This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A13-2251
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Dana James McEachern, Appellant.
Filed December 22, 2014 Affirm Ross, Judge
Crow Wing County District Court File No. 18-CR-12-3266
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Donald F. Ryan, Crow Wing County Attorney, David Hermerding, Assistant County Attorney, Brainerd, Minnesota (for respondent)
Charles L. Hawkins, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Chutich, Presiding Judge; Halbrooks, Judge; and Ross,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ROSS, Judge
Police stopped Dana McEachern for speeding and noticed an alcoholic-beverage
bottle cap on the floor of McEachern’s car. Police knew that McEachern was the subject of a probation restriction prohibiting him from possessing or consuming alcohol or
controlled substances and obligating him to submit to searches. Police searched the car
and found drugs and alcohol, which led to criminal charges for and conviction of
possession of controlled substances, first- and second-degree sale of controlled
substances, possession of an open bottle, possession of drug paraphernalia, and traffic
offenses. McEachern appeals, arguing that the pre-arrest detention, the searches, and the
post-arrest questioning violated his constitutional rights. We affirm because the officer’s
reasonable, articulable suspicion justified the search in light of McEachern’s probation
conditions, and McEachern’s Miranda argument has no factual support.
FACTS
Officer Josef Garcia stopped Dana McEachern’s pick-up truck for speeding on an
evening in July 2012. McEachern was alone in the car when Officer Garcia approached.
The officer asked for McEachern’s license and proof of insurance. McEachern produced
his license but not proof of insurance. Officer Garcia conducted a records check. The
check informed the officer that McEachern was on probation for a 2011 controlled
substance conviction and that he was prohibited from possessing or consuming alcohol or
controlled substances. It also informed Officer Garcia that the probation terms required
McEachern to submit to searches. And he learned that McEachern had recently been
charged with being an ineligible person possessing a firearm.
Officer Garcia decided to cite McEachern for failing to provide proof of insurance
and to warn him for speeding. He reapproached McEachern’s truck and asked him to step
2 out to discuss the citation process. When McEachern opened his door, Officer Garcia saw
a Mike’s Hard Lemonade bottle cap on the floor in front of the driver’s seat.
Officer Garcia asked McEachern if he was carrying any weapon. McEachern said
no. McEachern put his hands in his pockets as he walked toward the squad car. The
officer asked McEachern to remove his hands from his pockets because he “figured
[McEachern] might be in possession of a weapon,” and then he conducted a pat search of
McEachern’s person. During the pat search, Officer Garcia removed a folding knife from
one of McEachern’s front pockets and a hard, cylinder-shaped container from the other.
Officer Garcia then handcuffed McEachern.
The officer examined the container and found two small pills inside. He could not
immediately identify the pills, but he later learned that they were Levitra (an erectile-
dysfunction medication). The container did not display any prescription information. An
officer with a police dog arrived and conducted a dog-sniff for drugs inside and outside
McEachern’s pick-up truck. The dog did not indicate the presence of any drugs.
Officer Garcia then searched the truck. He was more perceptive than the “drug-
detecting” dog. On the front passenger seat he found a backpack that contained a glass
marijuana pipe, a small plastic bag holding a substance resembling hashish, and a packet
of synthetic marijuana. Behind the front seat, he found an open bottle of Jagermeister and
several bottles of Mike’s Hard Lemonade in two coolers. He also found two other bottles
of liquor along with hallucinogenic mushrooms, a clear plastic bag of what appeared to
be methamphetamine, and medicine bottles containing tablets later identified as Vicodin.
3 Officer Garcia arrested McEachern and took him to the law enforcement center.
He read McEachern his Miranda rights, and McEachern spoke with him. McEachern
answered questions about where he lived, where he was going, and what route he was
taking. But he refused to answer questions about what the officer found inside his truck.
The state charged McEachern with three counts of possession of controlled
substances, first- and second-degree sale of controlled substances, possession of an open
bottle, possession of drug paraphernalia, and two traffic offenses. McEachern challenged
the admissibility of the evidence seized during the vehicle and personal searches as well
as the admissibility of statements he made during questioning. The district court denied
McEachern’s motions to suppress.
McEachern and the state agreed to a court trial on stipulated facts. The district
court found McEachern guilty on all counts. McEachern appeals.
DECISION
McEachern appeals the district court’s order denying his motions to suppress
evidence found during the searches and the statements he made to Officer Garcia during
questioning. He contends that all evidence seized must be suppressed because of the
warrantless nature of the searches and because he was detained for an unlawful period
before the arrest. He also argues that any post-Miranda statements he made to Officer
Garcia should have been suppressed under his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent.
The facts are not disputed, so we review the challenged legal determinations de novo. In
re Welfare of G.M., 560 N.W.2d 687, 690 (Minn. 1997).
4 I
McEachern maintains that the officer unconstitutionally searched him and his
truck. Both the federal and state constitutions guarantee individuals the right not to be
subjected to “unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const.
art. I, § 10. A warrantless search is unreasonable unless it fits a recognized exception.
State v. Munson, 594 N.W.2d 128, 135 (Minn. 1999). The searches here were
warrantless, so we consider whether an exception applies.
The district court reasoned that the warrantless truck search was a reasonable
expansion of an undisputedly valid traffic stop under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct.
1868 (1968), and State v. Askerooth, 681 N.W.2d 353, 363 (Minn. 2004). The state
explains that the vehicle search was justified because the valid stop led to one-on-one
contact between the officer and McEachern, which led to a pat search for the officer’s
safety, which uncovered the pill container, which justified the truck search. The flaw in
the state’s rationale is that an officer conducting a pat search for officer safety has no
constitutional authority to reach into a driver’s pocket to retrieve an item unless the plain
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A13-2251
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Dana James McEachern, Appellant.
Filed December 22, 2014 Affirm Ross, Judge
Crow Wing County District Court File No. 18-CR-12-3266
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Donald F. Ryan, Crow Wing County Attorney, David Hermerding, Assistant County Attorney, Brainerd, Minnesota (for respondent)
Charles L. Hawkins, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Chutich, Presiding Judge; Halbrooks, Judge; and Ross,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ROSS, Judge
Police stopped Dana McEachern for speeding and noticed an alcoholic-beverage
bottle cap on the floor of McEachern’s car. Police knew that McEachern was the subject of a probation restriction prohibiting him from possessing or consuming alcohol or
controlled substances and obligating him to submit to searches. Police searched the car
and found drugs and alcohol, which led to criminal charges for and conviction of
possession of controlled substances, first- and second-degree sale of controlled
substances, possession of an open bottle, possession of drug paraphernalia, and traffic
offenses. McEachern appeals, arguing that the pre-arrest detention, the searches, and the
post-arrest questioning violated his constitutional rights. We affirm because the officer’s
reasonable, articulable suspicion justified the search in light of McEachern’s probation
conditions, and McEachern’s Miranda argument has no factual support.
FACTS
Officer Josef Garcia stopped Dana McEachern’s pick-up truck for speeding on an
evening in July 2012. McEachern was alone in the car when Officer Garcia approached.
The officer asked for McEachern’s license and proof of insurance. McEachern produced
his license but not proof of insurance. Officer Garcia conducted a records check. The
check informed the officer that McEachern was on probation for a 2011 controlled
substance conviction and that he was prohibited from possessing or consuming alcohol or
controlled substances. It also informed Officer Garcia that the probation terms required
McEachern to submit to searches. And he learned that McEachern had recently been
charged with being an ineligible person possessing a firearm.
Officer Garcia decided to cite McEachern for failing to provide proof of insurance
and to warn him for speeding. He reapproached McEachern’s truck and asked him to step
2 out to discuss the citation process. When McEachern opened his door, Officer Garcia saw
a Mike’s Hard Lemonade bottle cap on the floor in front of the driver’s seat.
Officer Garcia asked McEachern if he was carrying any weapon. McEachern said
no. McEachern put his hands in his pockets as he walked toward the squad car. The
officer asked McEachern to remove his hands from his pockets because he “figured
[McEachern] might be in possession of a weapon,” and then he conducted a pat search of
McEachern’s person. During the pat search, Officer Garcia removed a folding knife from
one of McEachern’s front pockets and a hard, cylinder-shaped container from the other.
Officer Garcia then handcuffed McEachern.
The officer examined the container and found two small pills inside. He could not
immediately identify the pills, but he later learned that they were Levitra (an erectile-
dysfunction medication). The container did not display any prescription information. An
officer with a police dog arrived and conducted a dog-sniff for drugs inside and outside
McEachern’s pick-up truck. The dog did not indicate the presence of any drugs.
Officer Garcia then searched the truck. He was more perceptive than the “drug-
detecting” dog. On the front passenger seat he found a backpack that contained a glass
marijuana pipe, a small plastic bag holding a substance resembling hashish, and a packet
of synthetic marijuana. Behind the front seat, he found an open bottle of Jagermeister and
several bottles of Mike’s Hard Lemonade in two coolers. He also found two other bottles
of liquor along with hallucinogenic mushrooms, a clear plastic bag of what appeared to
be methamphetamine, and medicine bottles containing tablets later identified as Vicodin.
3 Officer Garcia arrested McEachern and took him to the law enforcement center.
He read McEachern his Miranda rights, and McEachern spoke with him. McEachern
answered questions about where he lived, where he was going, and what route he was
taking. But he refused to answer questions about what the officer found inside his truck.
The state charged McEachern with three counts of possession of controlled
substances, first- and second-degree sale of controlled substances, possession of an open
bottle, possession of drug paraphernalia, and two traffic offenses. McEachern challenged
the admissibility of the evidence seized during the vehicle and personal searches as well
as the admissibility of statements he made during questioning. The district court denied
McEachern’s motions to suppress.
McEachern and the state agreed to a court trial on stipulated facts. The district
court found McEachern guilty on all counts. McEachern appeals.
DECISION
McEachern appeals the district court’s order denying his motions to suppress
evidence found during the searches and the statements he made to Officer Garcia during
questioning. He contends that all evidence seized must be suppressed because of the
warrantless nature of the searches and because he was detained for an unlawful period
before the arrest. He also argues that any post-Miranda statements he made to Officer
Garcia should have been suppressed under his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent.
The facts are not disputed, so we review the challenged legal determinations de novo. In
re Welfare of G.M., 560 N.W.2d 687, 690 (Minn. 1997).
4 I
McEachern maintains that the officer unconstitutionally searched him and his
truck. Both the federal and state constitutions guarantee individuals the right not to be
subjected to “unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const.
art. I, § 10. A warrantless search is unreasonable unless it fits a recognized exception.
State v. Munson, 594 N.W.2d 128, 135 (Minn. 1999). The searches here were
warrantless, so we consider whether an exception applies.
The district court reasoned that the warrantless truck search was a reasonable
expansion of an undisputedly valid traffic stop under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct.
1868 (1968), and State v. Askerooth, 681 N.W.2d 353, 363 (Minn. 2004). The state
explains that the vehicle search was justified because the valid stop led to one-on-one
contact between the officer and McEachern, which led to a pat search for the officer’s
safety, which uncovered the pill container, which justified the truck search. The flaw in
the state’s rationale is that an officer conducting a pat search for officer safety has no
constitutional authority to reach into a driver’s pocket to retrieve an item unless the plain
feel of the item informs the officer that it is a weapon or contraband. Minnesota v.
Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 375–76, 113 S. Ct. 2130, 2137 (1993). The state gives no
persuasive justification supporting the officer’s decision to reach into Garcia’s pocket to
retrieve what the officer perceived to be (and later found to be) a small cylindrical pill
container. A pill container cannot reasonably be confused with a dangerous weapon and
the officer had no reason to suppose that it contained illegal drugs. We do not decide the
case on the state’s theory.
5 A different constitutional ground justifies the vehicle search and the collection of
evidence. McEachern had agreed to consent to random searches as part of his probation,
and this agreement was known to Officer Garcia. McEachern contends that this search
condition authorized searches only by probation officers because his agreement was with
the probation office, not with police. The contention does not persuade us. Police
frequently accompany probation officers and conduct probation searches with probation
officers. Officer Garcia testified without contradiction that the search condition did not
specify that McEachern must submit to probation searches—only that he must submit to
searches. We have no reason to construe the agreement more restrictively than its
language states or reasonably implies.
Because a probationer who has agreed to a search condition has “significantly
diminished privacy interests,” the Fourth Amendment requires only a reasonable
suspicion of criminal activity to conduct a search. United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112,
119–21, 122 S. Ct. 587, 592–93 (2001); see also State v. Anderson, 733 N.W.2d 128, 140
(Minn. 2007). We therefore must decide whether Officer Garcia had reasonable suspicion
of illegal activity to search McEachern’s truck.
We have no difficulty holding that reasonable suspicion of illegal activity justified
the vehicle search based on the following circumstances. McEachern was prohibited from
possessing alcohol. Officer Garcia saw a bottle cap of an alcoholic beverage in plain view
on the driver’s side floor as Garcia stepped from the truck, and an officer’s asking a
driver to step out of a stopped vehicle is not a constitutionally significant event.
Askerooth, 681 N.W.2d at 367 (citing Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 111, 98
6 S. Ct. 330, 333 (1977)). A reasonable officer would suspect that the bottle cap on a car’s
floor has a matching bottle somewhere inside the car, and the alcoholic contents of the
bottle, if found, would indicate that McEachern had violated both the terms of his
probation and the open-bottle law. See Minn. Stat. § 169A.35, subd. 3 (2012). Officer
Garcia was therefore constitutionally permitted to search anywhere in the truck where he
might reasonably find the matching bottle. See State v. Bigelow, 451 N.W.2d 311, 312–
13 (Minn. 1990).
At oral argument, McEachern’s attorney argued for different reasoning: “[W]hen I
was a kid, I used to put the bottle caps on the heel of my shoe and we used to [tap] dance
with them.” He alternatively insisted that it was reasonable to assume that McEachern did
not open the bottle in the car and drop the cap on the floor, but rather, while he was
walking about, he inadvertently stepped on the cap that had been left on the ground by a
stranger, and, not knowing the cap had affixed to his shoe, he stepped into the truck
where the cap fell to the floor. These explanations are underwhelming. The record does
not indicate that McEachern shared his attorney’s tap dancing tendencies. And we also
think the stuck-to-the-shoe theory is far fetched. But even assuming these theories are
reasonable, their reasonableness does not render our theory unreasonable. The issue is
whether a reasonable officer would suspect that the bottle cap on the truck floor may lead
to a matching bottle elsewhere in the truck. We hold that he would.
We need not consider the constitutionality of the pat-search of McEachern’s
person because the knife and pill bottle found in his pockets would have inevitably been
discovered during a search incident to McEachern’s arrest for the various drugs in his
7 truck. See State v. Lican, 659 N.W.2d 243, 254 (Minn. 2003) (discussing the proper
application of the inevitable discovery exception). Because the items discovered during
the pat search were not necessary to Officer Garcia’s reasonable suspicion to search the
truck for an open liquor bottle, the truck search is valid even if the pat search is not.
II
McEachern argues that his detention during the stop was unconstitutionally long,
but we reject the argument because it lacks factual support. Police may detain a suspect
so long as reasonable suspicion for the detention exists and police investigate their
reasonable suspicions diligently and reasonably. State v. Moffatt, 450 N.W.2d 116, 119
(Minn. 1990). The record does not suggest any unreasonable delay between the time the
officer stopped McEachern and the time he developed reasonable suspicion to search his
truck. The record also does not suggest that the truck search was lengthy.
III
McEachern contends that his post-arrest statements to Officer Garcia should be
suppressed. Officer Garcia advised McEachern of his Miranda rights before questioning
him. McEachern identifies no facts that suggest that his waiver of his right to remain
silent was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. See State v. Jones, 566 N.W.2d 317,
322 (Minn. 1997). The officer stopped questioning McEachern when McEachern stopped
answering questions. McEachern gives us no reason to reverse the district court’s
decision to admit his statements into evidence.
Affirmed.