This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-2028
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Lawrence Lee Hicks, Appellant.
Filed December 5, 2016 Affirmed Reyes, Judge
Hennepin County District Court File No. 27CR15594
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Jean E. Burdorf, Assistant County Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Sean M. McGuire, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Jesson, Presiding Judge; Stauber, Judge; and Reyes,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
REYES, Judge
Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion when it imposed an
upward durational sentencing departure based on Minn. Stat. § 244.10, subd. 5a(a)(3), (2014), particular cruelty, and particular vulnerability. Because we conclude that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in relying on the statute, we affirm.
FACTS
On November 4, 2014, appellant Lawrence Hicks and Y.D. were involved in an
argument. During the dispute, Y.D. pulled out a knife. Appellant struck Y.D., and she
fell to the ground. Appellant then obtained the knife and stabbed Y.D. in the back two
times while she was on the ground and very close to the inside corner of a building where
the entryway door meets a wall. The stabbing left Y.D. permanently paralyzed from the
waist down. During the incident, appellant attempted to cut Y.D.’s hair, which is a
sacred act in Y.D.’s Native-American culture. After the stabbing, appellant offered no
assistance to Y.D. and fled the scene.
The state charged appellant with first-degree assault—great bodily harm, under
Minn. Stat. § 609.211, subd. 1, (2014). In an amended notice of intent to seek an upward
durational sentencing departure, the state requested that the district court impose a
statutory maximum sentence of 240 months upon conviction, asserting four aggravating
factors: (1) the current offense caused injury to the victim and appellant has a prior felony
conviction in which the victim was otherwise injured, under Minn. Stat. § 244.10, subd.
5a(a)(3); (2) particular cruelty; (3) particular vulnerability of the victim; and (4) appellant
attempted to avoid apprehension and divert the police investigation. The district court
2 issued a Blakely order and memorandum,1 authorizing the state to present facts
referencing the first three aggravating factors included in its amended notice of intent as
well as facts referencing appellant’s flight from the scene.
At an omnibus pretrial hearing, appellant pleaded guilty to the first-degree assault
charge and waived his right to have a jury find the aggravating factors. However, the
district court later allowed appellant to withdraw his guilty plea and Blakely waiver,
which he did, due to the release of the presentence investigation report (PSI). The PSI
recommended a minimum of a top-of-the-box sentence of 192 months but noted that the
record supports the state’s request for a 240-month sentence.
After jury selection, appellant again pleaded guilty and waived his right to have
the jury determine the existence of the aggravating factors. Appellant admitted to facts
supporting certain aggravating factors. First, appellant admitted that he has a prior felony
conviction in which Y.D. was injured. He also admitted that it is a particularly cruel act
to attempt to cut Y.D.’s hair. Next, appellant admitted to stabbing Y.D. twice in the back
while she was on the ground in a corner between the wall and door of a building. Finally,
he admitted to fleeing the scene without offering aid to Y.D.
The district court sentenced appellant to 228 months in prison, an upward
durational departure of 67 months above the 161-month presumptive sentence and less
than the 240-month statutory maximum sentence. The aggravating factors the district
1 Under Blakely v. Washington, when imposing an upward durational departure, a district court may only rely on facts found by a jury or admitted by the defendant, unless the fact is of a prior conviction. 542 U.S. 296, 303-04, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 2537 (2004).
3 court relied upon include that appellant was convicted of a prior felony in which the
victim was otherwise injured, the particular cruelty of attempting to cut Y.D.’s hair
during the current offense, and Y.D.’s particular vulnerability both during and after the
offense. This appeal follows.
DECISION
A district court may depart from the presumptive sentencing guidelines when the
record contains “substantial and compelling circumstances” for the departure. State v.
Misquadance, 644 N.W.2d 65, 68–69 (Minn. 2002). Substantial and compelling
circumstances include those that indicate the defendant’s conduct was significantly more
serious than conduct typically involved in the commission of the crime. State v. Hicks,
864 N.W.2d 153, 157 (Minn. 2015). The sentencing guidelines provide “a nonexclusive
list of factors that may be used as reasons for departure.” Minn. Sent. Guidelines 2.D.3
(2014). A jury must find or the defendant must admit to the facts underlying the
departure. State v. Stanke, 764 N.W.2d 824, 828 (Minn. 2009).
We review a district court’s departure from the sentencing guidelines for an abuse
of discretion. Hicks, 864 N.W.2d at 156. A district court abuses its discretion when its
reasons for departure are “improper or inadequate.” Id. We give great deference to
district courts for durational departures of up to twice the presumptive sentence. Dillon v.
State, 781 N.W.2d 588, 596 (Minn. App. 2010) (citing State v. Thompson, 720 N.W.2d
820, 831 n.4 (Minn. 2006)), review denied (Minn. July 20, 2010). “The shorter the
departure, the greater the deference.” Id.
4 The district court first found that an upward durational departure was warranted
because “the current conviction is for . . . an offense in which the victim was otherwise
injured and there is a prior felony conviction for . . . an offense in which the victim was
otherwise injured.” Minn. Stat. § 244.10, subd. 5a(a)(3). The prior conviction upon
which the state relied is appellant’s prior felony terroristic-threats conviction in which the
victim was otherwise injured.
Appellant argues that the statute requires a prior felony conviction involving
injury to the victim, in contrast to “a prior victim-injury incident” of which victim injury
was not an element of the offense. In support of his argument, appellant asserts that the
state’s reliance on State v. Stauffacher, 380 N.W.2d 843 (Minn. App. 1986), review
denied (Minn. Mar. 21, 1986), and State v. Peake, 366 N.W.2d 299 (Minn. 1985), is
misguided because, in both cases, victim injury was an element of the prior felony
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-2028
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Lawrence Lee Hicks, Appellant.
Filed December 5, 2016 Affirmed Reyes, Judge
Hennepin County District Court File No. 27CR15594
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Jean E. Burdorf, Assistant County Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Sean M. McGuire, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Jesson, Presiding Judge; Stauber, Judge; and Reyes,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
REYES, Judge
Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion when it imposed an
upward durational sentencing departure based on Minn. Stat. § 244.10, subd. 5a(a)(3), (2014), particular cruelty, and particular vulnerability. Because we conclude that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in relying on the statute, we affirm.
FACTS
On November 4, 2014, appellant Lawrence Hicks and Y.D. were involved in an
argument. During the dispute, Y.D. pulled out a knife. Appellant struck Y.D., and she
fell to the ground. Appellant then obtained the knife and stabbed Y.D. in the back two
times while she was on the ground and very close to the inside corner of a building where
the entryway door meets a wall. The stabbing left Y.D. permanently paralyzed from the
waist down. During the incident, appellant attempted to cut Y.D.’s hair, which is a
sacred act in Y.D.’s Native-American culture. After the stabbing, appellant offered no
assistance to Y.D. and fled the scene.
The state charged appellant with first-degree assault—great bodily harm, under
Minn. Stat. § 609.211, subd. 1, (2014). In an amended notice of intent to seek an upward
durational sentencing departure, the state requested that the district court impose a
statutory maximum sentence of 240 months upon conviction, asserting four aggravating
factors: (1) the current offense caused injury to the victim and appellant has a prior felony
conviction in which the victim was otherwise injured, under Minn. Stat. § 244.10, subd.
5a(a)(3); (2) particular cruelty; (3) particular vulnerability of the victim; and (4) appellant
attempted to avoid apprehension and divert the police investigation. The district court
2 issued a Blakely order and memorandum,1 authorizing the state to present facts
referencing the first three aggravating factors included in its amended notice of intent as
well as facts referencing appellant’s flight from the scene.
At an omnibus pretrial hearing, appellant pleaded guilty to the first-degree assault
charge and waived his right to have a jury find the aggravating factors. However, the
district court later allowed appellant to withdraw his guilty plea and Blakely waiver,
which he did, due to the release of the presentence investigation report (PSI). The PSI
recommended a minimum of a top-of-the-box sentence of 192 months but noted that the
record supports the state’s request for a 240-month sentence.
After jury selection, appellant again pleaded guilty and waived his right to have
the jury determine the existence of the aggravating factors. Appellant admitted to facts
supporting certain aggravating factors. First, appellant admitted that he has a prior felony
conviction in which Y.D. was injured. He also admitted that it is a particularly cruel act
to attempt to cut Y.D.’s hair. Next, appellant admitted to stabbing Y.D. twice in the back
while she was on the ground in a corner between the wall and door of a building. Finally,
he admitted to fleeing the scene without offering aid to Y.D.
The district court sentenced appellant to 228 months in prison, an upward
durational departure of 67 months above the 161-month presumptive sentence and less
than the 240-month statutory maximum sentence. The aggravating factors the district
1 Under Blakely v. Washington, when imposing an upward durational departure, a district court may only rely on facts found by a jury or admitted by the defendant, unless the fact is of a prior conviction. 542 U.S. 296, 303-04, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 2537 (2004).
3 court relied upon include that appellant was convicted of a prior felony in which the
victim was otherwise injured, the particular cruelty of attempting to cut Y.D.’s hair
during the current offense, and Y.D.’s particular vulnerability both during and after the
offense. This appeal follows.
DECISION
A district court may depart from the presumptive sentencing guidelines when the
record contains “substantial and compelling circumstances” for the departure. State v.
Misquadance, 644 N.W.2d 65, 68–69 (Minn. 2002). Substantial and compelling
circumstances include those that indicate the defendant’s conduct was significantly more
serious than conduct typically involved in the commission of the crime. State v. Hicks,
864 N.W.2d 153, 157 (Minn. 2015). The sentencing guidelines provide “a nonexclusive
list of factors that may be used as reasons for departure.” Minn. Sent. Guidelines 2.D.3
(2014). A jury must find or the defendant must admit to the facts underlying the
departure. State v. Stanke, 764 N.W.2d 824, 828 (Minn. 2009).
We review a district court’s departure from the sentencing guidelines for an abuse
of discretion. Hicks, 864 N.W.2d at 156. A district court abuses its discretion when its
reasons for departure are “improper or inadequate.” Id. We give great deference to
district courts for durational departures of up to twice the presumptive sentence. Dillon v.
State, 781 N.W.2d 588, 596 (Minn. App. 2010) (citing State v. Thompson, 720 N.W.2d
820, 831 n.4 (Minn. 2006)), review denied (Minn. July 20, 2010). “The shorter the
departure, the greater the deference.” Id.
4 The district court first found that an upward durational departure was warranted
because “the current conviction is for . . . an offense in which the victim was otherwise
injured and there is a prior felony conviction for . . . an offense in which the victim was
otherwise injured.” Minn. Stat. § 244.10, subd. 5a(a)(3). The prior conviction upon
which the state relied is appellant’s prior felony terroristic-threats conviction in which the
victim was otherwise injured.
Appellant argues that the statute requires a prior felony conviction involving
injury to the victim, in contrast to “a prior victim-injury incident” of which victim injury
was not an element of the offense. In support of his argument, appellant asserts that the
state’s reliance on State v. Stauffacher, 380 N.W.2d 843 (Minn. App. 1986), review
denied (Minn. Mar. 21, 1986), and State v. Peake, 366 N.W.2d 299 (Minn. 1985), is
misguided because, in both cases, victim injury was an element of the prior felony
conviction. Appellant also asserts that to interpret the statute as requiring only a victim-
injury incident would go against State v. Meyers, which requires “a prior conviction for a
specified offense.” 869 N.W.2d 893, 899 (Minn. 2015). We are not persuaded.
The plain language of the statute and caselaw interpreting it do not require victim
injury as an element of the prior felony conviction. The statute states that a district court
may depart from the sentencing guidelines where, in both the current and prior felony
conviction, the victim was otherwise injured. The statute does not indicate that victim
injury is a required element of the prior felony conviction. Thus, the statute includes
prior felony convictions in which victim injury both was and was not an element of the
charge.
5 Caselaw interpreting the statute supports a broad reading of the “in which the
victim was otherwise injured” language. In Stauffacher, this court noted that “a departure
is proper where appellant has a prior felony conviction in which the victim was injured
regardless of whether injury to the victim was an element of either crime.” 380 N.W.2d
at 850 (citing Peake, 366 N.W.2d at 301). Additionally, in Peake, Peake argued that a
district court cannot use past violence as an aggravating factor when violence is an
element of the prior and current offenses. 366 N.W.2d at 301. The supreme court
rejected Peake’s argument because “[u]se of past injury to a victim would then be limited
to violence used in crimes where violence is not an element of the crime.” Id. Adopting
appellant’s interpretation of Stauffacher and Peake would ignore the fact that both cases
consider the use of a prior felony conviction for which victim injury is not an element
valid under the statute.
Further, interpreting the statute as requiring only a prior victim-injury incident
would not go against Meyers because Meyers does not indicate that the statute requires a
specialized type of offense in the way appellant argues. Rather, Meyers states that the
necessary “specified offense” is “one involving victim injury,” which is consistent with
the statute. 869 N.W.2d at 899.
The district court did not abuse its discretion by imposing an upward durational
departure because the statute does not require victim injury as an element of the current
or prior felony conviction. Because a district court may use a single aggravating factor to
support an upward durational departure, we need not address appellant’s arguments
6 against the district court’s reliance on particular cruelty and particular vulnerability.2
Dillon, 781 N.W.2d at 599 (“Even a single aggravating factor may justify a departure.”);
Peake, 366 N.W.2d at 301 (“[W]here past crimes are violent and the present crime is a
continuation of the violence, departure is permissible under the guidelines.”).
Affirmed.
2 We note that particular vulnerability is also present in this case. A district court may impose an upward durational departure where “the victim was particularly vulnerable due to age, infirmity, or reduced physical or mental capacity, which was known or should have been known to the offender.” Minn. Stat. § 244.10, subd. 5a(a)(1) (2014). Particular vulnerability arises when the victim’s vulnerable state makes an assault “more effective.” Dillon, 781 N.W.2d at 600. Here, appellant stabbed Y.D. after he struck her and she fell to the ground. When appellant stabbed Y.D., her back was facing him and she was positioned in a corner of a building. Therefore, Y.D. was particularly vulnerable due to her known position when appellant stabbed her.