This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1691
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Marco Anthony Gresham, Appellant.
Filed December 19, 2016 Affirmed Larkin, Judge
Hennepin County District Court File No. 27-CR-14-19754
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Kelly O’Neill Moller, Assistant County Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Jessica Merz Godes, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Peterson, Presiding Judge; Larkin, Judge; and Kirk,
Judge. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
LARKIN, Judge
Appellant challenges his convictions of second-degree murder and attempted first-
degree murder, arguing that the state’s use of a peremptory challenge violated the
Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and that the district court erred
by allowing the state to introduce prior-bad-act evidence at trial. Appellant alleges several
additional errors in a pro se brief. We affirm.
FACTS
In October 2014, a grand jury indicted appellant Marco Anthony Gresham for first-
degree murder for the shooting death of F.D. and attempted first-degree murder for the
shooting of V.G. In June 2015, the district court began voir dire in Gresham’s trial. The
district court asked Juror M, an African American woman, questions regarding her
husband’s work with former prison inmates and her opinions regarding the criminal justice
system. After the district court’s questioning, the prosecutor moved to strike Juror M for
cause, arguing that Juror M “clearly indicated a bias against the state.” The district court
denied the motion.
The prosecutor then questioned Juror M regarding her views on the criminal justice
system, including: “[H]ave you participated in any of the Black Lives Matters kind of
marches and stuff like that here?” After the prosecutor questioned Juror M, he renewed
his challenge for cause. The district court once again denied the challenge. However, the
district court allowed the state to strike Juror M peremptorily, over Gresham’s objection.
2 The trial evidence indicated that in July 2014, Gresham, V.G., and F.D. were at a
party in North Minneapolis. Gresham had been wearing a white shirt that evening. At
some point, Gresham changed into a black shirt. V.G. witnessed the clothing change and
became nervous. She thought that it signaled “something bad [was] going to happen.”
While at the party, V.G. told F.D. that “[Gresham] had allegedly did a homicide in
St. Paul.” The events that followed suggest that Gresham learned of V.G.’s statement to
F.D. Gresham directed V.G. and F.D. to approach him. He asked them three times if they
knew him. V.G. responded that she did not know Gresham. Gresham stated, “When the
streets talk, you got to deal with your consequences.” Gresham then shot V.G. in the
stomach. V.G. fell to the ground and heard multiple gunshots fired in the direction of F.D.
F.D. was also shot. V.G. survived her injuries; F.D. did not.
The jury found Gresham guilty of second-degree murder against F.D. and attempted
first-degree murder against V.G. Gresham appeals.
DECISION
I.
Gresham argues that the district court erred by allowing the state’s peremptory
exclusion of Juror M over his objection. His argument is based on the Equal Protection
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The Equal
Protection Clause “forbids the prosecutor to challenge potential jurors solely on account of
their race or on the assumption that black jurors as a group will be unable impartially to
consider the State’s case against a black defendant.” Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 89,
106 S. Ct. 1712, 1719 (1986). “If . . . the facts establish, prima facie, purposeful
3 discrimination and the prosecutor does not come forward with a neutral explanation for his
action, [Supreme Court] precedents require that [the resulting] conviction be reversed.” Id.
at 100, 106 S. Ct. at 1725.
In Batson, the Supreme Court established a three-step process to determine whether
a peremptory challenge was racially motivated. Id. at 96-98, 106 S. Ct. at 1723-24; see
also Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.02, subd. 7(3) (adopting the Batson three-step process). First,
the objecting party must establish a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination. Batson,
476 U.S. at 96, 106 S. Ct. at 1723. Second, if the objecting party establishes a prima facie
case, then the proponent of the peremptory challenge must provide a race-neutral
explanation. Id. at 97, 106 S. Ct. at 1723. Third, the district court must determine whether
the objecting party has established purposeful discrimination. Id. at 98, 106 S. Ct. at 1724.
Appellate courts “give great deference to the district court’s ruling on a Batson
challenge, recognizing that the record may not reflect all of the relevant circumstances that
the court may consider.” State v. Pendleton, 725 N.W.2d 717, 724 (Minn. 2007).
However, if “the district court erred in applying Batson, [appellate courts] will examine the
record without deferring to the district court’s analysis.” Id. at 726.
The district court denied Gresham’s challenge at the first step of its Batson analysis,
concluding that he did not “set forth a prima facie case.” The court noted that “the
questions related to disproportionality and racial profiling came about because of
information initially introduced by the juror, not by the prosecutor.” Because the district
court concluded that Gresham failed to establish a prima facie case, the district court did
not consider the second and third steps of the Batson analysis.
4 A prima facie case of purposeful discrimination is established “by showing: (1) that
one or more members of a racial minority has been peremptorily excluded and (2) that
circumstances of the case raise an inference that the exclusion was based on race.” State
v. Onyelobi, 879 N.W.2d 334, 345 (Minn. 2016) (quotations omitted). “The fact that the
prospective juror is a member of a racial minority, alone, does not raise an inference that
the exclusion was based on race.” State v. Wren, 738 N.W.2d 378, 388 (Minn. 2007). The
prima facie showing is based on “the totality of the relevant facts” of a proponent’s conduct
in the trial. Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 239, 125 S. Ct. 2317, 2324 (2005) (quotation
omitted). A reviewing court will reverse a district court’s determination that a prima facie
showing of discrimination has not been established “only in the face of clear error.” State
v. White, 684 N.W.2d 500, 507 (Minn. 2004).
Gresham contends that the prosecutor’s disparate questioning of Juror M supports
an inference of racial discrimination. He argues that the prosecutor’s questioning
“indicates that the prosecutor was concerned that Juror M, because of her race, would be
biased against the state’s case.” He argues that the following questions by the prosecutor
were “clearly race-based”: (1) “[H]ave you participated in any of the Black Lives Matters
kind of marches and stuff like that here?” and (2) “[D]o you believe at least that there are
[a] disproportionate amount of people of color who are going to prison?” The prosecutor
also asked Juror M if she believed her son had been racially profiled. Gresham argues that
the district court erred by ruling that he failed to establish a prima facie case, that “the
record establishes an unrebutted presumption of racial discrimination in jury selection,”
and that he therefore is entitled to reversal.
5 The questions above arguably raise an inference that the state’s peremptory
challenge was based on race. But even if the district court erred by ruling that Gresham
failed to establish a prima facie case, he is not automatically entitled to reversal. A
defendant is entitled to reversal under Batson only if “the facts establish, prima facie,
purposeful discrimination and the prosecutor does not come forward with a neutral
explanation for his action.” Batson, 476 U.S. at 100, 106 S. Ct. at 1725. If a district court
errs in applying Batson, an appellate court may examine the record to determine the validity
of the Batson challenge. See Pendleton, 725 N.W.2d at 726. We therefore consider the
second and third steps of the Batson analysis to determine whether the record establishes a
Batson violation.
As to the second step, the proponent of the peremptory challenge must provide a
race-neutral explanation for the exercise of the challenge. Batson, 476 U.S. at 97, 106 S.
Ct. at 1723. The proponent’s reason “need not be persuasive, or even plausible; so long as
discriminatory intent is not inherent in the [proponent’s] explanation, the reason offered is
deemed race neutral.” Onyelobi, 879 N.W.2d at 345 (quotations omitted). In district court
and on appeal, the state argued that the prosecutor was concerned regarding “Juror M’s
expressed bias against the police, her statement that it was difficult to presume innocence,
and her ability not to consider the consequences of the verdict.” These reasons do not
reveal inherently discriminatory intent. Instead, they establish a race-neutral reason for the
peremptory challenge.
6 The third step in a Batson analysis is to determine “whether the [objecting party]
carried the ultimate burden of proving purposeful discrimination.” Id. (quotation omitted).
A sampling of the voir dire questions asked of Juror M is helpful at this point.
In questioning Juror M, the district court confirmed that her husband worked with
criminal offenders. The court next asked her several questions regarding her views on the
criminal justice system:
Q: Like other people have relatives who are cops and but you see more the effects on the offender side? A: Um-hum. Q: Anything about that that you think would make it difficult for you to be a juror? A: Maybe? Q: Can you explain? A: Um, just because in my conversations with my husband, we tend to talk about the criminal justice system and the inequities in the system. .... Q: Okay. You also — oh, do you have strong opinions as a result of your discussions with your husband or anything else about the prison system? A: I do have strong opinions. Q: Okay. A: Um-hum. Q: What, like tell me a little bit. A: I just, I just think that the criminal justice system isn’t always fair, I don’t see it as always being fair. I see it as one- sided. I see it as a system that was built for and by those that are in power so that’s who it works for. .... Q: . . . Is there more beyond what you’ve told me? I mean, did you have any specific experiences or you are talking about like? A: Um, no, but I have a son. Q: Um-hum. A: And he, he has been subject to, you know, being profiled. So, not for me personally, like I haven’t had any bad or good experiences with police, but I see, you know, my son.
7 Q: How old is he? A: 20. Q: Okay. And he gets stopped an inordinate amount? A: Yes. Q: Okay. And who was involved in the robbery as a juvenile? A: . . . [M]y husband.
The prosecutor continued the district court’s line of questioning as follows:
Q: And so you both expressed opinions about how you feel about inequities in the system as it relates to the number of people that are affected by traffic stops as well as I guess people who are going to prison. Would that be fair to say? A: Yes. Q: And do you believe at least that there are [a] disproportionate amount of people of color who are going to prison? A: Yes. .... Q: Okay. And I think earlier when the Judge was asking you questions, the Judge asked you if it mattered in your analysis as to sort of who was part of the system, and she indicated that, you know, as you sit here you look out and you see [defense counsel] who’s African American and me, and I think your response was that it didn’t really matter whether there were blacks or African Americans who were also part of the system, right? A: Yes. Q: And so it’s not about race as far as the system goes, I mean, like who, the race of the people who are administering the system, for you it’s the system itself that you have a problem with. A: Yes. Q: Are you done? You looked like you were still trying to. A: It is the system, but I’m — I’m just going to go back to, it doesn’t matter if we’re black, purple, we all receive the same messages. So, um, yes, it’s definitely the system, but the system is ran by people and those people receive, we all receive the same messages. .... Q: You indicated that your son, you believe your son has been racially profiled? A: Yes.
8 These questions do not establish purposeful discrimination based on Juror M’s race.
Instead, the questions suggest that the prosecutor was concerned regarding Juror M’s
overall perception that the criminal justice system is unfair, regardless of race.
In sum, although some of the prosecutor’s questions had racial overtones, the state
provided a race-neutral explanation for the questions and Gresham did not prove
purposeful discrimination. We therefore conclude that the district court did not err by
denying Gresham’s Batson challenge.
II.
Gresham also argues that the district court erred by “admitting evidence that [V.G.]
knew Gresham from a January 2014 Party in St. Paul at which someone was shot and killed,
and that Gresham ‘had allegedly did’ it.” The district court allowed the testimony over
Gresham’s objection and provided a cautionary instruction.
Gresham argues that V.G.’s statement “was not admissible as either immediate-
episode or Spreigl evidence.” Gresham’s argument presumes that V.G.’s statement was
inadmissible character evidence or evidence of a prior bad act. Evidence of prior bad acts,
commonly known as Spreigl evidence, is not admissible to prove that a defendant acted in
conformity with his character. Minn. R. Evid. 404(b); State v. Spreigl, 272 Minn. 488,
490, 139 N.W.2d 167, 169 (1965). “The overarching concern behind excluding such
evidence is that it might be used for an improper purpose, such as suggesting that the
defendant has a propensity to commit the crime or that the defendant is a proper candidate
9 for punishment for his or her past acts.” State v. Fardan, 773 N.W.2d 303, 315 (Minn.
2009) (quotations omitted).
“Immediate-episode evidence is a narrow exception to the general character
evidence rule.” State v. Riddley, 776 N.W.2d 419, 425 (Minn. 2009). Such evidence is
admissible “where two or more offenses are linked together in point of time or
circumstances so that one cannot be fully shown without proving the other, or where
evidence of other crimes constitutes part of the res gestae.” State v. Wofford, 262 Minn.
112, 118, 114 N.W.2d 267, 271 (1962).
The district court held that evidence regarding V.G.’s statement to F.D. regarding
Gresham’s alleged participation in the St. Paul homicide was not inadmissible Spreigl
evidence. The district court reasoned that the state offered the evidence regarding the
St. Paul homicide to explain Gresham’s intent, that “[i]ntent and premeditation are
essential elements of First Degree Murder,” and that “[i]t would be nearly impossible for
the State to prove intent and premeditation without explaining why [Gresham] allegedly
targeted the victims.”
It is not clear to us that the challenged evidence—that V.G. told F.D. that Gresham
was rumored to have shot and killed someone at a party in St. Paul in 2014—is prior-bad-
act evidence. The state did not attempt to prove that Gresham in fact shot someone at the
2014 party. The state’s evidence merely showed that V.G. told F.D. that Gresham
“allegedly did a homicide in St. Paul.” V.G. testified that she did not actually see anything
pertaining to that homicide.
10 In similar circumstances, the Minnesota Supreme Court has held that such evidence
is not prior-bad-act evidence. For example, in State v. Salas, the defendant challenged the
admission of “testimony that showed defendant thought the victim was accusing him of
having committed a prior crime.” 306 N.W.2d 832, 833 (Minn. 1981). A witness testified
that the defendant told him to convey to the victim that the victim should stop trying to
implicate the defendant in a murder or the defendant would kill him. Id. at 833. The
defendant argued that the testimony was inadmissible evidence of another crime. Id. at
836.
The Minnesota Supreme Court concluded that admission of the evidence was proper
“even though the Spreigl procedure was not followed.” Id. at 836-37. The supreme court
reasoned that “the statement itself was neutral. It did not tend to prove that defendant
committed a previous crime; it only tended to show defendant’s motive for killing [the
victim] because defendant thought [the victim] was accusing him of having committed a
prior crime.” Id. at 836. The court stated that the “testimony was admissible to show
motive without regard to the Spreigl requirements.” Id. The supreme court explained,
“The evidence relating to other crimes of defendant was necessarily, but incidentally, a part
of the substantive proof of the offense since defendant’s fear that decedent would disclose
such crimes to the police was his expressed reason for the murder.” Id. at 837 (quotation
omitted).
Like the circumstances in Salas, the evidence regarding V.G.’s statement was
neutral. It did not tend to prove that Gresham committed the St. Paul homicide. Instead,
it only tended to show Gresham’s motive for shooting V.G. and F.D. The evidence
11 explained why Gresham would have shot V.G. and F.D. in the absence of any other motive
or provocation. Because the evidence did not tend to prove that Gresham committed
another crime, it was not Spreigl evidence or immediate episode evidence, and the law
regarding that type of evidence is inapplicable.
Moreover, the district court’s limiting instruction ensured that the jury did not use
V.G.’s statement regarding the St. Paul homicide as evidence of a prior bad act. The district
court instructed the jury that:
The State will introduce testimony referring to a homicide that occurred in January 2014 in St. Paul. The defendant, Mr. Gresham, was not arrested, charged or convicted of that offense. This information is not being offered to prove that Mr. Gresham committed any crimes in St. Paul. The testimony may aid you in understanding or determining whether the defendant committed the acts which the defendant is charged with here, the murder of [F.D.] and the attempted murder of [V.G.]. The defendant is not being tried for and may not be convicted of any offenses other than the charged offenses here. You are not to convict the defendant on the basis of occurrences on January 2014 in St. Paul.
We presume that the jury followed the district court’s cautionary instruction. See State v.
Budreau, 641 N.W.2d 919, 926 (Minn. 2002).
In sum, the district court did not abuse its discretion by allowing V.G.’s testimony
regarding her statement to F.D. about Gresham’s rumored involvement in the St. Paul
homicide.
III.
Gresham raises several additional arguments in a pro se brief. He argues that V.G.’s
testimony regarding the St. Paul homicide was inadmissible hearsay, received in violation
12 of the Confrontation Clause. “‘Hearsay’ is a statement, other than one made by the
declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of
the matter asserted.” Minn. R. Evid. 801(c). The Confrontation Clause “does not bar the
use of testimonial statements for purposes other than establishing the truth of the matter
asserted.” Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 60 n.9, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 1369 n.9 (2004);
see State v. Hull, 788 N.W.2d 91, 100 (Minn. 2010) (explaining that Minnesota courts
apply “an identical analysis under both the state and federal Confrontation Clauses”).
V.G.’s statement regarding Gresham’s alleged involvement in the St. Paul homicide is not
hearsay because it was not offered for the truth of the matter asserted. Indeed, the district
court instructed the jury that, “This information is not being offered to prove that Mr.
Gresham committed any crimes in St. Paul.” Because V.G.’s testimony was not offered
for the truth of the matter asserted, it did not implicate the Confrontation Clause.
Gresham also argues that V.G.’s testimony was inadmissible because she lacked
direct or personal knowledge. “A witness may not testify to a matter unless evidence is
introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the
matter.” Minn. R. Evid. 602. V.G. testified that she told F.D. about Gresham’s rumored
involvement in a homicide. V.G. did not testify that the rumor was true or that Gresham
had actually committed the homicide. Because V.G. had personal knowledge of the rumor
she repeated, her testimony did not violate rule 602.
Gresham argues that the state violated his right to due process by not disclosing the
police reports regarding the St. Paul homicide. “[T]he suppression by the prosecution of
evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is
13 material either to guilt or to punishment . . . .” Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S.
Ct. 1194, 1196-97 (1963). “To establish a Brady violation, it must be true that: (1) the
evidence at issue is favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory or it is
impeaching; (2) the evidence was willfully or inadvertently suppressed by the State; and
(3) prejudice to the accused resulted.” State v. Brown, 815 N.W.2d 609, 622 (Minn. 2012).
Because the state did not allege or attempt to prove that Gresham committed the St. Paul
homicide, police reports regarding the homicide are not exculpatory. Gresham’s Brady
argument is therefore unavailing.
Gresham argues that he was denied a fair trial because his counsel failed to
“subpoena and investigate the St. Paul police reports” and failed to oppose V.G.’s
testimony for lack of personal knowledge. “To prevail on an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim, an appellant must demonstrate that representation fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” State v.
Jackson, 726 N.W.2d 454, 463 (Minn. 2007) (quotation omitted).
Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel based on trial strategy are generally not
reviewable. Opsahl v. State, 677 N.W.2d 414, 421 (Minn. 2004). What investigation to
conduct or objections to raise are generally matters of trial strategy and beyond review.
See State v. Nicks, 831 N.W.2d 493, 506 (Minn. 2013) (“We give trial counsel wide latitude
to determine the best strategy for the client.”). However, failure to execute trial strategy
may constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. See id. at 506-08 (concluding that
counsel’s conduct was not unreviewable trial strategy when “it appears that the cellphone-
14 record evidence was not obtained because trial counsel did not follow up on information
received and did not perform the necessary steps to successfully execute on his main theory
of the case”).
“Generally, an ineffective assistance of counsel claim should be raised in a
postconviction petition for relief, rather than on direct appeal.” State v. Gustafson, 610
N.W.2d 314, 321 (Minn. 2000). However, we will consider an ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel claim for the first time on appeal if the record is adequately developed. Voorhees
v. State, 627 N.W.2d 642, 649 (Minn. 2001). The record is not adequately developed
regarding Gresham’s attorney’s failure to subpoena and investigate the St. Paul police
reports. In fact, Gresham requests remand to develop the record. Although we will not
consider the merits of Gresham’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim on this record or
remand for a hearing based on his assertions in this appeal, we preserve his right to pursue
that claim in a postconviction proceeding under the requirements and standards prescribed
by law. See Jackson, 726 N.W.2d at 463 (“[The defendant’s] claims about his counsel’s
investigation and witness contacts require consideration of facts not in the trial record.
Accordingly, we deny those claims without prejudice to Jackson’s right to raise them in a
postconviction proceeding.”).
Affirmed.