This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A14-1471
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Bradley Scott Junker, Appellant.
Filed September 8, 2015 Affirmed Larkin, Judge
Cottonwood County District Court File No. 17-CR-13-377
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Angela Behrens, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Stephen J. Lindee, Watonwan County Attorney, St. James, Minnesota; and
Nicholas Anderson, Cottonwood County Attorney, Windom, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Jenna Yauch-Erickson, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Larkin, Presiding Judge; Chutich, Judge; and Smith,
Judge. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
LARKIN, Judge
Appellant challenges his terroristic-threats conviction, arguing that the district
court erred by refusing to accept a plea agreement and that the evidence was insufficient
to sustain the conviction. Appellant raises several additional issues in a pro se brief.
Because the district court did not err by rejecting the plea agreement, the evidence was
sufficient to sustain the conviction, and appellant’s pro se arguments do not establish a
basis for relief, we affirm.
FACTS
In August 2013, respondent State of Minnesota charged appellant Bradley Scott
Junker with two counts of making terroristic threats. One count involved L.B., an
Assistant Cottonwood County Attorney, and the other count involved A.H., Junker’s then
girlfriend. Five days before Junker’s scheduled trial in February 2014, the state proposed
a plea agreement. Around 12:00 p.m. on the day before trial, Junker rejected the
proposal. At a pretrial hearing later that day, which ended at 5:20 p.m., Junker
maintained his innocence. Prospective jurors were scheduled to appear for orientation at
8:45 a.m. the following day, and the trial was scheduled to begin at 9:30 a.m.
That evening, Junker informed his attorney that he wanted to accept the state’s
proposed plea agreement. Junker’s attorney “knew from past experience that [the district
court judge] has a policy that he will not entertain any plea agreements on the day of
trial.” So, at approximately 8:00 p.m., Junker’s attorney called the judge at his home and
informed him that the parties had reached a plea agreement. The judge refused to accept
2 the plea agreement based on his policy and because the prospective jurors were scheduled
to appear for jury duty the next day. Later, the district court noted that “counsel is always
informed that a plea on trial day must be to all counts without agreement and further
[that] a dismissal on trial day is with prejudice.”
Junker’s trial began the following morning. J.Q., a probation agent with the
Minnesota Department of Corrections, testified that she supervised Junker for almost two
years on probation. J.Q. stated that she spoke with Junker three times on August 20,
2013. J.Q. and Junker first spoke by telephone sometime before noon. Junker was upset
about new criminal charges that he was facing. He said the charges were “bogus” and the
fault of the prosecutor, L.B.
Later that day, J.Q. and Junker spoke at J.Q.’s office for approximately 30
minutes. Junker blamed L.B. for the new charges, said that he hated L.B. and that he
wished another prosecutor was handling the case. According to J.Q., Junker said that he
“wanted to shoot [L.B.] in the head” and that “[i]t would just be easier to just take care of
it.” J.Q. asked Junker if he had any weapons. Junker said that he did not, but he also
said, “All I would have to do is make a phone call; I can get whatever I need. I just need
to make one phone call.” Immediately after Junker left her office, J.Q. called L.B. and
told her what Junker had said. J.Q. also reported the incident to the police.
J.Q. saw Junker again around 4:30 p.m. outside of her office building. Junker had
just left a court hearing and was more agitated than earlier. Junker had read a report
regarding his new charges. He stated that he “thought that the consequences to his
actions did not matter at that point.” Before he left, Junker stated, “I don’t know if I am
3 going to make it through the night.” J.Q. once again reported Junker’s statements to the
police.
Junker testified on his own behalf and admitted that he told J.Q. that “[t]he b-tch
[(L.B.)] ought to be shot for what she just done to me.” He admitted that he repeatedly
said that L.B. should be shot, but he denied saying that he should or would shoot L.B.
The jury found Junker guilty of the terroristic-threats charge involving L.B. and
not guilty of the terroristic-threats charge involving A.H. The district court sentenced
Junker to serve 24 months in prison.
Junker appeals.
DECISION
I.
Junker contends that the district court violated Minnesota Rule of Criminal
Procedure 15.04 by refusing to consider the parties’ plea agreement on its terms. This
court reviews a district court’s refusal to accept a plea agreement for an abuse of
discretion. See State v. Pero, 590 N.W.2d 319, 325 (Minn. 1999) (determining whether
the district court abused its discretion by refusing to accept a plea agreement).
“When a plea is entered and the defendant questioned, the trial court judge must
reject or accept the plea of guilty on the terms of the plea agreement.” Minn. R. Crim. P.
15.04, subd. 3(1). “If the court rejects the plea agreement, it must advise the parties in
open court and then call upon the defendant to either affirm or withdraw the plea.” Id.
The district court “may accept a plea agreement of the parties when the interest of justice
would be served.” Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.04, subd. 3(2). The procedural rules provide a
4 nonexclusive list of appropriate considerations for use when determining whether to
accept a plea agreement. Id. “Rule 15.04 reflects case precedent holding that defendants
do not have a constitutional right to have a guilty plea accepted.” Pero, 590 N.W.2d at
325; see also State v. Goulette, 258 N.W.2d 758, 762 (Minn. 1977) (“Neither the
constitution nor our Rules of Criminal Procedure give to a criminal defendant an absolute
right to have his plea of guilty accepted.”).
Junker contends that the district court “neither accepted nor rejected [his] plea
agreement,” but rather refused to consider the plea agreement on its terms and in doing so
violated rule 15.04. Specifically, Junker argues that “[t]he rules do not contain any time
limit on either plea negotiations or the consideration of a plea agreement by the district
court,” “[j]udges have no authority to refuse to consider a plea agreement,” and “interests
of timeliness and juror inconvenience are markedly different than the [appropriate]
considerations” listed in rule 15.04, subd. 3(2). Junker’s arguments are unavailing in
light of this court’s decision in State v. Klug, 839 N.W.2d 723 (Minn. App. 2013).
Klug was charged with two offenses and during the year that followed, he
“periodically communicated with the prosecutor in an effort to reach a plea agreement.”
Klug, 839 N.W.2d at 725. On the morning of trial, Klug accepted the state’s offer to
dismiss one charge in exchange for a guilty plea to the other charge. Id. The district
court had a “policy of not accepting plea agreements on the day of trial in an effort to
reduce juror frustration and to increase trust and confidence in the judicial system.” Id. at
726. Consistent with that policy, the district court refused to accept the plea agreement.
Id. at 725.
5 On appeal to this court, Klug argued that the district court abused its discretion by
declining to accept the plea agreement. Id. at 726. This court rejected Klug’s argument
and held that “a district court, as a function of its discretion over whether to accept a plea
agreement under Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.04, subd. 3(2), may validly establish and enforce a
discretionary practice of declining to accept a plea agreement presented on the day that a
trial is to begin.” Id. at 727. This court reasoned:
The burdens on jurors are worthy of consideration by the courts and the parties to litigation. As the district courts of many jurisdictions do, the district court here adhered to its policy of not accepting plea agreements on the day of trial in an effort to reduce juror frustration and to increase trust and confidence in the judicial system.
An appropriate consideration in determining whether to accept a plea agreement is whether the “defendant by pleading has aided in avoiding delay in the disposition of other cases and thereby has contributed to the efficient administration of justice.” Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.04, subd. 3(2)(f). The district court’s rejection of a plea agreement on the brink of trial speaks to this consideration . . . .
Id. at 726.
Junker argues that Klug is factually distinguishable because he “reached an
agreement the day before trial and no jurors needed to wait for [him] to conclude
negotiations.” Junker’s argument puts form over substance. Klug accepted the state’s
plea offer “[o]n the morning of trial, with the jury pool waiting for jury selection to
begin.” Id. at 725. Junker accepted the state’s plea offer the night before trial after
business hours. The difference between accepting a plea offer on the morning of trial,
when the prospective jurors are at the courthouse waiting for trial to begin, and the night
6 before trial after the close of business, when court staff is not available to notify the
prospective jurors that their service would not be necessary the following day, is not
meaningful.1
Junker also argues that Klug did not address the precise issue raised in this appeal.
Junker emphasizes that “Klug argued that the rejection of his plea agreement was an
abuse of discretion,” whereas he argues that “the refusal to consider his plea agreement
on its terms—the absence of the exercise of discretion—violated the Rules of Criminal
Procedure.” Although Junker articulates his argument differently, the issue he raises does
not materially differ from the issue in Klug. Moreover, this court did not base its decision
in Klug on the district court’s consideration of the plea agreement’s terms. See id. at 726-
27. We simply upheld the district court’s practice of not accepting a plea agreement on
the day of trial as a valid exercise of discretion, which is what the district court did in this
case. See id. at 727.
Junker also argues that this court should “disregard Klug because it is incorrect.”
“Based on the principle of stare decisis, [Minnesota courts] are extremely reluctant to
overrule our precedent and require a compelling reason to do so.” SCI Minn. Funeral
Servs., Inc. v. Washburn-McReavy Funeral Corp., 795 N.W.2d 855, 862 (Minn. 2011)
(quotations and alteration omitted). The parties offer several policy-based arguments for
and against the district court’s practice of refusing to accept plea agreements on the day
1 The one notable difference between the circumstances in Klug and those in this case is that Klug asserted that he was unaware that the district court would not accept any plea agreement on the day of trial. 839 N.W.2d at 726. Junker does not assert that he was unaware of the policy. Instead, as the state argues, Junker appears to have “gambled on the hope that the court would not actually enforce it.”
7 of trial. This court’s decision in Klug was based on two such policies: reducing juror
frustration and increasing trust and confidence in the judicial system. 839 N.W.2d at 726.
Junker does not offer a compelling basis to disregard this court’s reasoning in Klug as
“incorrect.”
Lastly, Junker argues that the district court’s refusal to accept the plea agreement
violates the separation-of-powers doctrine.
Generally, the constitution empowers the legislative branch to legislate or make the laws, the executive branch to execute or carry out the laws, and the judicial branch to interpret and enforce the laws. But under the constitution, no branch of government may usurp or diminish the powers committed to another co-equal branch of government.
In re Welfare of J.J.P., 831 N.W.2d 260, 268 (Minn. 2013) (citations omitted).
Junker argues that the district court “effectively limited the state’s authority to
amend charges” and “commandeered the uniquely executive function of charging.” But
there is no indication that the state attempted to amend or dismiss the charges against
Junker or that the district court refused to allow the state to do so. Although the district
court refused to accept the parties’ plea agreement on the day of trial, the state did not
object. Thus, the purported separation-of-powers issue is not ripe for review. See In re
Travis, 767 N.W.2d 52, 58 (Minn. App. 2009) (“If an issue involves only a hypothetical
possibility, then the issue is not justiciable because neither the ripe nor the ripening seeds
of a controversy are present.” (Quotation omitted.)); Pechovnik v. Pechovnik, 765
N.W.2d 94, 97 (Minn. App. 2009) (“Appellate courts decide only actual controversies
and avoid advisory opinions.” (Quotation omitted.)).
8 In sum, under this court’s holding in Klug, the district court did not violate rule
15.04 or otherwise abuse its discretion by refusing to accept Junker’s plea agreement.
II.
Minn. Stat. § 609.713, subd. 1 (2012), provides that a person commits the offense
of terroristic threats if he “threatens, directly or indirectly, to commit any crime of
violence with purpose to terrorize another or . . . in a reckless disregard of the risk of
causing such terror.” For the purpose of section 609.713, a threat is “a declaration of an
intention to injure another or his property by some unlawful act. The test of whether
words or phrases are harmless or threatening is the context in which they are used.” State
v. Schweppe, 306 Minn. 395, 399, 237 N.W.2d 609, 613 (1975) (citations omitted).
“Thus the question of whether a given statement is a threat turns on whether the
communication in its context would have a reasonable tendency to create apprehension
that its originator will act according to its tenor.” Id. (quotation omitted).
Junker argues that his “statement about L.B. does not, as a matter of law,
constitute a terroristic threat” because “the terroristic threats statute does not criminalize
statements of transitory anger.” Junker further argues that “[w]hen a defendant argues
that the charged statute does not prohibit his alleged conduct, the issue is one of statutory
interpretation rather than sufficiency of the evidence, and the standard of review is de
novo.” See State v. Colvin, 645 N.W.2d 449, 452 (Minn. 2002) (determining, de novo,
whether intent to violate an order for protection was sufficient to establish burglary,
absent the commission of or intent to commit any other crime).
9 Caselaw establishes that “[t]he terroristic-threats statute is not intended to
authorize grave sanctions against the kind of verbal threat which expresses transitory
anger which lacks the intent to terrorize.” State v. Smith, 825 N.W.2d 131, 137 (Minn.
App. 2012) (quotation omitted), review denied (Minn. Mar. 19, 2013). It is therefore
unnecessary for this court to interpret the terroristic-threats statute when considering
Junker’s argument that his statements were noncriminal expressions of transitory anger.
Whether Junker’s statements merely expressed transitory anger or constituted a threat
under the terroristic-threats statute was an issue of fact for the jury. Our review of the
jury’s resolution of that issue is based on the sufficiency of the evidence. See id.
(applying sufficiency analysis and rejecting defendant’s argument that his conduct was
merely the result of transitory anger); State v. Jones, 451 N.W.2d 55, 63 (Minn. App.
1990) (applying sufficiency analysis and concluding that “it would be possible for a
reasonable jury to conclude that [the defendant] was not expressing ‘transitory anger’
when he threatened [two individuals], but that when doing so he had the requisite intent
to terrorize necessary to support his conviction”), review denied (Minn. Feb. 21, 1990).
When reviewing a jury verdict, an appellate court considers whether the legitimate
inferences drawn from the evidence would permit a jury to conclude that the defendant
was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Pratt, 813 N.W.2d 868, 874 (Minn.
2012). Review is limited to a close analysis of the record to determine whether the
evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the conviction, is sufficient to allow
the jury to reach the verdict that it did. State v. Webb, 440 N.W.2d 426, 430 (Minn.
1989). The reviewing court must assume “the jury believed the state’s witnesses and
10 disbelieved any evidence to the contrary.” State v. Moore, 438 N.W.2d 101, 108 (Minn.
1989). The reviewing court will not disturb the verdict if the jury, acting with due regard
for the presumption of innocence and the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable
doubt, could reasonably conclude the defendant was guilty of the charged offense.
Bernhardt v. State, 684 N.W.2d 465, 476-77 (Minn. 2004).
An appellate court applies heightened scrutiny when reviewing a verdict based on
circumstantial evidence. Pratt, 813 N.W.2d at 874. Minnesota courts employ a two-step
process when reviewing convictions based on circumstantial evidence. State v. Andersen,
784 N.W.2d 320, 329 (Minn. 2010). First, the reviewing court identifies the
circumstances proved. Id. Next, the reviewing court examines the reasonableness of the
inferences that can be drawn from the circumstances proved, including inferences of
innocence, as well as guilt. Id. All of the circumstances proved must be consistent with
guilt and inconsistent with any other rational hypothesis negating guilt. Id. at 330.
Junker and the state apply the circumstantial-evidence standard of review to
analyze the sufficiency of the evidence in this case. For the purpose of our analysis, we
will assume that the circumstantial-evidence standard of review is the appropriate
standard. We also accept Junker’s description of the circumstances proved, which
follows:
Junker spoke to [J.Q.] on August 20th. Junker first spoke to her over the phone and later to [her] in person. Junker was upset because L.B. had filed new criminal charges against him that he believed had been resolved over a year prior. Junker expressed his frustration to [J.Q.]. His speech was “pressured” and he seemed agitated. Junker stated either that he wanted to shoot L.B., that he could, would, or should shoot
11 her, or that she ought to be shot. [J.Q.] asked Junker if he had weapons and Junker responded that he did not, but he would only have to make a phone call to get what he needed. Junker “babbled on” in their conversation but [J.Q.] allowed Junker to leave without addressing his statements about L.B. [J.Q.] did not detain Junker or prevent him from attending his hearing. [J.Q.] was aware that Junker was on his way to court where he might encounter L.B. After Junker left, [J.Q.] reported Junker’s statement to L.B. and to law enforcement.
Junker argues that none of his reported statements constitutes a threat. He
emphasizes that he never said he was “going to” shoot L.B., that he did not have a plan to
hurt L.B., and that his statements were brief, not repeated, and not made directly to L.B.
He further argues that he was just “spouting off, venting, and expressing his frustrations
to a trusted confidant.” However, no specific language or conduct is required for a
statement to constitute a threat; the focus is on the context in which the statement was
made. See Schweppe, 306 Minn. at 399, 237 N.W.2d at 613. Junker’s statements were
made in the following context. He was on probation. He was upset because he had been
charged with new offenses. He expressed his frustration to his supervising probation
officer over the phone and in person on the day of his court hearing. He directed his
frustration at the prosecutor who filed the new charges. His expression of frustration
progressed to multiple statements indicating his desire that the charging prosecutor be
shot, stating that he could, would, or should shoot her. In addition, he claimed that he
could obtain the necessary weapon with just one phone call. Given the context of
Junker’s statements, the circumstances proved do not support a reasonable inference that
Junker was merely expressing transitory anger.
12 Junker also argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he intended to
terrorize another or acted in reckless disregard of causing such terror. The state’s case
focused on Junker’s reckless disregard of the risk of causing terror. “[D]eclaring the
intent to injure by an unlawful act constitutes a terroristic threat when the person who
utters the statement recklessly disregards the risk of terrorizing another.” State v.
Bjergum, 771 N.W.2d 53, 57 (Minn. App. 2009), review denied (Minn. Nov. 17, 2009).
“Recklessness requires deliberate action in disregard of a known, substantial risk.” Id.
“By acting without regard to a known, substantial risk, a person’s threats, however
intended, may violate the statute.” Id.
Junker contends that the “circumstances proved support a reasonable rational
inference that [he] did not act . . . in reckless disregard of causing terror,” and that “[i]t is
equally plausible that [he] was merely venting to a trusted source, did not believe his
statements would be repeated, and did not intend them to worry anyone.”
A defendant “need not directly communicate the threat to the intended victim to be
guilty of making a criminal threat.” Schweppe, 306 Minn. at 401, 237 N.W.2d at 614; see
also Minn. Stat. § 609.713, subd. 1 (stating that a terroristic threat may be made “directly
or indirectly”). It is enough that the defendant “risked the danger that his threats would
be communicated and thereby would terrorize [the victim].” Schweppe, 306 Minn. at
401, 237 N.W.2d at 614. And as the United States Supreme Court has stated:
A probationer cannot pretend ignorance of the fact that his probation officer is a peace officer, and as such is allied, to a greater or lesser extent, with his fellow peace officers. Absent some express or implied promise to the contrary, he may also be charged with knowledge that the probation
13 officer is duty bound to report wrongdoing by the probationer when it comes to his attention, even if by communication from the probationer himself.
Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 432, 104 S. Ct. 1136, 1145 (1984) (emphasis added)
(citations and quotations omitted). Thus, Junker’s hypothesis that he trusted J.Q. and did
not think she would repeat his statements regarding L.B. is not rational, and it does not
negate his guilt.
In sum, all of the circumstances proved are consistent with guilt and inconsistent
with any rational hypothesis negating guilt. We therefore do not disturb the jury’s
verdict.
III.
Junker raises several issues in a pro se supplemental brief, including (1) the district
court’s refusal to accept his plea agreement; (2) the sufficiency of the evidence; (3) false
testimony; (4) errors in a search-warrant application; (5) judicial bias; (6) jury tampering;
(7) prosecutorial misconduct; (8) ineffective assistance of counsel; and (9) the district
court’s denial of his motion for a dispositional departure. The first two issues were
addressed by Junker’s appellate counsel, and Junker’s arguments do not alter our
decisions regarding those issues. We briefly address two of Junker’s other pro se issues.
Junker contends that several state officials made false statements and gave false
testimony at his trial. For example, he argues that J.Q. changed her story regarding what
he said about L.B. Junker’s allegations raise credibility issues. Credibility
determinations are left to the jury. State v. Reese, 692 N.W.2d 736, 741 (Minn. 2005). In
14 his closing argument, Junker noted that J.Q.’s statements had “fluctuated.” The jury’s
verdict reflects its assessment of that argument, and we defer to its assessment.
Junker also contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. To
succeed on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that his
counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that, but
for the counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064,
2068 (1984).
Junker argues that his attorney improperly adopted the state’s language regarding
his threatening statements, effectively conceding an element of the offense. But that
strategy was consistent with Junker’s theory of the case. In fact, Junker made his own
closing argument and asserted that he made the statements in a moment of fleeting anger
and therefore lacked the intent required for the crime of terroristic threats. Given
Junker’s defense strategy, he has not established that the alleged concession affected the
outcome of the trial. He therefore is not entitled to relief. See id. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at
2068.
Junker also argues that his attorney failed to subpoena key witnesses. Appellate
courts “give trial counsel wide latitude to determine the best strategy for the client.”
State v. Nicks, 831 N.W.2d 493, 506 (Minn. 2013). Generally, the extent of any
investigation, including calling prospective witnesses at trial, is part of trial strategy and
“should not be readily second-guessed.” Id. Minnesota caselaw includes many examples
of cases holding that an attorney’s decision regarding which witnesses to call is
15 unreviewable trial strategy. See, e.g., State v. Jones, 392 N.W.2d 224, 236 (Minn. 1986)
(stating that decisions about “[w]hich witnesses to call at trial and what information to
present to the jury are questions that lie within the proper discretion of the trial counsel”).
Junker has not presented evidence or argument to show that his lawyer’s decision
regarding which witnesses to call was anything other than unreviewable trial strategy.
We have considered Junker’s remaining pro se arguments and conclude that they
do not provide a basis for relief. See Ture v. State, 681 N.W.2d 9, 20 (Minn. 2004)
(rejecting pro se arguments without detailing consideration of each argument).
Affirmed.