This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0164
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Derrick Marquette Rowan, Appellant.
Filed December 14, 2015 Affirmed Harten, Judge
St. Louis County District Court File No. 69DU-CR-14-2076
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Mark S. Rubin, St. Louis County Attorney, Rebekka L. Stumme, Assistant County Attorney, Duluth, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Jennifer Workman Jesness, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Connolly, Presiding Judge; Johnson, Judge; and Harten,
Judge.
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
HARTEN, Judge
Appellant challenges his conviction of felony domestic assault, arguing that the
district court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of his relationship with the victim
and expert testimony regarding domestic abuse victims. Because we see no abuse of
discretion, we affirm.
FACTS
In 2014, appellant Derrick Rowan and R.D. were in a romantic relationship. Two
incidents that year preceded the incident giving rise to this appeal: in March, appellant hit
R.D., leading to a conviction, and in early June, he punched her in the stomach.
On 23 June 2014, appellant and R.D. had an altercation on the street. When police
officers tried to separate them, appellant slapped an officer’s hand away and was pushed to
the ground. On 24 June 2014, R.D. was interviewed by a police officer whom she told that
appellant had intimidated her the previous day. Appellant was charged with felony
domestic assault, disorderly conduct, and obstructing legal process.
In September 2014, at his jury trial, R.D. testified that she was not afraid of appellant
during their altercation on 23 June 2014. The state introduced witnesses who testified about
that incident, and a domestic abuse expert testified about typical victim behavior in domestic
abuse cases. The jury found appellant guilty on all three counts.
He was sentenced to the presumptive 24 months in prison on felony domestic assault,
90 days, concurrent, on disorderly conduct, and 180 days, concurrent, on obstructing legal
process. He challenges his conviction, arguing that the district court abused its discretion in
2 admitting both evidence of appellant’s relationship with R.D. and expert witness testimony
on the typical behavior of domestic abuse victims.
DECISION
Standard of Review
“Evidentiary rulings rest within the sound discretion of the [district] court and will
not be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion. On appeal, the appellant has the burden
of establishing that the [district] court abused its discretion and that appellant was thereby
prejudiced.” State v. Amos, 658 N.W.2d 201, 203 (Minn. 2003) (citation omitted).
1. Relationship Evidence
“Evidence of domestic [abuse] by the accused against . . . household members . . . is
admissible unless the probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice . . . .” Minn. Stat. § 634.20 (Supp. 2013). Someone who has been in a romantic
relationship with the accused is designated a “household member.” Minn. Stat. § 518B.01,
subd. 2(b)(7) (2012). “Relationship evidence is admissible under section 634.20 if (1) it
demonstrates similar conduct by the accused; (2) the conduct is perpetrated against the
victim of domestic abuse or against another family or household member; and (3) the
probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice.” State v. Barnslater, 786 N.W.2d 646, 651 (Minn. App. 2010), review denied
(Minn. Oct. 27, 2010). “[In this statute], the legislature has expressed an intent to remove
evidence of ‘similar prior conduct’ in domestic abuse (non-homicide) prosecutions from the
‘clear and convincing’ standard of [Minn. R. Evid.] 404(b).” State v. McCoy, 682 N.W.2d
153, 158 (Minn. 2004).
3 R.D. testified that, on 23 June 2014, appellant was mad and was yelling at her, that
appellant did nothing when she tried to walk away and a police officer told him to leave
R.D. alone, and that appellant ended up in jail. She also testified that she told the officer
who interviewed her about the 23 June incident that she had not been scared, that this was
not the first time appellant had hurt her, and that appellant had slapped her.
The district court then instructed the jury that the state was introducing appellant’s
conduct on other occasions “for the limited purpose of demonstrating the nature and extent
of the relationship between [appellant] and [R.D.] in order to assist you in determining
whether [appellant] committed the acts with which [he] is charged in this complaint.” The
district court also told the jury that appellant was “not being tried for and [could] not be
convicted of any behavior other than the charged offenses from June 23rd” and that the jury
was “not to convict [him] on the basis of conduct on any other occasions because to do so
might result in unjust double punishment.”
R.D. testified further that, on a prior occasion, appellant had hit her twice in the face
and given her a black eye, but that she was not scared of him and that law enforcement had
been called a couple of times because appellant had hit her. She answered “No” when asked
if, on 23 June, appellant had hit her, slapped her, or come close to hitting or slapping her; if
he often spoke loudly to her and said he was going to kill her or hurt her in some way; and if
she was afraid of what he was going to do or of any assault when he was yelling at her.
Thus, the jury heard R.D.’s version of her relationship with appellant.
Evidence of appellant’s prior abuse of R.D. was admitted to enable the jury to hear
another version of their relationship. Such evidence is “particularly important [when, as
4 here, the defendant] exercised his right not to testify and [the victim’s] testimony
contradicted her earlier statements to investigators.” State v. Lindsey, 755 N.W.2d 752, 757
(Minn. App. 2008), review denied (Minn. Oct. 29, 2008). “Evidence that helps to establish
the relationship between the victim and the defendant or which places the event in context
bolsters its probative value.” Id. at 756.
Appellant argues that the admission of the evidence was an abuse of discretion on
three grounds. First, he argues that the evidence “was not probative because it persuaded
the jury by illegitimate means that appellant intended to cause fear of bodily harm to R.D. in
the current case because he had beaten her in the past.” This argument ignores the fact that
appellant’s prior beating of R.D. was itself likely to cause her to fear bodily harm from him.
Second, appellant asserts that the evidence of prior conduct “illegitimate[ly]” caused
the jury to focus on prior incidents where appellant had actually inflicted bodily harm on
R.D.
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0164
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Derrick Marquette Rowan, Appellant.
Filed December 14, 2015 Affirmed Harten, Judge
St. Louis County District Court File No. 69DU-CR-14-2076
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Mark S. Rubin, St. Louis County Attorney, Rebekka L. Stumme, Assistant County Attorney, Duluth, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Jennifer Workman Jesness, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Connolly, Presiding Judge; Johnson, Judge; and Harten,
Judge.
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
HARTEN, Judge
Appellant challenges his conviction of felony domestic assault, arguing that the
district court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of his relationship with the victim
and expert testimony regarding domestic abuse victims. Because we see no abuse of
discretion, we affirm.
FACTS
In 2014, appellant Derrick Rowan and R.D. were in a romantic relationship. Two
incidents that year preceded the incident giving rise to this appeal: in March, appellant hit
R.D., leading to a conviction, and in early June, he punched her in the stomach.
On 23 June 2014, appellant and R.D. had an altercation on the street. When police
officers tried to separate them, appellant slapped an officer’s hand away and was pushed to
the ground. On 24 June 2014, R.D. was interviewed by a police officer whom she told that
appellant had intimidated her the previous day. Appellant was charged with felony
domestic assault, disorderly conduct, and obstructing legal process.
In September 2014, at his jury trial, R.D. testified that she was not afraid of appellant
during their altercation on 23 June 2014. The state introduced witnesses who testified about
that incident, and a domestic abuse expert testified about typical victim behavior in domestic
abuse cases. The jury found appellant guilty on all three counts.
He was sentenced to the presumptive 24 months in prison on felony domestic assault,
90 days, concurrent, on disorderly conduct, and 180 days, concurrent, on obstructing legal
process. He challenges his conviction, arguing that the district court abused its discretion in
2 admitting both evidence of appellant’s relationship with R.D. and expert witness testimony
on the typical behavior of domestic abuse victims.
DECISION
Standard of Review
“Evidentiary rulings rest within the sound discretion of the [district] court and will
not be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion. On appeal, the appellant has the burden
of establishing that the [district] court abused its discretion and that appellant was thereby
prejudiced.” State v. Amos, 658 N.W.2d 201, 203 (Minn. 2003) (citation omitted).
1. Relationship Evidence
“Evidence of domestic [abuse] by the accused against . . . household members . . . is
admissible unless the probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice . . . .” Minn. Stat. § 634.20 (Supp. 2013). Someone who has been in a romantic
relationship with the accused is designated a “household member.” Minn. Stat. § 518B.01,
subd. 2(b)(7) (2012). “Relationship evidence is admissible under section 634.20 if (1) it
demonstrates similar conduct by the accused; (2) the conduct is perpetrated against the
victim of domestic abuse or against another family or household member; and (3) the
probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice.” State v. Barnslater, 786 N.W.2d 646, 651 (Minn. App. 2010), review denied
(Minn. Oct. 27, 2010). “[In this statute], the legislature has expressed an intent to remove
evidence of ‘similar prior conduct’ in domestic abuse (non-homicide) prosecutions from the
‘clear and convincing’ standard of [Minn. R. Evid.] 404(b).” State v. McCoy, 682 N.W.2d
153, 158 (Minn. 2004).
3 R.D. testified that, on 23 June 2014, appellant was mad and was yelling at her, that
appellant did nothing when she tried to walk away and a police officer told him to leave
R.D. alone, and that appellant ended up in jail. She also testified that she told the officer
who interviewed her about the 23 June incident that she had not been scared, that this was
not the first time appellant had hurt her, and that appellant had slapped her.
The district court then instructed the jury that the state was introducing appellant’s
conduct on other occasions “for the limited purpose of demonstrating the nature and extent
of the relationship between [appellant] and [R.D.] in order to assist you in determining
whether [appellant] committed the acts with which [he] is charged in this complaint.” The
district court also told the jury that appellant was “not being tried for and [could] not be
convicted of any behavior other than the charged offenses from June 23rd” and that the jury
was “not to convict [him] on the basis of conduct on any other occasions because to do so
might result in unjust double punishment.”
R.D. testified further that, on a prior occasion, appellant had hit her twice in the face
and given her a black eye, but that she was not scared of him and that law enforcement had
been called a couple of times because appellant had hit her. She answered “No” when asked
if, on 23 June, appellant had hit her, slapped her, or come close to hitting or slapping her; if
he often spoke loudly to her and said he was going to kill her or hurt her in some way; and if
she was afraid of what he was going to do or of any assault when he was yelling at her.
Thus, the jury heard R.D.’s version of her relationship with appellant.
Evidence of appellant’s prior abuse of R.D. was admitted to enable the jury to hear
another version of their relationship. Such evidence is “particularly important [when, as
4 here, the defendant] exercised his right not to testify and [the victim’s] testimony
contradicted her earlier statements to investigators.” State v. Lindsey, 755 N.W.2d 752, 757
(Minn. App. 2008), review denied (Minn. Oct. 29, 2008). “Evidence that helps to establish
the relationship between the victim and the defendant or which places the event in context
bolsters its probative value.” Id. at 756.
Appellant argues that the admission of the evidence was an abuse of discretion on
three grounds. First, he argues that the evidence “was not probative because it persuaded
the jury by illegitimate means that appellant intended to cause fear of bodily harm to R.D. in
the current case because he had beaten her in the past.” This argument ignores the fact that
appellant’s prior beating of R.D. was itself likely to cause her to fear bodily harm from him.
Second, appellant asserts that the evidence of prior conduct “illegitimate[ly]” caused
the jury to focus on prior incidents where appellant had actually inflicted bodily harm on
R.D. instead of on this incident, where he merely caused her to fear bodily harm. But in this
incident, police officers were present and prevented appellant from inflicting bodily harm.
The officers’ testimony about their role in the altercation would have differentiated this
incident from prior incidents for the jury.
Third, appellant argues that the evidence of his previous assaults of R.D. was
impermissible character evidence “portraying [him] as a violent person with a history of
beating R.D.” That argument was addressed in State v. Bauer, 598 N.W.2d 352, 365 (Minn.
1999) (concluding that “disputed evidence was otherwise admissible as tending to show a
strained relationship between [the] appellant and [the victim]”).
5 Character evidence which tends to show the strained relationship between the accused and the victim is relevant to establishing motive and intent and is therefore admissible.
....
. . . We recognize that some of the relationship evidence introduced by the state did concern prior acts by appellant that, if true, would tend to show that appellant committed past crimes. This included evidence that appellant had previously threatened and abused [the victim] . . . . [W]here relevant to show a strained relationship, however, evidence of past abuse of or threats against the victim or her family by the defendant has generally been deemed admissible against . . . challenges [based on Minn. R. Evid. 404(b) (prohibiting the admission of evidence of “another crime, wrong, or act” to prove the character of a defendant “in order to show action in conformity therewith”)].
Id. at 364-65 (quotation omitted). The same is true here.
The district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of appellant’s
prior relationship with R.D.
2. Expert Witness Evidence
The testimony of an expert witness is admissible if the witness’s “specialized
knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in
issue.” Minn. R. Evid. 702. The evidence must be relevant and helpful to the trier of fact,
and its prejudicial effect must not substantially outweigh its probative value. State v.
Valentine, 787 N.W.2d 630, 638 (Minn. App. 2010), review denied (Minn. Nov. 16, 2010).
Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion in admitting the testimony of an
expert on domestic abuse because the testimony “was not relevant” and “likely misled the
[jurors] by making them focus upon [R.D.’s] behaviors as opposed to appellant’s.”
6 But the expert’s testimony here would have helped the jury understand R.D.’s
testimony, which was contradictory: e.g., appellant abused her, yet she continued their
relationship; appellant did not frighten her, yet she told an officer she was intimidated by
appellant. The expert explained why domestic abuse victims minimize what has happened
to them:
[Abusers] say, you are worthless, you are stupid, no one else will ever want you. You are not a victim. You hit me back last time. They say it so many times and demean victims, victims actually take on the thinking as their own. . . .
Also, there is this element of love, also, and they don’t want to have to often admit that the person I love does this to me. They will also minimize it for that reason . . . .
When asked if it is common for victims to return to their abusers, she answered, “Yes, it’s
very, very common,” and explained:
There are a number of reasons for that. A lot of people’s faith. Their faith says that when you enter into a formal relationship, for example, like marriage, . . . you don’t leave. Fear . . . actually increases after someone does leave, so it’s actually more dangerous when someone leaves and a lot of victims just know that intuitively.
Family . . . you not only lose your partner, but . . . other family members. Financially, how you depend on your partner financially is a real big aspect. Most abusers are also controlling the money and resources . . . . There [are] also feelings . . . . You do have feelings for this person . . . .
Thus, the expert explained why R.D. would have given contradictory and therefore not
credible testimony.
In the related context of battered-women syndrome, expert testimony is admissible
under Minn. R. Evid. 702 if it helps the jury to “understand behavior that might otherwise
7 undermine . . . credibility.” State v. Grecinger, 569 N.W.2d 189, 196 (Minn. 1997); see also
Valentine, 787 N.W.2d at 639 (citing Grecinger and noting that expert testimony is
admissible “to explain a victim’s counterintuitive behavior and exculpatory account of an
incident, provided that the expert testimony is limited to describing the syndrome and its
characteristics and the expert does not offer an opinion as to whether the victim actually
suffers from the syndrome”). Here, the district court told the jury explicitly that the expert
witness was testifying to help them “understand the dynamics of a relationship in a domestic
violence context” and was “not testifying about anything that happened in this particular
case.”
Finally, appellant asserts that the jury did not need help in understanding R.D.’s
testimony because “she was a competent witness who was in the best position to testify
about the offense and her behavior.” But R.D.’s testimony was contradictory;
understanding her account of what appellant did to her required an expert’s explanation of
the domestic abuse context. The district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting
expert evidence on domestic abuse.
Affirmed.