This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0674
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Jayson Stanley Sam, Appellant.
Filed May 9, 2016 Affirmed Johnson, Judge
Mille Lacs County District Court File No. 48-CR-13-1539
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Joe Walsh, Mille Lacs County Attorney, Timothy Kilgriff, Kali Gardner, Assistant County Attorneys, Milaca, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Anders J. Erickson, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Schellhas, Presiding Judge; Worke, Judge; and Johnson,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
JOHNSON, Judge
Jayson Stanley Sam was convicted of being an ineligible person in possession of a
firearm. Before trial, he moved to suppress evidence of the firearm. The district court denied the motion. We conclude that the police officer who found the firearm had a
reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity before seizing Sam. Therefore, we
affirm.
FACTS
On August 2, 2013, Mille Lacs Tribal Police Department Officer Adam Cook was
on patrol in a “high crime area” near the Grand Casino in the city of Onamia. As he was
driving, Officer Cook saw four men walking along the side of a road. Officer Cook
recognized three of the four men, including a man who was affiliated with a gang and was
a suspect in a recent, violent incident involving firearms.
Officer Cook followed the men in his squad car. As he did so, he noticed that one
of the men, whom he recognized as Sam, was holding on to the side of his right leg and
was walking with a limp. Officer Cook later testified that, based on his training and
experience, he knew that people sometimes walk that way when trying to conceal a
weapon. Officer Cook also noticed that Sam appeared to be wearing a bulletproof vest
under his shirt of a type similar to the bulletproof vests that are worn by his fellow officers.
In addition, Officer Cook had learned, before going on patrol, that a bulletproof vest had
been stolen from the Grand Casino. The four men were walking immediately across the
road from the Grand Casino.
Officer Cook got out of his squad car and told the men to stop. Two of the men
stopped walking; two of the men, including Sam, continued to walk away. Officer Cook
began walking toward Sam and again told him and the other man to stop. Sam stopped,
turned around, and walked back toward the other men. Officer Cook asked Sam whether
2 he could search him because Officer Cook believed that Sam possessed a weapon alongside
his right leg, which made the officer concerned for his own safety. Sam did not consent to
a search. Officer Cook advised Sam that he was going to search him anyway. Officer
Cook conducted a pat search of the outside of Sam’s right leg and immediately felt an
object that he suspected was a firearm. He asked Sam what the object was; Sam confirmed
that the object was a gun. Officer Cook arrested Sam and placed him in handcuffs. The
other men fled the scene. Officer Cook later lifted Sam’s shirt to reveal the top of the
object and saw that Sam was carrying a sawed-off shotgun.
Three days later, the state charged Sam with being an ineligible person in possession
of a firearm, in violation of Minn. Stat. § 624.713, subd. 1(2) (2012), and commission of a
crime while wearing or possessing a bullet-resistant vest, in violation of Minn. Stat.
§ 609.486 (2012). The state later amended the complaint to add a third charge: possession
of a short-barreled shotgun, in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.67, subd. 2 (2012).
In September 2013, Sam moved to suppress the evidence that Officer Cook found
after he seized Sam (i.e., the sawed-off shotgun and the bulletproof vest). At an omnibus
hearing in December 2013, the state called Officer Cook to testify. Neither party called
any other witnesses. In a ten-page order, the district court denied Sam’s motion to suppress.
The district court concluded that Officer Cook seized Sam for an investigatory detention
when he told Sam to stop walking and that the seizure was supported by a reasonable,
articulable suspicion of criminal activity.
In August 2014, the parties submitted the case to the district court in a stipulated-
evidence court trial. See Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.01, subd. 4. The district court found Sam
3 guilty of all three charges. The district court sentenced Sam to 60 months of imprisonment
on count 1. Sam appeals.
DECISION
Sam argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence
on the ground that Officer Cook did not have a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal
activity when he told Sam to stop walking.
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the “right of
the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable
searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV; see also Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. As a
general rule, a law-enforcement officer may not make a warrantless arrest of a person
without probable cause that the person “had committed or was committing an offense.”
Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91, 85 S. Ct. 223, 225 (1964). But a law-enforcement officer
may temporarily detain a person for investigatory purposes if the officer has a reasonable,
articulable suspicion that the person has engaged in criminal activity. Terry v. Ohio, 392
U.S. 1, 19-21, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1878-80 (1968); State v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d 836, 842-43
(Minn. 2011). A reasonable, articulable suspicion exists if, “in justifying the particular
intrusion the police officer [is] able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken
together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.”
Terry, 392 U.S. at 21, 88 S. Ct. at 1880. The reasonable-suspicion standard is not high, but
the suspicion required must be based on more than a mere “hunch.” State v. Timberlake,
744 N.W.2d 390, 393 (Minn. 2008) (quotations omitted). Police must “articulate a
‘particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal
4 activity.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417-18, 101 S. Ct. 690, 695
(1981)). If the facts are not in dispute, we apply a de novo standard of review to the
question whether a police officer had a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal
activity. State v. Flowers, 734 N.W.2d 239, 248 (Minn. 2007).
In this case, the parties agree that Officer Cook seized Sam for investigatory
purposes when Officer Cook got out of his squad car and told Sam to stop walking away.
See In re E.D.J., 502 N.W.2d 779, 783 (Minn. 1993). The parties disagree about whether
the seizure was supported by a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity. Sam
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0674
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Jayson Stanley Sam, Appellant.
Filed May 9, 2016 Affirmed Johnson, Judge
Mille Lacs County District Court File No. 48-CR-13-1539
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Joe Walsh, Mille Lacs County Attorney, Timothy Kilgriff, Kali Gardner, Assistant County Attorneys, Milaca, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Anders J. Erickson, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Schellhas, Presiding Judge; Worke, Judge; and Johnson,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
JOHNSON, Judge
Jayson Stanley Sam was convicted of being an ineligible person in possession of a
firearm. Before trial, he moved to suppress evidence of the firearm. The district court denied the motion. We conclude that the police officer who found the firearm had a
reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity before seizing Sam. Therefore, we
affirm.
FACTS
On August 2, 2013, Mille Lacs Tribal Police Department Officer Adam Cook was
on patrol in a “high crime area” near the Grand Casino in the city of Onamia. As he was
driving, Officer Cook saw four men walking along the side of a road. Officer Cook
recognized three of the four men, including a man who was affiliated with a gang and was
a suspect in a recent, violent incident involving firearms.
Officer Cook followed the men in his squad car. As he did so, he noticed that one
of the men, whom he recognized as Sam, was holding on to the side of his right leg and
was walking with a limp. Officer Cook later testified that, based on his training and
experience, he knew that people sometimes walk that way when trying to conceal a
weapon. Officer Cook also noticed that Sam appeared to be wearing a bulletproof vest
under his shirt of a type similar to the bulletproof vests that are worn by his fellow officers.
In addition, Officer Cook had learned, before going on patrol, that a bulletproof vest had
been stolen from the Grand Casino. The four men were walking immediately across the
road from the Grand Casino.
Officer Cook got out of his squad car and told the men to stop. Two of the men
stopped walking; two of the men, including Sam, continued to walk away. Officer Cook
began walking toward Sam and again told him and the other man to stop. Sam stopped,
turned around, and walked back toward the other men. Officer Cook asked Sam whether
2 he could search him because Officer Cook believed that Sam possessed a weapon alongside
his right leg, which made the officer concerned for his own safety. Sam did not consent to
a search. Officer Cook advised Sam that he was going to search him anyway. Officer
Cook conducted a pat search of the outside of Sam’s right leg and immediately felt an
object that he suspected was a firearm. He asked Sam what the object was; Sam confirmed
that the object was a gun. Officer Cook arrested Sam and placed him in handcuffs. The
other men fled the scene. Officer Cook later lifted Sam’s shirt to reveal the top of the
object and saw that Sam was carrying a sawed-off shotgun.
Three days later, the state charged Sam with being an ineligible person in possession
of a firearm, in violation of Minn. Stat. § 624.713, subd. 1(2) (2012), and commission of a
crime while wearing or possessing a bullet-resistant vest, in violation of Minn. Stat.
§ 609.486 (2012). The state later amended the complaint to add a third charge: possession
of a short-barreled shotgun, in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.67, subd. 2 (2012).
In September 2013, Sam moved to suppress the evidence that Officer Cook found
after he seized Sam (i.e., the sawed-off shotgun and the bulletproof vest). At an omnibus
hearing in December 2013, the state called Officer Cook to testify. Neither party called
any other witnesses. In a ten-page order, the district court denied Sam’s motion to suppress.
The district court concluded that Officer Cook seized Sam for an investigatory detention
when he told Sam to stop walking and that the seizure was supported by a reasonable,
articulable suspicion of criminal activity.
In August 2014, the parties submitted the case to the district court in a stipulated-
evidence court trial. See Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.01, subd. 4. The district court found Sam
3 guilty of all three charges. The district court sentenced Sam to 60 months of imprisonment
on count 1. Sam appeals.
DECISION
Sam argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence
on the ground that Officer Cook did not have a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal
activity when he told Sam to stop walking.
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the “right of
the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable
searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV; see also Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. As a
general rule, a law-enforcement officer may not make a warrantless arrest of a person
without probable cause that the person “had committed or was committing an offense.”
Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91, 85 S. Ct. 223, 225 (1964). But a law-enforcement officer
may temporarily detain a person for investigatory purposes if the officer has a reasonable,
articulable suspicion that the person has engaged in criminal activity. Terry v. Ohio, 392
U.S. 1, 19-21, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1878-80 (1968); State v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d 836, 842-43
(Minn. 2011). A reasonable, articulable suspicion exists if, “in justifying the particular
intrusion the police officer [is] able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken
together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.”
Terry, 392 U.S. at 21, 88 S. Ct. at 1880. The reasonable-suspicion standard is not high, but
the suspicion required must be based on more than a mere “hunch.” State v. Timberlake,
744 N.W.2d 390, 393 (Minn. 2008) (quotations omitted). Police must “articulate a
‘particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal
4 activity.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417-18, 101 S. Ct. 690, 695
(1981)). If the facts are not in dispute, we apply a de novo standard of review to the
question whether a police officer had a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal
activity. State v. Flowers, 734 N.W.2d 239, 248 (Minn. 2007).
In this case, the parties agree that Officer Cook seized Sam for investigatory
purposes when Officer Cook got out of his squad car and told Sam to stop walking away.
See In re E.D.J., 502 N.W.2d 779, 783 (Minn. 1993). The parties disagree about whether
the seizure was supported by a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity. Sam
contends that there was no reasonable suspicion because it is not unlawful to walk with a
limp or to wear a bulletproof vest. Sam is correct that each of those activities, by itself, is
not unlawful. However, “In deciding the propriety of investigative stops, we review the
events surrounding the stop and consider the totality of the circumstances in determining
whether the police had a reasonable basis justifying the stop.” State v. Britton, 604 N.W.2d
84, 87 (Minn. 2000) (emphases added).
In this case, there were other events and circumstances that contributed to Officer
Cook’s suspicion of Sam and the three other men: (1) Officer Cook was on patrol in a “high
crime area”; (2) Officer Cook saw Sam walking with a person who was known to be
affiliated with a gang; (3) Officer Cook observed Sam wearing a bulletproof vest;
(4) Officer Cook knew that a bulletproof vest had been stolen from the Grand Casino,
which was just across the road, earlier that day; and (5) Officer Cook knew from training
and experience that a person might walk with a limp if he or she is concealing a firearm.
5 Although walking with a limp and wearing a bulletproof vest may be innocuous in
other circumstances, they were a reason for suspicion in these circumstances. When
Officer Cook saw Sam walking with a limp while in the company of a person with a known
gang affiliation, he suspected that Sam might be concealing a firearm. And when Officer
Cook saw Sam wearing a bulletproof vest across the street from Grand Casino, where a
bulletproof vest recently had been stolen, he had even more reason to be suspicious. “We
are deferential to police officer training and experience and recognize that a trained officer
can properly act on suspicion that would elude an untrained eye.” Id. at 88-89. Considering
all of the circumstances, and deferring to Officer Cook’s training and experience, we
conclude that Officer Cook had a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity
when he pulled his squad car to the side of the road and told Sam to stop walking.
In sum, the district court did not err by denying Sam’s motion to suppress evidence.
Affirmed.