This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0465
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Emery Scott Whitt, Appellant.
Filed February 29, 2016 Affirmed Reyes, Judge
Scott County District Court File No. 70CR1322507
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Ronald Hocevar, Scott County Attorney, Todd P. Zettler, Assistant County Attorney, Shakopee, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Suzanne M. Senecal-Hill, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Peterson, Judge; and Halbrooks,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
REYES, Judge
On appeal from his conviction of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, appellant
argues that the district court erroneously admitted Spreigl evidence at trial. We affirm. FACTS
G.T., the complainant in this case, was born on April 25, 2001. In 2002, G.T.’s
family resided in Eagan. Appellant Emery Scott Whitt became acquainted with G.T. and
her family because he did maintenance work on the Eagan property where the family
lived. G.T.’s family decided to move to Chaska in 2006. Around that time, appellant lost
his job and apartment, so G.T.’s family invited appellant to move in to the Chaska home
with them. G.T.’s family later moved to Savage in 2007, and appellant moved with them.
During the 2007 to 2008 time frame, G.T.’s mother, K.I., struggled with mental-
health issues. She was addicted to prescription pain medications and was often asleep
during the day. G.T.’s stepfather, M.I., was out of the house frequently, either working
or at school, so appellant regularly cared for G.T. and her siblings.
Starting in 2006, when G.T. was five, and continuing until appellant moved out of
the family home in 2008, appellant sexually and physically abused G.T. Appellant forced
G.T. to have oral and vaginal sex with him. If G.T. resisted, appellant would slap her and
tell her that she had no choice. If G.T. would cry, appellant would cover her mouth to
muffle the sound. Afterwards, appellant would threaten to hurt G.T. and her siblings if
she told anyone. Though the abuse did not happen daily, it occurred repeatedly. The
abuse stopped when appellant moved out of the family home in 2008.
In 2012, K.I. and her children began residing in various temporary residences.
The county opened an investigation into the family home. Following that investigation,
G.T. was sent to a residential treatment center to help her with her depression, anxiety,
2 and destructive self-harm behaviors. G.T.’s siblings, however, were returned to K.I.’s
care.
While at the residential treatment center, G.T. saw therapist Emily Merrill. Over
time, G.T. grew to trust Merrill and eventually disclosed that appellant had abused her
sexually and physically. Merrill learned that she was the first person with whom G.T.
had shared this information. Merrill informed G.T. that she would have to make a child-
protection report about the abuse, which upset G.T.
As a result of the child-protection report, Merrill was asked to make a report with
the Savage Police Department, and G.T. was interviewed by a nurse practitioner,
Laurel Edinburgh, at Midwest Children’s Resource Center. G.T. was 12 years old when
Edinburgh interviewed her. G.T. had a difficult time sharing her experiences with
Edinburgh. According to Edinburgh, this behavior was not unusual given what G.T. had
been through. G.T. eventually discussed the acts of abuse with Edinburgh in detail.
The state charged appellant with two counts of first-degree criminal sexual
conduct and two counts of second-degree criminal sexual conduct. At a pretrial hearing
on October 14, 2014, arguments were made by both parties about allowing appellant’s
niece, C.S., to testify at trial about alleged abuse by appellant. The alleged acts of abuse
involving C.S. occurred in August of 2012 in Texas when C.S. was 13 years old. C.S.
claims that appellant sexually assaulted her one night when she stayed over at her
grandmother’s house. C.S. did not tell anyone about the abuse right away because she
3 was afraid. A prosecution of appellant in Texas for these acts resulted in a hung jury.1
The district court ruled that C.S.’s testimony was admissible. However, because the
incident involving C.S. had not resulted in a conviction, the court required C.S. to testify
in person.
Several other people testified at trial, including G.T.; K.I.; C.S.; Merrill;
Edinburgh; Tiron Beane, an informant with whom appellant shared stories about the
alleged acts of abuse he perpetrated; Dr. Alice Swenson, a physician who specializes in
the area of child sexual abuse; and appellant. The jury found appellant guilty of all four
counts. The district court convicted appellant and sentenced him to 172 months
imprisonment for first-degree criminal sexual conduct. This appeal follows.
DECISION
Appellant argues that the district court committed reversible error by admitting
C.S.’s testimony because the prior bad acts do not meet the “markedly similar” standard.
We disagree.
We review the district court’s decision to admit evidence of other crimes, wrongs,
or acts for an abuse of discretion. State v. Campbell, 861 N.W.2d 95, 102 (Minn. 2015).
Evidence of a defendant’s other “crime, wrong, or act,” otherwise known as Spreigl
evidence, cannot be admitted to prove the defendant’s character to show that the
defendant acted in conformity therewith on a particular occasion. Minn. R. Evid. 404(b);
State v. Spreigl, 272 Minn. 488, 490–91, 139 N.W.2d 167, 169 (1965). But such
1 The case will be retried.
4 evidence may be admissible for “other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Minn.
R. Evid. 404(b). District courts follow a five-step process when determining whether to
admit Spreigl evidence:
(1) the prosecutor gives notice of its intent to admit the evidence consistent with the Rules of Criminal Procedure; (2) the prosecutor clearly indicates what the evidence will be offered to prove; (3) the other crime, wrong, or act and the participation in it by a relevant person are proven by clear and convincing evidence; (4) the evidence is relevant to the prosecutor’s case; and (5) the probative value of the evidence is not outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice to the defendant.
Id.
A bad act is admissible under the common scheme or plan exception if it has a
“marked similarity in modus operandi to the charged offense.” State v. Ness, 707
N.W.2d 676, 688 (Minn. 2006). The closer the relationship between the past and charged
offense, “in terms of time, place, or modus operandi, the greater the relevance and
probative value of the [Spreigl] evidence.” Id. But the other act “need not be identical in
every way to the charged crime.” Id. (quotation omitted); see also State v. Berry, 484
N.W.2d 14, 17 (Minn. 1992) (“Absolute similarity between the charged offense and the
Spreigl incident is not required to establish relevancy.”).
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0465
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Emery Scott Whitt, Appellant.
Filed February 29, 2016 Affirmed Reyes, Judge
Scott County District Court File No. 70CR1322507
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Ronald Hocevar, Scott County Attorney, Todd P. Zettler, Assistant County Attorney, Shakopee, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Suzanne M. Senecal-Hill, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Peterson, Judge; and Halbrooks,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
REYES, Judge
On appeal from his conviction of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, appellant
argues that the district court erroneously admitted Spreigl evidence at trial. We affirm. FACTS
G.T., the complainant in this case, was born on April 25, 2001. In 2002, G.T.’s
family resided in Eagan. Appellant Emery Scott Whitt became acquainted with G.T. and
her family because he did maintenance work on the Eagan property where the family
lived. G.T.’s family decided to move to Chaska in 2006. Around that time, appellant lost
his job and apartment, so G.T.’s family invited appellant to move in to the Chaska home
with them. G.T.’s family later moved to Savage in 2007, and appellant moved with them.
During the 2007 to 2008 time frame, G.T.’s mother, K.I., struggled with mental-
health issues. She was addicted to prescription pain medications and was often asleep
during the day. G.T.’s stepfather, M.I., was out of the house frequently, either working
or at school, so appellant regularly cared for G.T. and her siblings.
Starting in 2006, when G.T. was five, and continuing until appellant moved out of
the family home in 2008, appellant sexually and physically abused G.T. Appellant forced
G.T. to have oral and vaginal sex with him. If G.T. resisted, appellant would slap her and
tell her that she had no choice. If G.T. would cry, appellant would cover her mouth to
muffle the sound. Afterwards, appellant would threaten to hurt G.T. and her siblings if
she told anyone. Though the abuse did not happen daily, it occurred repeatedly. The
abuse stopped when appellant moved out of the family home in 2008.
In 2012, K.I. and her children began residing in various temporary residences.
The county opened an investigation into the family home. Following that investigation,
G.T. was sent to a residential treatment center to help her with her depression, anxiety,
2 and destructive self-harm behaviors. G.T.’s siblings, however, were returned to K.I.’s
care.
While at the residential treatment center, G.T. saw therapist Emily Merrill. Over
time, G.T. grew to trust Merrill and eventually disclosed that appellant had abused her
sexually and physically. Merrill learned that she was the first person with whom G.T.
had shared this information. Merrill informed G.T. that she would have to make a child-
protection report about the abuse, which upset G.T.
As a result of the child-protection report, Merrill was asked to make a report with
the Savage Police Department, and G.T. was interviewed by a nurse practitioner,
Laurel Edinburgh, at Midwest Children’s Resource Center. G.T. was 12 years old when
Edinburgh interviewed her. G.T. had a difficult time sharing her experiences with
Edinburgh. According to Edinburgh, this behavior was not unusual given what G.T. had
been through. G.T. eventually discussed the acts of abuse with Edinburgh in detail.
The state charged appellant with two counts of first-degree criminal sexual
conduct and two counts of second-degree criminal sexual conduct. At a pretrial hearing
on October 14, 2014, arguments were made by both parties about allowing appellant’s
niece, C.S., to testify at trial about alleged abuse by appellant. The alleged acts of abuse
involving C.S. occurred in August of 2012 in Texas when C.S. was 13 years old. C.S.
claims that appellant sexually assaulted her one night when she stayed over at her
grandmother’s house. C.S. did not tell anyone about the abuse right away because she
3 was afraid. A prosecution of appellant in Texas for these acts resulted in a hung jury.1
The district court ruled that C.S.’s testimony was admissible. However, because the
incident involving C.S. had not resulted in a conviction, the court required C.S. to testify
in person.
Several other people testified at trial, including G.T.; K.I.; C.S.; Merrill;
Edinburgh; Tiron Beane, an informant with whom appellant shared stories about the
alleged acts of abuse he perpetrated; Dr. Alice Swenson, a physician who specializes in
the area of child sexual abuse; and appellant. The jury found appellant guilty of all four
counts. The district court convicted appellant and sentenced him to 172 months
imprisonment for first-degree criminal sexual conduct. This appeal follows.
DECISION
Appellant argues that the district court committed reversible error by admitting
C.S.’s testimony because the prior bad acts do not meet the “markedly similar” standard.
We disagree.
We review the district court’s decision to admit evidence of other crimes, wrongs,
or acts for an abuse of discretion. State v. Campbell, 861 N.W.2d 95, 102 (Minn. 2015).
Evidence of a defendant’s other “crime, wrong, or act,” otherwise known as Spreigl
evidence, cannot be admitted to prove the defendant’s character to show that the
defendant acted in conformity therewith on a particular occasion. Minn. R. Evid. 404(b);
State v. Spreigl, 272 Minn. 488, 490–91, 139 N.W.2d 167, 169 (1965). But such
1 The case will be retried.
4 evidence may be admissible for “other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Minn.
R. Evid. 404(b). District courts follow a five-step process when determining whether to
admit Spreigl evidence:
(1) the prosecutor gives notice of its intent to admit the evidence consistent with the Rules of Criminal Procedure; (2) the prosecutor clearly indicates what the evidence will be offered to prove; (3) the other crime, wrong, or act and the participation in it by a relevant person are proven by clear and convincing evidence; (4) the evidence is relevant to the prosecutor’s case; and (5) the probative value of the evidence is not outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice to the defendant.
Id.
A bad act is admissible under the common scheme or plan exception if it has a
“marked similarity in modus operandi to the charged offense.” State v. Ness, 707
N.W.2d 676, 688 (Minn. 2006). The closer the relationship between the past and charged
offense, “in terms of time, place, or modus operandi, the greater the relevance and
probative value of the [Spreigl] evidence.” Id. But the other act “need not be identical in
every way to the charged crime.” Id. (quotation omitted); see also State v. Berry, 484
N.W.2d 14, 17 (Minn. 1992) (“Absolute similarity between the charged offense and the
Spreigl incident is not required to establish relevancy.”).
Initially, the parties dispute whether appellant preserved the “markedly similar”
argument for appeal. Appellant asserts that he preserved the argument, and his claim is
5 therefore subject to the harmless-error test.2 Respondent cites State v. Rodriguez, 505
N.W.2d 373, 376 (Minn. App. 1993), in support of its contention that appellant is
asserting a new theory on appeal, so the claim must be reviewed under the plain-error
test. Under both the harmless- and plain-error tests, an error not affecting appellant’s
substantial rights must be disregarded. Minn. R. Crim. P. 31.01, 31.02. Because we
conclude that any error in this case did not affect appellant’s substantial rights, we need
not opine on whether the argument was properly preserved for appeal.
“[A]n error affects a defendant’s substantial rights if there is a reasonable
likelihood that the error had a ‘significant effect’ on the verdict.” State v. Finch, 865
N.W.2d 696, 703 (Minn. 2015) (quoting State v. Sontoya, 788 N.W.2d 868, 873 (Minn.
2010)). In determining whether the evidence significantly affected the verdict, we
consider the strength of the state’s other evidence, the manner in which the evidence was
presented, whether the state referenced the evidence in closing arguments, any evidence
appellant may have produced in his defense, and whether the district court gave a
cautionary instruction. State v. Bolte, 530 N.W.2d 191, 198-99 (Minn. 1995); see also
State v. Clark, 738 N.W.2d 316, 347-38 (Minn. 2007) (discussing the lack of prejudice to
appellant due to a cautionary instruction with respect to Spreigl evidence).
Here, other evidence supporting the jury’s verdict was strong. Numerous other
people testified at trial to corroborate G.T.’s version of events. In particular, appellant’s
2 Before the district court, appellant objected on the grounds that respondent failed to prove the prior bad acts by clear and convincing evidence and because the evidence would clearly prejudice appellant.
6 cell mate, Tiron Beane, testified regarding appellant’s recounting the acts of abuse he
perpetrated. Beane had knowledge of specific details of the sexual and physical abuse
that corroborated the testimony of both complainants. And Beane had no way of
knowing these details, if appellant had not shared this information with him.
Furthermore, Beane had no incentive to testify against appellant. He did not receive any
leniency or favorable treatment for his testimony. Moreover, K.I.’s testimony established
that appellant had the opportunity to commit the acts of abuse. And the medical
professionals who evaluated G.T., Edinburgh and Dr. Swenson, confirmed that G.T.’s
physical and emotional state was consistent with having suffered sexual abuse.
As to the other factors, C.S. testified in person, was consistent in her account of
events, and her testimony was discussed by the state during closing argument. But
appellant highlighted the fact that no conviction resulted from the prosecution of
appellant in Texas. Additionally, appellant was able to cross examine C.S. at trial. And
appellant himself testified and had the opportunity to share his version of events. Finally,
the district court twice gave cautionary instructions regarding the proper use of C.S.’s
testimony.
Because the state’s other evidence was strong, appellant had the opportunity to
refute C.S.’s testimony, and the court gave cautionary instructions to the jury, we
conclude that C.S.’s testimony did not significantly impact the verdict and therefore did
not affect appellant’s substantial rights. Accordingly, we need not consider the other
elements of either the harmless- or plain-error test. Minn. R. Crim. P. 31.01, 31.02.
Affirmed.