This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0912
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Justin Lee Armstrong, Appellant.
Filed February 29, 2016 Reversed and remanded Chutich, Judge
Wilkin County District Court File No. 84-CR-13-362
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Timothy E. J. Fox, Wilkin County Attorney, Breckenridge, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, F. Richard Gallo, Jr., Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Chutich, Judge; and
Randall, Judge.
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
CHUTICH, Judge
Appellant Justin Armstrong seeks to withdraw his guilty plea. He argues that the
district court’s decision to sentence him before resolution of a pending criminal case in
North Dakota invalidated his plea. Because we conclude that the state made Armstrong a
promise to have him sentenced after resolution of his other pending criminal cases, the
promise induced him into taking the plea agreement, and the promise was not kept, we
reverse and remand for withdrawal of his guilty plea.
FACTS
In October 2013, appellant Justin Armstrong was charged with one count of second-
degree possession of a controlled substance with the intent to sell and one count of
obstruction of legal process. See Minn. Stat. §§ 152.022, subd. 1(1), 609.50, subd. 1(2)
(2012). Armstrong signed a guilty-plea petition nearly a year later on May 5, 2014. In the
petition he agreed to (1) plead guilty to an amended charge of third-degree possession of a
controlled substance and (2) receive a sentence of 58 months in prison.
The plea hearing took place the next day. During the hearing, defense counsel
informed the district court that the agreement was for an amended charge of third-degree
possession of a controlled substance with an executed 58-month sentence, “and the
procedure following that would be as we discussed in chambers to facilitate my client
serving his time in North Dakota.”
2 The district court clarified the details of the agreement with Armstrong,
Q: Now it’s my understanding that you have other matters presently pending, one in Crookston, Polk County here in Minnesota and the other in North Dakota. A: Yes. Q: And you understand that the proposal that the attorneys have presented to me is that I not accept your plea today and that I sentence you after everybody else has. Do you understand that? A: Yes, your Honor. .... Q: [A]re you in agreement that you would be sentenced in your absence [if you cannot be moved back to Minnesota for sentencing] after you’ve been convicted and sentenced in North Dakota? A: Get sentenced without my presence you mean? Q: Yes. A: Yes.
Armstrong then pleaded guilty, but the district court deferred acceptance of the plea.
The district court told him to keep his attorney informed of “when everything is done in
North Dakota because you don’t want to delay getting this going.”
Armstrong was next sentenced in the other Minnesota case out of Polk County. The
Polk County District Court immediately executed his sentence. Consequently, Armstrong
was in the state’s custody until December 15, 2014. After being released, he started the
pretrial proceedings in the North Dakota case. Eventually the Wilkin County District Court
discovered that Armstrong was not in custody and issued a warrant for his arrest. It then
held a sentencing hearing before the resolution of the North Dakota case.
Armstrong appeared in front of a different judge during the sentencing hearing. The
sentencing judge cited the district court’s bench notes from the plea hearing that stated
Armstrong “wants to be sentenced after [he is] done in Crookston and North Dakota.” The
3 sentencing judge—having not attended the plea hearing, reviewed a transcript of the plea
hearing, or been privy to the off-the-record conversations—asked the two parties what their
understanding of the agreement was about the timing of sentencing since it was not
mentioned in the written plea petition.
Armstrong argued that the agreement was to sentence him “after matters were
resolved in Polk County, Minnesota and Grand Forks, North Dakota.” Armstrong’s
attorney contended that “a large [part] of what [Armstrong] considered the benefit of his
bargain here was the sentencing order so that he could be serving his time in North Dakota.”
Armstrong himself said that “North Dakota is not going to come to Minnesota and get me
until Minnesota is completely done,” which meant that he would not receive any concurrent
sentencing benefit. Thus, he argued, the district court should release him until the North
Dakota case is resolved.
The state countered that the release of Armstrong from custody was never intended
or anticipated and that Armstrong had agreed to go to North Dakota and plead guilty. It
stated that by not pleading guilty, Armstrong did not keep his end of the bargain. The state
requested that Armstrong “be sentenced today because there is no deadline or assurance
that that will ever happen in North Dakota. They could dismiss the charges tomorrow.
[The state does not] know what [North Dakota is] doing.”
The district court acknowledged that the plea petition did not show whether the
parties understood that Armstrong was immediately going to plead guilty in North Dakota
or be released and allowed to handle the North Dakota case out of custody. The district
court further stated that “we had not anticipated he would be out and about, rightly or
4 wrongly we hadn’t anticipated that.” And then the district court said that “it’s not playing
out as originally intended that much is clear. I’m going to sentence [Armstrong] today.”
The district court then sentenced Armstrong to 58 months in prison.
Armstrong appeals. The state filed a letter stating it would not be submitting a
responsive brief.
DECISION
“A defendant has no absolute right to withdraw a guilty plea after entering it.” State
v. Raleigh, 778 N.W.2d 90, 93 (Minn. 2010). But “a court must allow withdrawal of a
guilty plea if withdrawal is necessary to correct a ‘manifest injustice.’” Id. (quoting Minn.
R. Crim. P. 15.05, subd. 1).
A manifest injustice exists if a guilty plea is not valid. To be constitutionally valid, a guilty plea must be accurate, voluntary, and intelligent. A defendant bears the burden of showing his plea was invalid. Assessing the validity of a plea presents a question of law that we review de novo.
Id. at 94 (citations omitted).
“A guilty plea is involuntary when it rests ‘in any significant degree’ on an
unfulfilled or unfulfillable promise[.]” Uselman v. State, 831 N.W.2d 690, 693 (Minn.
App. 2013) (quoting James v. State, 699 N.W.2d 723, 728-29 (Minn. 2005)). The broken
promise must be said “‘to be part of the inducement or consideration’” for the plea
agreement. State v. Spaeth, 552 N.W.2d 187, 194 (Minn.
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0912
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Justin Lee Armstrong, Appellant.
Filed February 29, 2016 Reversed and remanded Chutich, Judge
Wilkin County District Court File No. 84-CR-13-362
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Timothy E. J. Fox, Wilkin County Attorney, Breckenridge, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, F. Richard Gallo, Jr., Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Chutich, Judge; and
Randall, Judge.
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
CHUTICH, Judge
Appellant Justin Armstrong seeks to withdraw his guilty plea. He argues that the
district court’s decision to sentence him before resolution of a pending criminal case in
North Dakota invalidated his plea. Because we conclude that the state made Armstrong a
promise to have him sentenced after resolution of his other pending criminal cases, the
promise induced him into taking the plea agreement, and the promise was not kept, we
reverse and remand for withdrawal of his guilty plea.
FACTS
In October 2013, appellant Justin Armstrong was charged with one count of second-
degree possession of a controlled substance with the intent to sell and one count of
obstruction of legal process. See Minn. Stat. §§ 152.022, subd. 1(1), 609.50, subd. 1(2)
(2012). Armstrong signed a guilty-plea petition nearly a year later on May 5, 2014. In the
petition he agreed to (1) plead guilty to an amended charge of third-degree possession of a
controlled substance and (2) receive a sentence of 58 months in prison.
The plea hearing took place the next day. During the hearing, defense counsel
informed the district court that the agreement was for an amended charge of third-degree
possession of a controlled substance with an executed 58-month sentence, “and the
procedure following that would be as we discussed in chambers to facilitate my client
serving his time in North Dakota.”
2 The district court clarified the details of the agreement with Armstrong,
Q: Now it’s my understanding that you have other matters presently pending, one in Crookston, Polk County here in Minnesota and the other in North Dakota. A: Yes. Q: And you understand that the proposal that the attorneys have presented to me is that I not accept your plea today and that I sentence you after everybody else has. Do you understand that? A: Yes, your Honor. .... Q: [A]re you in agreement that you would be sentenced in your absence [if you cannot be moved back to Minnesota for sentencing] after you’ve been convicted and sentenced in North Dakota? A: Get sentenced without my presence you mean? Q: Yes. A: Yes.
Armstrong then pleaded guilty, but the district court deferred acceptance of the plea.
The district court told him to keep his attorney informed of “when everything is done in
North Dakota because you don’t want to delay getting this going.”
Armstrong was next sentenced in the other Minnesota case out of Polk County. The
Polk County District Court immediately executed his sentence. Consequently, Armstrong
was in the state’s custody until December 15, 2014. After being released, he started the
pretrial proceedings in the North Dakota case. Eventually the Wilkin County District Court
discovered that Armstrong was not in custody and issued a warrant for his arrest. It then
held a sentencing hearing before the resolution of the North Dakota case.
Armstrong appeared in front of a different judge during the sentencing hearing. The
sentencing judge cited the district court’s bench notes from the plea hearing that stated
Armstrong “wants to be sentenced after [he is] done in Crookston and North Dakota.” The
3 sentencing judge—having not attended the plea hearing, reviewed a transcript of the plea
hearing, or been privy to the off-the-record conversations—asked the two parties what their
understanding of the agreement was about the timing of sentencing since it was not
mentioned in the written plea petition.
Armstrong argued that the agreement was to sentence him “after matters were
resolved in Polk County, Minnesota and Grand Forks, North Dakota.” Armstrong’s
attorney contended that “a large [part] of what [Armstrong] considered the benefit of his
bargain here was the sentencing order so that he could be serving his time in North Dakota.”
Armstrong himself said that “North Dakota is not going to come to Minnesota and get me
until Minnesota is completely done,” which meant that he would not receive any concurrent
sentencing benefit. Thus, he argued, the district court should release him until the North
Dakota case is resolved.
The state countered that the release of Armstrong from custody was never intended
or anticipated and that Armstrong had agreed to go to North Dakota and plead guilty. It
stated that by not pleading guilty, Armstrong did not keep his end of the bargain. The state
requested that Armstrong “be sentenced today because there is no deadline or assurance
that that will ever happen in North Dakota. They could dismiss the charges tomorrow.
[The state does not] know what [North Dakota is] doing.”
The district court acknowledged that the plea petition did not show whether the
parties understood that Armstrong was immediately going to plead guilty in North Dakota
or be released and allowed to handle the North Dakota case out of custody. The district
court further stated that “we had not anticipated he would be out and about, rightly or
4 wrongly we hadn’t anticipated that.” And then the district court said that “it’s not playing
out as originally intended that much is clear. I’m going to sentence [Armstrong] today.”
The district court then sentenced Armstrong to 58 months in prison.
Armstrong appeals. The state filed a letter stating it would not be submitting a
responsive brief.
DECISION
“A defendant has no absolute right to withdraw a guilty plea after entering it.” State
v. Raleigh, 778 N.W.2d 90, 93 (Minn. 2010). But “a court must allow withdrawal of a
guilty plea if withdrawal is necessary to correct a ‘manifest injustice.’” Id. (quoting Minn.
R. Crim. P. 15.05, subd. 1).
A manifest injustice exists if a guilty plea is not valid. To be constitutionally valid, a guilty plea must be accurate, voluntary, and intelligent. A defendant bears the burden of showing his plea was invalid. Assessing the validity of a plea presents a question of law that we review de novo.
Id. at 94 (citations omitted).
“A guilty plea is involuntary when it rests ‘in any significant degree’ on an
unfulfilled or unfulfillable promise[.]” Uselman v. State, 831 N.W.2d 690, 693 (Minn.
App. 2013) (quoting James v. State, 699 N.W.2d 723, 728-29 (Minn. 2005)). The broken
promise must be said “‘to be part of the inducement or consideration’” for the plea
agreement. State v. Spaeth, 552 N.W.2d 187, 194 (Minn. 1996) (quoting Santobello v.
New York, 404 U.S. 257, 262, 92 S. Ct. 495, 499 (1971)).
We apply principles of contract interpretation to decide the scope of the promise
that was made and whether that promise was broken. Id.; see also State v. Brown, 606
5 N.W.2d 670, 674 (Minn. 2000) (“In determining whether a plea agreement was violated,
courts look to what the parties to the plea bargain reasonably understood to be the terms of
the agreement.” (quotations omitted)). But “[b]ecause of the constitutional implications
involved in criminal proceedings, courts frequently temper contract principles with
safeguards to insure the defendant [receives] what is reasonably due in the circumstances.”
Spaeth, 552 N.W.2d at 194 (quotation omitted). Thus, “in close cases, plea agreements
should be construed to favor defendants.” In re Ashman, 608 N.W.2d 853, 858 (Minn.
2000).
We first determine whether the state promised Armstrong that he would not be
sentenced until after the North Dakota case was resolved. According to the hearing
transcript, the North Dakota case was initially discussed at the beginning of the plea hearing
when Armstrong’s attorney mentioned the procedure for his client serving time in North
Dakota as being “discussed in chambers.” After that, the district court continued to
question Armstrong about the cases pending against him in Minnesota and North Dakota.
Armstrong confirmed for the district court that the proposal was to not accept his plea on
the day of the plea hearing and then sentence him after the other courts sentenced him. The
district court informed Armstrong that his sentence would run concurrent to any sentence
he received in North Dakota. It then deferred acceptance of the plea and told him to keep
his attorney informed of “when everything is done in North Dakota.”
The parties did not discuss on the record whether Armstrong could resolve the other
cases outside of the state’s custody. Nor did the parties state that the plea agreement
depended upon Armstrong pleading guilty in North Dakota. These caveats, although
6 certainly plausible requirements of the guilty-plea agreement, were never placed on the
record. Armstrong simply agreed to be sentenced after the two other matters were resolved,
which gave him an anticipated benefit of receiving a sentence in Wilkin County that would
run concurrently with time served in North Dakota on a North Dakota sentence, a benefit
that he was otherwise not entitled to receive. See State v. Jennings, 448 N.W.2d 374, 375
(Minn. 1989) (“It is the second sentencing court which specifies whether the sentences run
concurrently or consecutively.”).
The terms of the agreement in the plea petition and in the plea-hearing record are
clear and unambiguous about the timing of sentencing, and therefore we need not go
beyond them to imply any additional terms or intent. See Seagate Tech, LLC v. W. Digital
Corp., 854 N.W.2d 750, 761 (Minn. 2014) (discussing this principle as one of contract
law). Thus, we conclude that the parties’ agreement was to sentence Armstrong in Wilkin
County after his other cases were resolved.
Moreover, even if we concluded that the plea agreement is ambiguous, we must
resolve any such ambiguities in favor of the defendant. See Ashman, 608 N.W.2d at 858.
Accordingly, we believe it inappropriate to infer, where the record is completely silent on
these issues, that Armstrong promised to plead guilty in North Dakota and to remain in
custody until that case was concluded.
We next decide whether the state’s promise induced Armstrong to accept the plea
agreement. The timing of sentencing and its concurrent nature were the only terms that
were added during the plea hearing to the terms in the plea petition. And the timing of
sentencing was mentioned several times during the plea hearing. During sentencing,
7 Armstrong contended that the timing was the only reason that he agreed to the terms. He
wanted to serve time in North Dakota instead of Minnesota; if his Minnesota sentence was
executed before he resolved the North Dakota case, however, he would not receive his
bargained-for benefit of serving a concurrent sentence in North Dakota. On this record,
we conclude that the promise to delay sentencing until after the North Dakota case was
concluded induced Armstrong into taking the plea agreement.
Finally, we decide if the promise was upheld. The promise was broken when the
district court sentenced Armstrong before the resolution of the North Dakota case. We
therefore conclude that Armstrong’s guilty plea was involuntary and withdrawal of the
guilty plea is necessary to correct a manifest injustice. We reverse the conviction and
remand for withdrawal of the guilty plea.
Reversed and remanded.