded that the state proved its case. When viewed in the light most favorable to the
jury’s verdict, the evidence in the record was sufficient to support the jury’s verdict that
appellant trespassed at MOA without a claim of right.
II.
Appellant next argues that the district court erred, in violation of the hearsay rules,
by allowing the state to introduce testimony and evidence that MOA’s owners delegated
lawful possession of the property to MOA managerial employees. Hearsay is an out-of-
court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted, Minn. R. Evid. 801(c), and
is generally not admissible at trial, Minn. R. Evid. 802. “When the admissibility of
9 evidence is challenged on appeal, [appellate courts] defer to the district court’s exercise of
discretion in the conduct of the trial, and [appellate courts] will not lightly overturn a
district court’s evidentiary ruling.” State v. MacLennan, 702 N.W.2d 219, 235 (Minn.
2005). “If testimony was erroneously admitted, [appellate courts] review for harmless
error.” State v. Yang, 774 N.W.2d 539, 554 (Minn. 2009). The appellant must show that
the admission of evidence was erroneous and that she was prejudiced as a result. Holt v.
State, 772 N.W.2d 470, 483 (Minn. 2009).
A.
We first consider whether the district court erred in admitting the evidence.
Appellant objected on hearsay grounds to the admission of two pieces of evidence: (1) a
letter signed by MOA Vice President of Operations Rich Hoge delegating lawful
possession of MOA to MOA’s security team; and (2) testimony from MOA’s legal counsel,
Kathleen Allen, that MOA’s owners delegated lawful possession rights to Hoge. Appellant
argues that because neither MOA’s owners nor Hoge testified at trial, any evidence
purporting to show the chain of lawful possession of MOA to MOA security violated the
hearsay rules.
MOA is a privately owned business. The property owners are not on-site on a daily
basis. The state introduced a May 2013 letter as evidence of the delegation of the lawful-
possessor title. The letter is signed by Hoge and states in relevant part:
I confirm that Mall of America Security is a lawful possessor of the property on behalf of the owner, and charged with administering the rules of conduct and trespass protocols governing Mall of America. In addition, I confirm that Mall of America security officers act on behalf of the owner to control
10 access to the property and are employed directly by the owner, and not any separate entity.
The district court admitted the letter into evidence over appellant’s objection.
The state argued the letter was admissible under the business records exception to
the hearsay rule because it was drafted by MOA’s corporate counsel and kept in the
ordinary course of business to memorialize a standard business practice. See Minn. R.
Evid. 803(6) (providing that certain records may be admissible under the business records
exception to the hearsay rule “if kept in the course of a regularly conducted business
activity”). A party seeking to have a document admitted as a business record must present
testimony establishing that
the record[] w[as] (1) made by a person with personal knowledge of the matters recorded and a business duty to report accurately or from information transmitted by a person with such knowledge, (2) made at or near the time of the recorded event, (3) kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity, and (4) made as part of the regular practice of that business activity.
In re Child of Simon, 662 N.W.2d 155, 160 (Minn. App. 2003). A qualified witness must
lay the foundation for rule 803(6) evidence. Minn. R. Evid. 803(6).
The rule 803(6) criteria are not satisfied here. In order to lay the foundation for the
business records exception, a qualified witness must testify that the business record was
kept in the regular course of business and that it was the regular practice of the business to
keep such a record. Nat’l Tea Co. v. Tyler Refrigeration Co., 339 N.W.2d 59, 61 (Minn.
1983). The witness must be familiar with how the record is kept. See id. at 61–62. MOA
legal counsel Allen testified that she authored the letter and asked Hoge to sign it. Allen
11 stated that the letter was prepared independently of the December 31 incident and was not
related to appellant’s arrest.
However, Allen conceded that the letter was written specifically with a view toward
future litigation. A document created in anticipation of litigation is not admissible under
the business records exception. Simon, 662 N.W.2d at 161. Here, Allen testified that “[a]s
part of trespass cases in the City of Bloomington they needed confirmation and it had been
requested by one of the judges. So we actually provided confirmation that we had been
given authority by the ownership to enforce the trespass policies for [MOA].” Because the
May 2013 letter was prepared in anticipation of litigation and not as part of the “regular
practice” of MOA’s business activity, we determine that the letter was not admissible as a
business record. See Minn. R. Evid. 803(6) (“A memorandum, report, record, or data
compilation prepared for litigation is not admissible under this exception.”).
We further determine that Allen’s testimony regarding the delegation of the lawful-
possessor title from MOA’s owners to MOA management personnel did not fall within any
of the exceptions to the hearsay rule. See Minn. R. Evid. 803 (listing 22 exceptions to
hearsay exclusion), 804 (listing four exceptions to hearsay exclusion), 807 (stating residual
exception to hearsay exclusion). Allen testified that MOA’s owners designated Hoge and
Reynolds to act as lawful possessors of the property. And although the state argued that
Allen had firsthand knowledge of the delegation of the lawful-possessor title, based upon
her personal discussions with MOA’s owners, Allen’s testimony on this point was hearsay
(what MOA’s owners told her) and was offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted,
specifically, that MOA’s owners delegated their lawful-possessor interest to Hoge and
12 Reynolds. Such testimony was not admissible under the exceptions to the hearsay rule.
See Minn. R. Evid. 801(c), 802.
B.
Having determined that the evidence was erroneously admitted, we next turn to a
consideration of whether the error was harmless. See Yang, 774 N.W.2d at 554 (applying
harmless error standard). Under the harmless error standard, “[i]f no constitutional right
was implicated, [appellate courts] will reverse only if the district court’s error substantially
influenced the jury’s decision.” State v. Vang, 774 N.W.2d 566, 576 (Minn. 2009)
(quotation omitted). Appellate courts look to the following factors when determining
whether testimony significantly affected a verdict: “(1) the manner in which the State
presented the testimony; (2) whether the testimony was highly persuasive; (3) whether the
State used the testimony in closing argument; and (4) whether the defense effectively
countered the testimony.” State v. Peltier, 874 N.W.2d 792, 802 (Minn. 2016). Appellant
bears the burden of demonstrating prejudice. Id.
The manner in which the state presented the evidence did not create a reasonable
likelihood that the admission of the testimony substantially affected the verdict. The state
presented evidence of MOA’s delegation through Allen, but such testimony was brief. The
state asked Allen only a few questions on this issue during its direct examination.
Appellant had ample opportunity to challenge the contested testimony during Allen’s
cross-examination related to the delegation of lawful possession, and Allen briefly
expanded her testimony on this point. In all, however, Allen’s testimony on the disputed
evidence was limited and covered only about 5 pages of her nearly 80-page testimony.
13 This factor weighs in favor of a conclusion that the error did not significantly affect the
verdict.
Moreover, Allen was one of only several witnesses who testified regarding lawful
possession. Two additional witnesses, Bernhjelm and Reynolds, testified that they had
personal knowledge of the delegation of authority. During cross-examination, Bernhjelm
confirmed that he “personally [had] authority over the property.” Additionally, Reynolds
testified that he had personal knowledge that MOA’s property owners had designated Hoge
to act as lawful possessor of the property on their behalf and, “[b]ased on conversations
we’ve had,” confirmed that MOA’s Security Department administered the rules of conduct
and trespass protocols for the mall. Appellant did not object to this testimony. In light of
Bernhjelm and Reynold’s unobjected-to testimony and appellant’s own admissions,
Allen’s testimony was not highly persuasive on the issue of appellant’s guilt.
Under the third factor, the state’s use of the contested evidence in closing argument
was extremely limited. In closing, the prosecutor stated:
The evidence that you heard in this case and that you saw through [the May 2013 letter] in this case, was that the Mall of America[] owners gave Mr. Hoge the authority to demand that people leave the property. Mr. Hoge also was allowed to delegate this authority and he did delegate this authority to Mall Security, which includes Will Bernhjelm.
....
You heard from the Mall of America’s own attorney, who is an officer of the Court, that the Mall Security was the lawful possessor to act on behalf of the owners of the Mall, so there was evidence presented about that, including testimony from the Mall’s own attorney.
14 The prosecutor did not discuss lawful possession during opening statements, and the
references to this evidence during closing argument were brief and comprised a few
sentences in a nearly 15-page closing argument. See State v. Matthews, 800 N.W.2d 629,
635 (Minn. 2011) (determining error was harmless where prosecutor’s discussion of
contested evidence was limited to three sentences in 18-page closing argument). This
factor weighs in favor of a harmless error conclusion.
Finally, appellant effectively countered the disputed evidence both during Allen’s
cross-examination and in closing argument. Specifically, appellant’s counsel argued in
closing that MOA’s owners were not called to testify at trial and that Allen’s testimony
was “second-hand.” Appellant countered the state’s evidence, thereby lessening the
likelihood that the contested evidence significantly affected the jury’s verdict.
Having reviewed the record in light of the four factors set forth in Peltier, 874
N.W.2d at 802, we conclude that there is no reasonable likelihood that admitting the
contested testimony and evidence significantly affected the verdict in this case.
Consequently, appellant is not entitled to a new trial based on the district court’s admission
of the May 2013 letter and Allen’s testimony.
III.
Finally, appellant contends that she was denied a fair trial because the district court
admitted evidence of MOA’s delegation of lawful possession through the May 2013 letter,
depriving her of the constitutional right to confront the witnesses against her. “In all
criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the
witnesses against him . . . .” U.S. Const. amend. VI. The Confrontation Clause “prohibits
15 ‘admission of testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial unless he was
unavailable to testify, and the defendant had had a prior opportunity for cross-
examination.’” State v. Warsame, 735 N.W.2d 684, 689 (Minn. 2007) (quoting Crawford
v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53-54, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 1365 (2004)). Whether the admission
of evidence violates a defendant’s confrontation right is a question of law reviewed de
novo. Id.
To determine whether a statement is admissible, we first consider whether the
statement is testimonial in nature. See Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 840, 126 S. Ct.
2266, 2284 (2006). Whether a statement is testimonial depends upon the primary purpose
or reason for the statement. See id. at 822, 126 S. Ct. at 2273-74. If the primary purpose
is to “establish or prove past events” for purposes of later criminal prosecution, the
statement is considered testimonial. Id. We determine that the May 2013 letter was
testimonial in nature because it was a formal statement prepared for litigation purposes.
Our conclusion that the May 2013 letter is testimonial does not end our inquiry.
Violations of the Confrontation Clause are subject to a harmless error analysis, and
“reversal is not required if the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v.
Swaney, 787 N.W.2d 541, 555 (Minn. 2010).
In order to deem a Confrontation Clause error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, we must determine that the guilty verdict actually rendered was surely unattributable to the error. When determining whether the jury’s verdict was surely unattributable to an error, we examine the record as a whole. In doing so, we consider the manner in which the evidence was presented, whether the evidence was highly persuasive, whether it was used in closing argument, and whether it was effectively countered by the defense.
16 State v. Wright, 726 N.W.2d 464, 476 (Minn. 2007) (quotations omitted). The strength of
other evidence of the defendant’s guilt is also an important factor. Hawes v. State, 826
N.W.2d 775, 786 (Minn. 2013).
First, we consider the manner in which the evidence was presented. The May 2013
letter was presented through Allen’s testimony. However, references to the letter were
limited to only a few pages in the trial transcript and did not represent a substantial portion
of her testimony. This factor weighs in favor of a harmless error conclusion.
The second factor requires us to consider whether the evidence was highly
persuasive. As discussed above, Allen’s testimony was not the sole evidence regarding
lawful possession of MOA. Bernhjelm testified on cross-examination that he had personal
authority over the property, and Reynolds testified that he had personal knowledge that
Hoge and MOA’s Security Department were designated to act as lawful possessors of the
property. Appellant either elicited, or did not object to, Bernhjelm and Reynold’s
testimony.
Third, the state’s reference to the May 2013 letter in closing argument was brief.
The prosecutor stated: “The evidence that you heard in this case and that you saw through
[the May 2013 letter] in this case, was that [MOA’s owners] gave Mr. Hoge the authority
to demand that people leave the property.” Although the prosecutor referenced the May
2013 letter in its closing, the reference was cursory, and the state did not emphasize or
dwell on the contested evidence in closing.
17 The fourth factor considers whether the defense effectively countered the evidence.
The record shows that appellant countered the evidence during Allen’s cross-examination.
Appellant asked Allen approximately 15 questions related to the drafting and signing of
the letter and questioned her at length about Hoge’s involvement in reading and signing
the letter. Appellant also effectively countered the evidence during closing argument.
Appellant spent nearly 2 pages of her 15-page closing argument attempting to discredit the
May 2013 letter, and referring to it as “second and third-hand claims based on what other
people said or what other people are heard to have said.” This factor also weighs in favor
of a harmless error conclusion.
And, as noted above, other evidence establishes appellant’s guilt. We therefore
conclude that the district court did not err in admitting the evidence, and appellant is not
entitled to a new trial.
Affirmed.