This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1915
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Daniel Gebreamlak, Appellant.
Filed December 12, 2016 Affirmed Ross, Judge
Ramsey County District Court File No. 62-CR-13-1057
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Adam E. Petras, Assistant County Attorney, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Michael W. Kunkel, Assistant Appellate Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Smith, Tracy M., Presiding Judge; Ross, Judge; and
Rodenberg, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ROSS, Judge
A jury learned that a police officer saw Daniel Gebreamlak speeding, temporarily
losing control of his car, failing to signal a lane change, and failing to promptly stop when the officer signaled him to stop. The jury also learned that the officer noticed that
Gebreamlak smelled like an alcoholic beverage, fumbled for his driver’s license, had
bloodshot and watery eyes, and slurred his speech. The officer administered both the
horizontal- and vertical-gaze nystagmus tests, which indicated that Gebreamlak was
intoxicated. The jury found Gebreamlak guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol,
and Gebreamlak asks us to reverse his conviction because, he maintains, the evidence was
insufficient to prove him guilty. We are unpersuaded by his argument and affirm.
FACTS
The state charged Daniel Gebreamlak with one count of first-degree driving while
impaired and one count of first-degree refusal to submit to a chemical test. The district
court dismissed the test-refusal charge and held a jury trial for the impaired-driving charge.
St. Anthony Police Officer Kiel Rushton testified that he was on overnight patrol in
Falcon Heights in February 2013 when he saw a car moving fast on snow-covered Snelling
Avenue. The car turned onto Larpenteur Avenue, temporarily fishtailing out of control.
The officer followed the car on Larpenteur. He watched the car move between lanes
without signaling. The officer activated his emergency lights, but the car continued on
without immediately stopping. He followed a short distance further, and the car turned into
a parking lot and stopped.
Officer Rushton told the jury that he approached the car and spoke to the driver,
Gebreamlak. The officer smelled the odor of an alcoholic beverage. Gebreamlak’s eyes
were watery and bloodshot. Gebreamlak slurred his words when he spoke. After Officer
Rushton asked Gebreamlak to produce his driver’s license, it appeared that Gebreamlak
2 was having difficulty dividing his attention and had “an overall delay in motor skills.” The
officer perceived that Gebreamlak was intoxicated. He directed Gebreamlak to step out of
the car so he could administer field sobriety tests. Because of the unsafe surface conditions,
the officer forewent the balance tests and administered only the nystagmus tests.
Officer Rushton described the horizontal-gaze nystagmus test, including how he
administered each of its three segments. He observed that Gebreamlak exhibited a “lack of
smooth pursuit” in the first segment, an “almost immediate[]” nystagmus in the second
segment, and a “very prevalent” nystagmus in the third segment. He said that he decided
to also administer the vertical-gaze nystagmus test. He explained that “the person who is
exhibiting vertical nystagmus has a high blood alcohol concentration for what their body
is used to.” Again the officer observed a “present and prevalent” nystagmus. Based on what
the officer saw in Gebreamlak’s driving, his odor and behavior, and his pronounced
nystagmus, he concluded that Gebreamlak was intoxicated and arrested him.
Gebreamlak cross-examined Officer Rushton. The officer acknowledged that
drivers are sometimes nervous and have trouble finding their licenses or handling their
wallets. And he acknowledged that eye redness can result from conditions other than
alcohol consumption, that Gebreamlak spoke with an accent, and that nystagmus might
result from other depressants or natural conditions unrelated to alcohol intoxication. He
also acknowledged that Gebreamlak did not appear to have difficulty following directions
or maintaining his balance during the nystagmus test.
The jury found Gebreamlak guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol.
Gebreamlak appeals.
3 DECISION
Gebreamlak argues that the state failed to produce evidence sufficient to prove his
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. We analyze a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
differently depending on whether the state relied on direct or circumstantial evidence. State
v. Silvernail, 831 N.W.2d 594, 598 (Minn. 2013). Generally, we will not reverse a jury’s
guilty verdict if the jury, acting with due regard for the presumption of innocence and the
requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, could reasonably conclude that the
defendant was guilty. State v. Vang, 847 N.W.2d 248, 258 (Minn. 2014). But when a
conviction rests on circumstantial evidence, we scrutinize more strictly, considering
whether the proved circumstances and the reasonable inferences drawn from those
circumstances are consistent with a defendant’s guilt and inconsistent with any other
rational hypothesis. State v. Al-Naseer, 788 N.W.2d 469, 473 (Minn. 2010).
Gebreamlak argues that we should apply the circumstantial-evidence standard of
review because the jury had to infer that alcohol impaired his ability to drive. The state
suggests that we should apply the direct-evidence standard. We are convinced that the
conviction withstands our review under either standard.
Under the heightened-scrutiny test, we first identify the circumstances proved,
which are those circumstances that are consistent with the guilty verdict. Id.; State v.
Hawes, 801 N.W.2d 659, 668–69 (Minn. 2011). We next independently examine the
reasonableness of any inferences that might be drawn from those proved circumstances,
including inferences consistent with any rational hypotheses other than guilt. Al-Naseer,
788 N.W.2d at 473–74.
4 Officer Rushton’s testimony consistent with the guilty verdict informs us that
Gebreamlak was speeding, temporarily lost control of his car while turning, failed to signal
a lane change, failed to immediately stop when signaled, and had the tell-tale signs of
intoxication—bloodshot and watery eyes, slurred speech, delayed and fumbling motor
skills, divided-attention difficulties, and the strong odor of an alcoholic beverage. He also
failed every segment of both nystagmus tests administered by the officer, and the jury’s
verdict informs us that the jury was satisfied that intoxication, and not some other source,
caused the nystagmus.
Given that the jury accepted the inference that alcohol impairment caused
Gebreamlak’s nystagmus, the second question in the analysis—whether the circumstances
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1915
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Daniel Gebreamlak, Appellant.
Filed December 12, 2016 Affirmed Ross, Judge
Ramsey County District Court File No. 62-CR-13-1057
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Adam E. Petras, Assistant County Attorney, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Michael W. Kunkel, Assistant Appellate Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Smith, Tracy M., Presiding Judge; Ross, Judge; and
Rodenberg, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ROSS, Judge
A jury learned that a police officer saw Daniel Gebreamlak speeding, temporarily
losing control of his car, failing to signal a lane change, and failing to promptly stop when the officer signaled him to stop. The jury also learned that the officer noticed that
Gebreamlak smelled like an alcoholic beverage, fumbled for his driver’s license, had
bloodshot and watery eyes, and slurred his speech. The officer administered both the
horizontal- and vertical-gaze nystagmus tests, which indicated that Gebreamlak was
intoxicated. The jury found Gebreamlak guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol,
and Gebreamlak asks us to reverse his conviction because, he maintains, the evidence was
insufficient to prove him guilty. We are unpersuaded by his argument and affirm.
FACTS
The state charged Daniel Gebreamlak with one count of first-degree driving while
impaired and one count of first-degree refusal to submit to a chemical test. The district
court dismissed the test-refusal charge and held a jury trial for the impaired-driving charge.
St. Anthony Police Officer Kiel Rushton testified that he was on overnight patrol in
Falcon Heights in February 2013 when he saw a car moving fast on snow-covered Snelling
Avenue. The car turned onto Larpenteur Avenue, temporarily fishtailing out of control.
The officer followed the car on Larpenteur. He watched the car move between lanes
without signaling. The officer activated his emergency lights, but the car continued on
without immediately stopping. He followed a short distance further, and the car turned into
a parking lot and stopped.
Officer Rushton told the jury that he approached the car and spoke to the driver,
Gebreamlak. The officer smelled the odor of an alcoholic beverage. Gebreamlak’s eyes
were watery and bloodshot. Gebreamlak slurred his words when he spoke. After Officer
Rushton asked Gebreamlak to produce his driver’s license, it appeared that Gebreamlak
2 was having difficulty dividing his attention and had “an overall delay in motor skills.” The
officer perceived that Gebreamlak was intoxicated. He directed Gebreamlak to step out of
the car so he could administer field sobriety tests. Because of the unsafe surface conditions,
the officer forewent the balance tests and administered only the nystagmus tests.
Officer Rushton described the horizontal-gaze nystagmus test, including how he
administered each of its three segments. He observed that Gebreamlak exhibited a “lack of
smooth pursuit” in the first segment, an “almost immediate[]” nystagmus in the second
segment, and a “very prevalent” nystagmus in the third segment. He said that he decided
to also administer the vertical-gaze nystagmus test. He explained that “the person who is
exhibiting vertical nystagmus has a high blood alcohol concentration for what their body
is used to.” Again the officer observed a “present and prevalent” nystagmus. Based on what
the officer saw in Gebreamlak’s driving, his odor and behavior, and his pronounced
nystagmus, he concluded that Gebreamlak was intoxicated and arrested him.
Gebreamlak cross-examined Officer Rushton. The officer acknowledged that
drivers are sometimes nervous and have trouble finding their licenses or handling their
wallets. And he acknowledged that eye redness can result from conditions other than
alcohol consumption, that Gebreamlak spoke with an accent, and that nystagmus might
result from other depressants or natural conditions unrelated to alcohol intoxication. He
also acknowledged that Gebreamlak did not appear to have difficulty following directions
or maintaining his balance during the nystagmus test.
The jury found Gebreamlak guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol.
Gebreamlak appeals.
3 DECISION
Gebreamlak argues that the state failed to produce evidence sufficient to prove his
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. We analyze a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
differently depending on whether the state relied on direct or circumstantial evidence. State
v. Silvernail, 831 N.W.2d 594, 598 (Minn. 2013). Generally, we will not reverse a jury’s
guilty verdict if the jury, acting with due regard for the presumption of innocence and the
requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, could reasonably conclude that the
defendant was guilty. State v. Vang, 847 N.W.2d 248, 258 (Minn. 2014). But when a
conviction rests on circumstantial evidence, we scrutinize more strictly, considering
whether the proved circumstances and the reasonable inferences drawn from those
circumstances are consistent with a defendant’s guilt and inconsistent with any other
rational hypothesis. State v. Al-Naseer, 788 N.W.2d 469, 473 (Minn. 2010).
Gebreamlak argues that we should apply the circumstantial-evidence standard of
review because the jury had to infer that alcohol impaired his ability to drive. The state
suggests that we should apply the direct-evidence standard. We are convinced that the
conviction withstands our review under either standard.
Under the heightened-scrutiny test, we first identify the circumstances proved,
which are those circumstances that are consistent with the guilty verdict. Id.; State v.
Hawes, 801 N.W.2d 659, 668–69 (Minn. 2011). We next independently examine the
reasonableness of any inferences that might be drawn from those proved circumstances,
including inferences consistent with any rational hypotheses other than guilt. Al-Naseer,
788 N.W.2d at 473–74.
4 Officer Rushton’s testimony consistent with the guilty verdict informs us that
Gebreamlak was speeding, temporarily lost control of his car while turning, failed to signal
a lane change, failed to immediately stop when signaled, and had the tell-tale signs of
intoxication—bloodshot and watery eyes, slurred speech, delayed and fumbling motor
skills, divided-attention difficulties, and the strong odor of an alcoholic beverage. He also
failed every segment of both nystagmus tests administered by the officer, and the jury’s
verdict informs us that the jury was satisfied that intoxication, and not some other source,
caused the nystagmus.
Given that the jury accepted the inference that alcohol impairment caused
Gebreamlak’s nystagmus, the second question in the analysis—whether the circumstances
allow for a rational hypothesis other than Gebreamlak’s guilt—presents a clear answer: no.
Gebreamlak argues that speeding, multiple lane changes, failing to signal, and failing to
pull over are behaviors that sober drivers might engage in. He points to the poor road
conditions as the innocent cause of his losing vehicular control, and he has answers for the
officer’s observations of his person. He urges, for example, that watery, bloodshot eyes
might have resulted from alcohol consumption that fell short of consumption necessary for
impairment. He adds that his perceived slurred speech might really have been his foreign
accent. And he suggests that his nystagmus might have resulted naturally. His argument
fails based on the circumstance, inferred from the verdict, that intoxication and not
Gebreamlak’s natural physiology, caused Gebreamlak’s nystagmus.
Even putting aside the jury’s conclusions drawn from the nystagmus tests, however,
Gebreamlak’s supposed innocent hypothesis rests on an improbable series of coincidences.
5 We do not review each circumstance proved in isolation, but as a whole. State v. Andersen,
784 N.W.2d 320, 332 (Minn. 2010). And it is not the state’s burden to remove all doubt,
only all reasonable doubt. State v. Hughes, 749 N.W.2d 307, 313 (Minn. 2008). It is
certainly possible, but it is not plausible, that every one of the various indicators of
Gebreamlak’s apparent intoxication was caused by something other than intoxication. We
would have to accept as reasonable that, although Gebreamlak undisputedly had been
drinking, his failing to drive a speed consistent with the weather conditions, failing to signal
lane changes, failing to maintain control, failing to immediately respond to emergency
lights, and fumbling for his driver’s license were all caused by something other than
excessive alcohol consumption. And we also would have to accept as reasonable that a
trained and experienced police officer cannot distinguish between an accent and slurred
speech. The hypothesis that Gebreamlak was not under the influence of alcohol is not
reasonable under all the circumstances proved and taken as a whole.
The conviction easily satisfies standard scrutiny in our review for proof beyond a
reasonable doubt, as it also easily survives heightened scrutiny.
Affirmed.