This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A14-0858
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Joseph John Wasche, III, Appellant.
Filed December 15, 2014 Affirmed Klaphake, Judge*
Otter Tail County District Court File No. 56CR11816
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
David J. Hauser, Otter Tail County Attorney, Heather L. Brandborg, Assistant County Attorney, Fergus Falls, Minnesota (for respondent)
Adam T. Johnson, Meshbesher & Associates, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Smith, Presiding Judge; Reyes, Judge; and Klaphake,
Judge.
* Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
KLAPHAKE, Judge
Appellant Joseph John Wasche, III, challenges the district court’s order denying
his motion to suppress the results of his breath test, arguing that his right to counsel was
not vindicated and he did not validly consent to the breath test. Because we conclude that
law enforcement provided appellant with a reasonable time to reach an attorney and
appellant validly consented to the breath test, we affirm.
DECISION
Right to Counsel
“The question of whether a person has been allowed a reasonable time to consult
with an attorney is a mixed question of law and fact.” Parsons v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety,
488 N.W.2d 500, 501 (Minn. App. 1992). Once the facts are established, whether a
person was accorded a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel is a legal
determination, reviewed de novo. State v. Collins, 655 N.W.2d 652, 656 (Minn. App.
2003), review denied (Minn. March 26, 2003).
On April 2, 2011, an Otter Tail County Sheriff’s Department deputy arrested
appellant for driving while impaired (DWI) in violation of Minn. Stat. §§ 169A.20,
subds. 1(1), 1(5) (2010). The deputy read the implied-consent advisory and appellant
indicated he wished to consult with an attorney before deciding whether to submit to a
breath test. At 11:08 p.m., the deputy provided appellant with two phone books, the
office phone, and appellant’s personal cell phone. Appellant used his cell phone to call
his girlfriend, and then made a second call and spoke to his parents and brother.
2 Appellant eventually obtained a phone number for an attorney, called the number, but did
not leave a message. Then, appellant placed his cell phone in his belt holder and told the
deputy, “I don’t know. Nobody has office hours this late I guess.” At 11:26 p.m., more
than 17 minutes from the start, the deputy noted that appellant had “discontinued use of
the phone.” The deputy asked appellant whether he would consent to take a breath test,
and appellant repeatedly asked whether he could take a blood test instead. Eventually,
appellant agreed to submit to a breath test.
The Minnesota Constitution provides DWI arrestees with a limited right to consult
with an attorney before deciding whether to submit to a breath test. Minn. Const. art 1,
§ 6; Kuhn v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 488 N.W.2d 838, 840 (Minn. App. 1992), review
denied (Minn. Oct. 20, 1992). The right is vindicated if authorities provide the arrestee
with access to a telephone and reasonable time to contact and talk to an attorney.
Friedman v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 473 N.W.2d 828, 835 (Minn. 1991). To determine
whether a person was afforded a reasonable time to reach an attorney, courts consider:
(1) whether the person made a “good faith and sincere effort” to reach counsel; (2) how
the time of day affects the availability of attorneys; and (3) how the time elapsed since
the driver was placed under arrest would affect the driver’s blood alcohol content. Kuhn,
488 N.W.2d at 842.
Appellant argues that the deputy did not provide him enough time to reach an
attorney and arbitrarily cut off his telephone time. We disagree. After more than 17
minutes, appellant stopped trying to contact an attorney, changed the subject by asking
for a blood test, and “ended his diligent exercise of his right.” Mell v. Comm’r of Pub.
3 Safety, 757 N.W.2d 702, 713 (Minn. App. 2008) (holding driver’s right to counsel was
vindicated after driver was provided with about three minutes to contact an attorney but
changed the subject and walked away from the phone). We conclude that appellant
ended his effort to reach the attorney when he placed his cell phone in his belt and
changed the subject by making repeated requests to have a blood test.
Consent to Breath Test
The question of whether consent to a search was voluntary is a question of fact
reviewed under the clearly-erroneous standard of review. State v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d
836, 846 (Minn. 2011). “Findings of fact are clearly erroneous if, on the entire evidence,
we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake occurred.” State v.
Andersen, 784 N.W.2d 320, 334 (Minn. 2010).
After ending appellant’s telephone time, the deputy asked appellant whether he
would consent to a breath test. Appellant did not answer, and instead repeatedly
requested a blood test. The deputy asked appellant several times whether he would
consent to a breath test, and then said, “I’ll ask you one more time and then if you don’t
answer me, I’m gonna consider it a no.” At that point, appellant indicated he would take
the breath test.
The United States and Minnesota constitutions prohibit unreasonable searches and
seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; see also Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. A test of a person’s
breath constitutes a search for purposes of the Fourth Amendment. Skinner v. Railway
Labor Execs.’ Ass’n, 489 U.S. 602, 616-17, 109 S. Ct. 1402, 1413 (1989); State v.
Netland, 762 N.W.2d 202, 212 (Minn. 2009), abrogated in part by Missouri v. McNeely,
4 133 S. Ct. 1552 (2013), as recognized in State v. Brooks, 838 N.W.2d 563, 567 (Minn.
2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 1799 (2014). As a general rule, a search requires either a
warrant or an exception to the warrant requirement, such as the person’s consent or the
existence of exigent circumstances. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1558; Brooks, 838 N.W.2d at
568. The exigency created by the dissipation of alcohol in a suspect’s body is not a per
se exception to the warrant requirement. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1568. But the consent of
the person whose breath is tested is an exception to the warrant requirement, in which a
police officer is not required to obtain a warrant. Brooks, 838 N.W.2d at 568. “For a
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A14-0858
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Joseph John Wasche, III, Appellant.
Filed December 15, 2014 Affirmed Klaphake, Judge*
Otter Tail County District Court File No. 56CR11816
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
David J. Hauser, Otter Tail County Attorney, Heather L. Brandborg, Assistant County Attorney, Fergus Falls, Minnesota (for respondent)
Adam T. Johnson, Meshbesher & Associates, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Smith, Presiding Judge; Reyes, Judge; and Klaphake,
Judge.
* Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
KLAPHAKE, Judge
Appellant Joseph John Wasche, III, challenges the district court’s order denying
his motion to suppress the results of his breath test, arguing that his right to counsel was
not vindicated and he did not validly consent to the breath test. Because we conclude that
law enforcement provided appellant with a reasonable time to reach an attorney and
appellant validly consented to the breath test, we affirm.
DECISION
Right to Counsel
“The question of whether a person has been allowed a reasonable time to consult
with an attorney is a mixed question of law and fact.” Parsons v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety,
488 N.W.2d 500, 501 (Minn. App. 1992). Once the facts are established, whether a
person was accorded a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel is a legal
determination, reviewed de novo. State v. Collins, 655 N.W.2d 652, 656 (Minn. App.
2003), review denied (Minn. March 26, 2003).
On April 2, 2011, an Otter Tail County Sheriff’s Department deputy arrested
appellant for driving while impaired (DWI) in violation of Minn. Stat. §§ 169A.20,
subds. 1(1), 1(5) (2010). The deputy read the implied-consent advisory and appellant
indicated he wished to consult with an attorney before deciding whether to submit to a
breath test. At 11:08 p.m., the deputy provided appellant with two phone books, the
office phone, and appellant’s personal cell phone. Appellant used his cell phone to call
his girlfriend, and then made a second call and spoke to his parents and brother.
2 Appellant eventually obtained a phone number for an attorney, called the number, but did
not leave a message. Then, appellant placed his cell phone in his belt holder and told the
deputy, “I don’t know. Nobody has office hours this late I guess.” At 11:26 p.m., more
than 17 minutes from the start, the deputy noted that appellant had “discontinued use of
the phone.” The deputy asked appellant whether he would consent to take a breath test,
and appellant repeatedly asked whether he could take a blood test instead. Eventually,
appellant agreed to submit to a breath test.
The Minnesota Constitution provides DWI arrestees with a limited right to consult
with an attorney before deciding whether to submit to a breath test. Minn. Const. art 1,
§ 6; Kuhn v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 488 N.W.2d 838, 840 (Minn. App. 1992), review
denied (Minn. Oct. 20, 1992). The right is vindicated if authorities provide the arrestee
with access to a telephone and reasonable time to contact and talk to an attorney.
Friedman v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 473 N.W.2d 828, 835 (Minn. 1991). To determine
whether a person was afforded a reasonable time to reach an attorney, courts consider:
(1) whether the person made a “good faith and sincere effort” to reach counsel; (2) how
the time of day affects the availability of attorneys; and (3) how the time elapsed since
the driver was placed under arrest would affect the driver’s blood alcohol content. Kuhn,
488 N.W.2d at 842.
Appellant argues that the deputy did not provide him enough time to reach an
attorney and arbitrarily cut off his telephone time. We disagree. After more than 17
minutes, appellant stopped trying to contact an attorney, changed the subject by asking
for a blood test, and “ended his diligent exercise of his right.” Mell v. Comm’r of Pub.
3 Safety, 757 N.W.2d 702, 713 (Minn. App. 2008) (holding driver’s right to counsel was
vindicated after driver was provided with about three minutes to contact an attorney but
changed the subject and walked away from the phone). We conclude that appellant
ended his effort to reach the attorney when he placed his cell phone in his belt and
changed the subject by making repeated requests to have a blood test.
Consent to Breath Test
The question of whether consent to a search was voluntary is a question of fact
reviewed under the clearly-erroneous standard of review. State v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d
836, 846 (Minn. 2011). “Findings of fact are clearly erroneous if, on the entire evidence,
we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake occurred.” State v.
Andersen, 784 N.W.2d 320, 334 (Minn. 2010).
After ending appellant’s telephone time, the deputy asked appellant whether he
would consent to a breath test. Appellant did not answer, and instead repeatedly
requested a blood test. The deputy asked appellant several times whether he would
consent to a breath test, and then said, “I’ll ask you one more time and then if you don’t
answer me, I’m gonna consider it a no.” At that point, appellant indicated he would take
the breath test.
The United States and Minnesota constitutions prohibit unreasonable searches and
seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; see also Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. A test of a person’s
breath constitutes a search for purposes of the Fourth Amendment. Skinner v. Railway
Labor Execs.’ Ass’n, 489 U.S. 602, 616-17, 109 S. Ct. 1402, 1413 (1989); State v.
Netland, 762 N.W.2d 202, 212 (Minn. 2009), abrogated in part by Missouri v. McNeely,
4 133 S. Ct. 1552 (2013), as recognized in State v. Brooks, 838 N.W.2d 563, 567 (Minn.
2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 1799 (2014). As a general rule, a search requires either a
warrant or an exception to the warrant requirement, such as the person’s consent or the
existence of exigent circumstances. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1558; Brooks, 838 N.W.2d at
568. The exigency created by the dissipation of alcohol in a suspect’s body is not a per
se exception to the warrant requirement. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1568. But the consent of
the person whose breath is tested is an exception to the warrant requirement, in which a
police officer is not required to obtain a warrant. Brooks, 838 N.W.2d at 568. “For a
search to fall under the consent exception, the State must show by a preponderance of the
evidence that the defendant freely and voluntarily consented.” Id. The supreme court
held in Brooks, “Whether consent is voluntary is determined by examining the totality of
the circumstances.” Id. (quotation omitted). The relevant circumstances include “‘the
nature of the encounter, the kind of person the defendant is, and what was said and how it
was said.’” Id. at 569 (quoting State v. Dezso, 512 N.W.2d 877, 880 (Minn. 1994)).
When considering the nature of the encounter, a court should ask how the police came to
suspect the driver was under the influence, whether police read the driver the implied-
consent advisory, and whether the driver had an opportunity to consult with an attorney.
Id.
A law enforcement officer may direct an arrestee to provide a breath test, and is
not obligated to provide an alternative test. Minn. Stat. § 169.A.51, subd. 3 (2010).
Appellant argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress the
results of the breath test because he did not validly consent when the deputy repeatedly
5 requested he submit a breath sample. We disagree. The deputy told appellant he could
decline to take a breath test by stating that refusal to answer his question would be
considered a “no.” As Brooks provides, “the fact that someone submits to the search
after being told that he or she can say no to the search supports a finding of
voluntariness.” Brooks, 838 N.W.2d at 572. Taken together, the totality of the
circumstances do not indicate that appellant’s “will had been overborne and his capacity
for self-determination critically impaired.” Brooks, 838 N.W.2d at 568. Rather, the
totality of the circumstances indicates that appellant knew he had a choice to refuse. We
conclude the district court did not err by finding that appellant validly consented to
submit a breath test.
Because law enforcement provided appellant with a reasonable time to consult
with an attorney and because appellant validly consented to submit a breath test, we
affirm.
Affirmed.