This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A13-1598
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Bradley D. Fordyce, Appellant.
Filed October 14, 2014 Affirmed Ross, Judge
Crow Wing County District Court File No. 18-CR-12-4620
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Donald F. Ryan, Crow Wing County Attorney, Candice Prigge, Assistant County Attorney, Brainerd, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Roy G. Spurbeck, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Ross, Judge; and Chutich,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ROSS, Judge
A deputy sheriff’s hidden camera captured an image of Bradley Fordyce in the
woods cultivating a marijuana crop in Crow Wing County. An investigation led to more marijuana in Fordyce’s apartment. After the state charged Fordyce with sale and
possession of marijuana, he dismissed his public defender, went to trial without legal
counsel, and was convicted and sentenced to serve intermittent periods in jail and pay a
fine. Because we are not persuaded by Fordyce’s arguments on appeal that he was
entitled to assert a medical-necessity defense, that the district court erred by imposing the
fine, or that he received ineffective assistance from his public defender, we affirm.
FACTS
Someone tipped off the Crow Wing County Sheriff’s Office in September 2012
that marijuana was growing in a wooded area. Sergeant Joseph Meyer found eleven
apparently cared-for plants. The sergeant installed a pair of concealed cameras that
captured the image of a man tending the marijuana. Sergeant Meyer returned several days
later and discovered that the plants were harvested, and new photographs helped him
identify Fordyce as the cultivator.
Sergeant Meyer took other deputies to Fordyce’s apartment and arrested him
inside. A bright light emanating from within one of Fordyce’s closets drew the sergeant’s
attention. He discovered more marijuana plants growing inside. Officers obtained a
warrant to search the apartment and discovered more plants, several containers of
processed marijuana, and equipment for growing marijuana. Forensic testing revealed
that one of the bundles of marijuana weighed 37.2 grams and another weighed 68.9
grams. The state charged Fordyce with fifth-degree sale and fifth-degree possession of
marijuana.
2 Fordyce applied for and received a public defender, but the relationship did not
last. In April 2013, Fordyce petitioned the court to permit him to proceed pro se. The
district court granted the petition after a colloquy with Fordyce satisfied the court that he
understood the implications of representing himself. It appointed advisory counsel, and
the case went to trial later that month.
Police testified to the events as just described. Fordyce cross-examined Sergeant
Meyer about his understanding of the Constitution. Fordyce informed the district court
that he intended to defend by maintaining that Minnesota’s laws criminalizing selling and
possessing marijuana are unconstitutional and that it was medically necessary for him to
use marijuana. He based the latter contention on this court’s unpublished opinion
affirming Fordyce’s 2003 conviction for fifth-degree controlled-substance crimes. See
State v. Fordyce, No. C7-02-2126, 2003 WL 21694528 (Minn. App. July 22, 2003).
There we reasoned that the district court erred by prohibiting Fordyce from testifying that
he was growing and using marijuana because it made his life worthwhile in ways
Western medicine did not. Id. at *2. But we concluded that the error was harmless
because Fordyce could not assert a medical-necessity defense. Id.
The district court prohibited Fordyce from challenging the constitutionality of the
statutes because he had not sought a pretrial ruling allowing him to pursue the challenge
and because the district court would have denied the request even if he had. It did allow
him to testify about the quality-of-life benefits he allegedly derives from marijuana, but it
denied his request to assert a medical-necessity defense. Fordyce never denied growing
and smoking the marijuana, and he did not contest any of the state’s evidence. He
3 testified that the residual effects of Lyme disease left him in pain that is relieved by using
marijuana. He told the jury that he previously lived in Nevada, where marijuana may be
prescribed for medical use, but he admitted that he never obtained a marijuana
prescription there.
The jury found Fordyce guilty on both counts. The district court imposed the
presumptive sentence of one year and one day in prison, but it stayed that sentence
contingent on probationary conditions that included Fordyce’s serving three brief jail
terms spread over three years. It also imposed a $1,000 fine, which it said Fordyce could
pay by performing community service work during his jail time.
Fordyce appeals from the district court’s prohibiting him from raising a medical-
necessity defense and from its imposing the fine.
DECISION
I
Fordyce argues that the district court should have instructed the jury that he could
rely on a medical-necessity defense. We will not reverse the district court’s jury-
instruction decision unless it abused its broad discretion and prejudiced the defendant.
State v. Hannon, 703 N.W.2d 498, 509 (Minn. 2005). Fordyce points to the federal and
state constitutions and his right under them “to present a complete defense.” See
California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485, 104 S. Ct. 2528, 2532 (1984); State v.
Richards, 495 N.W.2d 187, 191 (Minn. 1992). But this right is not absolute. Hannon, 703
N.W.2d at 506. The state’s classifying marijuana as a controlled substance is
constitutionally rational, State v. Hanson, 364 N.W.2d 786, 791 (Minn. 1985), and we do
4 not recognize a medical-necessity defense to charges of possession or use of marijuana,
State v. Hanson, 468 N.W.2d 77, 79 (Minn. App. 1991), review denied (Minn. June 3,
1991). We recently reiterated that latter holding in State v. Thiel, 846 N.W.2d 605, 615–
16 (Minn. App. 2014), review denied (Minn. Aug. 5, 2014), where we affirmed the drug-
possession conviction of a defendant who held a California-issued medical-marijuana
card.
Fordyce understands that Hanson undermines his position, but he asks us to
reconsider its holding because he says political circumstances have changed. The doctrine
of stare decisis directs us to abide by our earlier decisions. Doe v. Lutheran High Sch. of
Greater Minneapolis, 702 N.W.2d 322, 330 (Minn. App. 2005), review denied (Minn.
Oct. 26, 2005). We recognize that we might nonetheless overrule a prior decision. See
Koski v.
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A13-1598
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Bradley D. Fordyce, Appellant.
Filed October 14, 2014 Affirmed Ross, Judge
Crow Wing County District Court File No. 18-CR-12-4620
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Donald F. Ryan, Crow Wing County Attorney, Candice Prigge, Assistant County Attorney, Brainerd, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Roy G. Spurbeck, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Ross, Judge; and Chutich,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ROSS, Judge
A deputy sheriff’s hidden camera captured an image of Bradley Fordyce in the
woods cultivating a marijuana crop in Crow Wing County. An investigation led to more marijuana in Fordyce’s apartment. After the state charged Fordyce with sale and
possession of marijuana, he dismissed his public defender, went to trial without legal
counsel, and was convicted and sentenced to serve intermittent periods in jail and pay a
fine. Because we are not persuaded by Fordyce’s arguments on appeal that he was
entitled to assert a medical-necessity defense, that the district court erred by imposing the
fine, or that he received ineffective assistance from his public defender, we affirm.
FACTS
Someone tipped off the Crow Wing County Sheriff’s Office in September 2012
that marijuana was growing in a wooded area. Sergeant Joseph Meyer found eleven
apparently cared-for plants. The sergeant installed a pair of concealed cameras that
captured the image of a man tending the marijuana. Sergeant Meyer returned several days
later and discovered that the plants were harvested, and new photographs helped him
identify Fordyce as the cultivator.
Sergeant Meyer took other deputies to Fordyce’s apartment and arrested him
inside. A bright light emanating from within one of Fordyce’s closets drew the sergeant’s
attention. He discovered more marijuana plants growing inside. Officers obtained a
warrant to search the apartment and discovered more plants, several containers of
processed marijuana, and equipment for growing marijuana. Forensic testing revealed
that one of the bundles of marijuana weighed 37.2 grams and another weighed 68.9
grams. The state charged Fordyce with fifth-degree sale and fifth-degree possession of
marijuana.
2 Fordyce applied for and received a public defender, but the relationship did not
last. In April 2013, Fordyce petitioned the court to permit him to proceed pro se. The
district court granted the petition after a colloquy with Fordyce satisfied the court that he
understood the implications of representing himself. It appointed advisory counsel, and
the case went to trial later that month.
Police testified to the events as just described. Fordyce cross-examined Sergeant
Meyer about his understanding of the Constitution. Fordyce informed the district court
that he intended to defend by maintaining that Minnesota’s laws criminalizing selling and
possessing marijuana are unconstitutional and that it was medically necessary for him to
use marijuana. He based the latter contention on this court’s unpublished opinion
affirming Fordyce’s 2003 conviction for fifth-degree controlled-substance crimes. See
State v. Fordyce, No. C7-02-2126, 2003 WL 21694528 (Minn. App. July 22, 2003).
There we reasoned that the district court erred by prohibiting Fordyce from testifying that
he was growing and using marijuana because it made his life worthwhile in ways
Western medicine did not. Id. at *2. But we concluded that the error was harmless
because Fordyce could not assert a medical-necessity defense. Id.
The district court prohibited Fordyce from challenging the constitutionality of the
statutes because he had not sought a pretrial ruling allowing him to pursue the challenge
and because the district court would have denied the request even if he had. It did allow
him to testify about the quality-of-life benefits he allegedly derives from marijuana, but it
denied his request to assert a medical-necessity defense. Fordyce never denied growing
and smoking the marijuana, and he did not contest any of the state’s evidence. He
3 testified that the residual effects of Lyme disease left him in pain that is relieved by using
marijuana. He told the jury that he previously lived in Nevada, where marijuana may be
prescribed for medical use, but he admitted that he never obtained a marijuana
prescription there.
The jury found Fordyce guilty on both counts. The district court imposed the
presumptive sentence of one year and one day in prison, but it stayed that sentence
contingent on probationary conditions that included Fordyce’s serving three brief jail
terms spread over three years. It also imposed a $1,000 fine, which it said Fordyce could
pay by performing community service work during his jail time.
Fordyce appeals from the district court’s prohibiting him from raising a medical-
necessity defense and from its imposing the fine.
DECISION
I
Fordyce argues that the district court should have instructed the jury that he could
rely on a medical-necessity defense. We will not reverse the district court’s jury-
instruction decision unless it abused its broad discretion and prejudiced the defendant.
State v. Hannon, 703 N.W.2d 498, 509 (Minn. 2005). Fordyce points to the federal and
state constitutions and his right under them “to present a complete defense.” See
California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485, 104 S. Ct. 2528, 2532 (1984); State v.
Richards, 495 N.W.2d 187, 191 (Minn. 1992). But this right is not absolute. Hannon, 703
N.W.2d at 506. The state’s classifying marijuana as a controlled substance is
constitutionally rational, State v. Hanson, 364 N.W.2d 786, 791 (Minn. 1985), and we do
4 not recognize a medical-necessity defense to charges of possession or use of marijuana,
State v. Hanson, 468 N.W.2d 77, 79 (Minn. App. 1991), review denied (Minn. June 3,
1991). We recently reiterated that latter holding in State v. Thiel, 846 N.W.2d 605, 615–
16 (Minn. App. 2014), review denied (Minn. Aug. 5, 2014), where we affirmed the drug-
possession conviction of a defendant who held a California-issued medical-marijuana
card.
Fordyce understands that Hanson undermines his position, but he asks us to
reconsider its holding because he says political circumstances have changed. The doctrine
of stare decisis directs us to abide by our earlier decisions. Doe v. Lutheran High Sch. of
Greater Minneapolis, 702 N.W.2d 322, 330 (Minn. App. 2005), review denied (Minn.
Oct. 26, 2005). We recognize that we might nonetheless overrule a prior decision. See
Koski v. Johnson, 837 N.W.2d 739, 744 (Minn. App. 2013), review denied (Minn.
Dec. 17, 2013). We might do so if, for example, the rationale for the rule of law that
underlies the prior decision no longer exists or if the rule no longer applies because of
clear social change. Doe, 702 N.W.2d at 330.
Fordyce provides meager support for his argument that we have reason to overrule
Hanson. He offers only a survey from St. Cloud State University (implying that 76% of
Minnesotans support legalized use of marijuana if prescribed by a physician) and a
decision by the Washington Supreme Court (recognizing a medical-necessity defense to
charges of marijuana use). These offerings fall far short of persuading us to put aside our
precedent in Hanson. Fordyce has not demonstrated that Hanson’s rationale no longer
exists. And to the extent he relies on increased public discourse and political discussion
5 on the topic, our constitution authorizes the legislature, not the court, to implement
changes in public policy.
We add that even if Fordyce had convinced us that a medical-necessity defense
might apply in some circumstances, he has not convinced us that it would apply to his.
Although he insists that marijuana use eases his pain, he presented no evidence and made
no offer of proof demonstrating its “necessity” to him. In other words, Fordyce
essentially asks for a medical-use exception to the statute rather than a medical-necessity
justification for violating it. We decline to overrule Hanson and hold that the district
court did not abuse its discretion by denying the requested jury instruction.
II
Fordyce also contends that we should remand the case, arguing apparently that the
district court abused its discretion by not considering his indigence and not imposing a
$50 fine, rather than the $1,000 fine that it imposed. He did not object to the fine at
sentencing, so we review it only for plain error. See State v. Ramey, 721 N.W.2d 294, 297
(Minn. 2006). To prevail on a plain-error challenge, Fordyce must show that the district
court’s decision was error, that the error was plain, and that it affected his substantial
rights. State v. Griller, 583 N.W.2d 736, 740 (Minn. 1998). Even if these three elements
are met, this court still has discretion whether to address the error, guided by whether
reversal is necessary to protect the fairness and integrity of the judicial proceedings.
Ramey, 721 N.W.2d at 302.
Fordyce argues that the district court had to consider imposing a $50 fine (an
option available because Fordyce qualified for a public defender) rather than to impose
6 the $1,000 fine. Neither the statute nor caselaw supports the argument. The maximum
fine for the marijuana-sale conviction, based on Fordyce’s previous conviction for a
similar offense, is $20,000, Minn. Stat. § 152.025, subd. 1(b) (2012), while the minimum
fine for a controlled-substances conviction is “not less than 30 percent of the maximum,”
Minn. Stat. § 609.101, subd. 3(a) (2012). The district court “may reduce the . . . minimum
fine to not less than $50” if the defendant is eligible for a public defender. Id., subd. 5(b).
And it may allow him to pay the fine by performing community service. Id. But a district
court need not consider the defendant’s ability to pay when imposing a fine. Perkins v.
State, 559 N.W.2d 678, 693 (Minn. 1997). The district court imposed a fine of $1,000 (or
five percent of the statutory maximum, which is far below the statutory minimum of
$6,000), and it specified that Fordyce could cover the fine through community-service
work during his jail time. The district court “may” (not “must”) reduce the fine as low as
$50, and no ability-to-pay findings were necessary. The district court did not err at all,
and so it did not plainly err, by imposing the fine.
III
Fordyce urges in a supplemental pro se brief that he received ineffective assistance
of counsel from his public defender before he opted to proceed to trial pro se. A
defendant claiming ineffective assistance of counsel must establish that his attorney’s
conduct was objectively unreasonable and that the deficient performance led to an
unfavorable outcome. Gates v. State, 398 N.W.2d 558, 561 (Minn. 1987). Even if
Fordyce received ineffective assistance, it is unlikely that it affected the outcome.
Fordyce asserts that his counsel erred by failing to invoke a medical-necessity defense
7 and to make pretrial motions to challenge the constitutionality of the marijuana sale and
possession laws under the Privileges and Immunities Clause. We have already explained
that medical necessity is not a defense to a drug-possession charge, so the attorney’s
failing to raise the defense was not constitutionally deficient. And the argument that the
Privileges and Immunities Clause guarantees Fordyce the same right to consume medical
marijuana in Minnesota as residents of states that have legalized medical use has no
merit. The Privileges and Immunities Clause protects, against state infringement, those
rights that derive from United States citizenship; it does not protect rights that derive
from state law. Snowden v. Hughes, 321 U.S. 1, 6–7, 64 S. Ct. 397, 400 (1944). The
clause certainly does not require Minnesota to adopt or apply any other state’s marijuana
law.
Affirmed.