This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A24-1325
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Bruce Leonard Chouinard, Appellant.
Filed October 13, 2025 Reversed Wheelock, Judge
Benton County District Court File No. 05-CR-23-995
Keith Ellison, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Kathleen L. Reuter, Benton County Attorney, Foley, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Leah C. Graf, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Wheelock, Presiding Judge; Frisch, Chief Judge; and
Halbrooks, Judge. *
* Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION
WHEELOCK, Judge
Appellant challenges his conviction for possessing ammunition he was ineligible to
possess because of a prior conviction. Because the order discharging appellant from
probation for the prior conviction did not accurately inform him of his legal obligations at
the time it was given to him, appellant’s conviction for possession of ammunition was
obtained in violation of his due-process rights, and we reverse.
FACTS
In 2013, appellant Bruce Leonard Chouinard was convicted of and sentenced for an
offense that was defined as a crime of violence under Minn. Stat. § 624.712, subd. 5 (2012),
and in March 2016, he was discharged from probation for that conviction. The discharge
order signed by the district court stated, “It is ordered that Bruce Leonard Chouinard is
hereby discharged from probation and restored to all civil rights and full citizenship with
full right to vote and hold office the same as if said conviction had not taken place.” On
the face of the order, a box was checked next to a warning that stated, “Because you have
been convicted of a crime of violence under Minn. Statute 624.712, subd. 5, you cannot
ship, transport, possess, or receive a firearm for the remainder of your lifetime.” The
advisory said nothing about Chouinard’s right to possess ammunition. After Chouinard
was sentenced but before he was discharged from probation, the legislature amended the
firearm-prohibition statute to prohibit the possession of both firearms and ammunition.
2015 Minn. Laws ch. 65, art. 3, § 26, at 502-05 (codified at Minn. Stat. § 624.713, subd. 1
2 (Supp. 2015)). The amendment went into effect on August 1, 2015, id., and thus was
effective when Chouinard was discharged from probation in 2016.
In May 2023, a deputy from the Benton County Sheriff’s Department responded to
a call from Chouinard reporting a civil dispute at his place of residence that involved his
landlord and another individual. After the deputy spoke with the other two people
regarding the incident, Chouinard invited the deputy into his apartment. Chouinard showed
the deputy around the space, including a storage area where Chouinard had “numerous
rounds of ammunition, including rifle and pistol cartridges” that were placed in a
homemade display. Chouinard told the deputy that he used to be a gunsmith, that he
augmented his income by selling ammunition, and that all of the ammunition the deputy
observed in the storage room had been sold and he was waiting for the buyer to pick it up.
The deputy, who knew Chouinard and his criminal record, informed Chouinard that
he could not possess ammunition because of his 2013 conviction for a crime of violence.
Chouinard said that he “wasn’t aware” that he could not possess ammunition; he “thought
it was just firearms.” During his testimony, the deputy agreed that Chouinard was “very
compliant and did what [the deputy] asked him to do.” Respondent State of Minnesota
charged Chouinard with one count of unlawful possession of ammunition in violation of
Minn. Stat. § 624.713, subd. 1(2) (2022).
In March 2024, Chouinard appeared for trial on his ammunition-possession charge,
and the jury found him guilty. The district court denied Chouinard’s motion for a
dispositional departure, but it granted him a durational departure because Chouinard’s
conduct was “substantially or significantly . . . less serious than that of a typical violation
3 of this statute,” imposing a sentence of imprisonment for one year and one day. Chouinard
appealed his conviction, and this court granted his motion for a stay of the direct appeal so
that he could petition the district court for postconviction relief. Chouinard filed his
petition and submitted evidence of his 2013 warrant of commitment and the 2016 order
discharging him from probation. The district court denied Chouinard’s petition for relief,
and this court lifted the stay.
Chouinard appeals.
DECISION
Chouinard makes two arguments on appeal. First, he argues that the state failed to
prove that he knew that he could not possess ammunition at the time the deputy seized
ammunition from him. Second, he argues that his conviction was obtained in violation of
his due-process rights because the district court affirmatively misled him when it informed
him of his rights at the time he was discharged from probation for the prior conviction in
2016 but did not inform him of the prohibition on possessing ammunition. Because we
agree with Chouinard’s second argument as to due process and it is dispositive, we do not
address his first argument as to the sufficiency of the evidence.
Chouinard argues that, when the district court discharged him from probation, its
statement on his discharge form omitted that he is prohibited from possessing ammunition,
thereby misinforming him because the statement on the discharge form was not an accurate
statement of the law at the time. Thus, Chouinard contends, his conviction for possessing
ammunition that he was ineligible to possess was obtained in violation of his due-process
rights. The state argues that there was no due-process violation because an omission is not
4 a misstatement of the law and a mistake as to the law is not a defense. In denying
Chouinard’s petition for relief, the district court determined that, because the discharge
form was not an exhaustive list of Chouinard’s rights or restrictions thereon, it was not
misleading and Chouinard’s conviction did not violate due process.
Whether the state’s prosecution of a defendant violates the Due Process Clause is a
legal question that we review de novo. State v. Fitzpatrick, 690 N.W.2d 387, 390 (Minn.
App. 2004). “[T]he government violates an individual’s due-process rights when
representatives of the state mislead individuals as to their legal obligations.” Whitten v.
State, 690 N.W.2d 561, 565 (Minn. App. 2005) (citing Raley v. Ohio, 360 U.S. 423, 439
(1959)). A person may avoid prosecution if, in acting criminally, that person relied on
representations made by the state. Id. (citing State v. White, 464 N.W.2d 585, 590 (Minn.
App. 1990), rev. denied (Minn. Mar. 15, 1991)). When a government representative
provides advice or instructions that are a misstatement of the law, a person has the right to
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This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A24-1325
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Bruce Leonard Chouinard, Appellant.
Filed October 13, 2025 Reversed Wheelock, Judge
Benton County District Court File No. 05-CR-23-995
Keith Ellison, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Kathleen L. Reuter, Benton County Attorney, Foley, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Leah C. Graf, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Wheelock, Presiding Judge; Frisch, Chief Judge; and
Halbrooks, Judge. *
* Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION
WHEELOCK, Judge
Appellant challenges his conviction for possessing ammunition he was ineligible to
possess because of a prior conviction. Because the order discharging appellant from
probation for the prior conviction did not accurately inform him of his legal obligations at
the time it was given to him, appellant’s conviction for possession of ammunition was
obtained in violation of his due-process rights, and we reverse.
FACTS
In 2013, appellant Bruce Leonard Chouinard was convicted of and sentenced for an
offense that was defined as a crime of violence under Minn. Stat. § 624.712, subd. 5 (2012),
and in March 2016, he was discharged from probation for that conviction. The discharge
order signed by the district court stated, “It is ordered that Bruce Leonard Chouinard is
hereby discharged from probation and restored to all civil rights and full citizenship with
full right to vote and hold office the same as if said conviction had not taken place.” On
the face of the order, a box was checked next to a warning that stated, “Because you have
been convicted of a crime of violence under Minn. Statute 624.712, subd. 5, you cannot
ship, transport, possess, or receive a firearm for the remainder of your lifetime.” The
advisory said nothing about Chouinard’s right to possess ammunition. After Chouinard
was sentenced but before he was discharged from probation, the legislature amended the
firearm-prohibition statute to prohibit the possession of both firearms and ammunition.
2015 Minn. Laws ch. 65, art. 3, § 26, at 502-05 (codified at Minn. Stat. § 624.713, subd. 1
2 (Supp. 2015)). The amendment went into effect on August 1, 2015, id., and thus was
effective when Chouinard was discharged from probation in 2016.
In May 2023, a deputy from the Benton County Sheriff’s Department responded to
a call from Chouinard reporting a civil dispute at his place of residence that involved his
landlord and another individual. After the deputy spoke with the other two people
regarding the incident, Chouinard invited the deputy into his apartment. Chouinard showed
the deputy around the space, including a storage area where Chouinard had “numerous
rounds of ammunition, including rifle and pistol cartridges” that were placed in a
homemade display. Chouinard told the deputy that he used to be a gunsmith, that he
augmented his income by selling ammunition, and that all of the ammunition the deputy
observed in the storage room had been sold and he was waiting for the buyer to pick it up.
The deputy, who knew Chouinard and his criminal record, informed Chouinard that
he could not possess ammunition because of his 2013 conviction for a crime of violence.
Chouinard said that he “wasn’t aware” that he could not possess ammunition; he “thought
it was just firearms.” During his testimony, the deputy agreed that Chouinard was “very
compliant and did what [the deputy] asked him to do.” Respondent State of Minnesota
charged Chouinard with one count of unlawful possession of ammunition in violation of
Minn. Stat. § 624.713, subd. 1(2) (2022).
In March 2024, Chouinard appeared for trial on his ammunition-possession charge,
and the jury found him guilty. The district court denied Chouinard’s motion for a
dispositional departure, but it granted him a durational departure because Chouinard’s
conduct was “substantially or significantly . . . less serious than that of a typical violation
3 of this statute,” imposing a sentence of imprisonment for one year and one day. Chouinard
appealed his conviction, and this court granted his motion for a stay of the direct appeal so
that he could petition the district court for postconviction relief. Chouinard filed his
petition and submitted evidence of his 2013 warrant of commitment and the 2016 order
discharging him from probation. The district court denied Chouinard’s petition for relief,
and this court lifted the stay.
Chouinard appeals.
DECISION
Chouinard makes two arguments on appeal. First, he argues that the state failed to
prove that he knew that he could not possess ammunition at the time the deputy seized
ammunition from him. Second, he argues that his conviction was obtained in violation of
his due-process rights because the district court affirmatively misled him when it informed
him of his rights at the time he was discharged from probation for the prior conviction in
2016 but did not inform him of the prohibition on possessing ammunition. Because we
agree with Chouinard’s second argument as to due process and it is dispositive, we do not
address his first argument as to the sufficiency of the evidence.
Chouinard argues that, when the district court discharged him from probation, its
statement on his discharge form omitted that he is prohibited from possessing ammunition,
thereby misinforming him because the statement on the discharge form was not an accurate
statement of the law at the time. Thus, Chouinard contends, his conviction for possessing
ammunition that he was ineligible to possess was obtained in violation of his due-process
rights. The state argues that there was no due-process violation because an omission is not
4 a misstatement of the law and a mistake as to the law is not a defense. In denying
Chouinard’s petition for relief, the district court determined that, because the discharge
form was not an exhaustive list of Chouinard’s rights or restrictions thereon, it was not
misleading and Chouinard’s conviction did not violate due process.
Whether the state’s prosecution of a defendant violates the Due Process Clause is a
legal question that we review de novo. State v. Fitzpatrick, 690 N.W.2d 387, 390 (Minn.
App. 2004). “[T]he government violates an individual’s due-process rights when
representatives of the state mislead individuals as to their legal obligations.” Whitten v.
State, 690 N.W.2d 561, 565 (Minn. App. 2005) (citing Raley v. Ohio, 360 U.S. 423, 439
(1959)). A person may avoid prosecution if, in acting criminally, that person relied on
representations made by the state. Id. (citing State v. White, 464 N.W.2d 585, 590 (Minn.
App. 1990), rev. denied (Minn. Mar. 15, 1991)). When a government representative
provides advice or instructions that are a misstatement of the law, a person has the right to
rely on these statements. Id. at 566. One function of due-process rights is to “prevent the
government from informing a felon that all his civil rights are restored and then prosecuting
him for an act that would have been legal if all his civil rights had been restored.” Id. at
565 (citing United States v. Erwin, 902 F.2d 510, 512-13 (7th Cir. 1990)). However, it is
not a violation of a person’s due-process rights when the discharge order from probation
“accurately informs a defendant of their legal obligations under the then-existing version
of Minnesota Statutes section 624.713, subdivision 1(2), . . . and the Legislature later
modifies those obligations by amending the statute.” Underwood v. State, 25 N.W.3d 26,
29 (Minn. 2025).
5 Chouinard argues that his case is similar to that in Whitten, in which we reversed a
defendant’s conviction for unlawful firearm possession because prosecuting him violated
his due-process rights. 690 N.W.2d at 566. In Whitten, the district court also discharged
the defendant from probation with a form order. The form order stated that the defendant
was “restored to all civil rights and to full citizenship”; however, the district court failed to
place a check mark in the box next to the declaration, “You are not entitled to . . . possess
or receive a firearm,” even though the law at the time prohibited firearm possession based
on the defendant’s conviction. Id. at 562-63 (emphasis added). A few years later, police
officers found a firearm in the defendant’s car, and he pleaded guilty to unlawful possession
of a firearm. Id. at 563. The defendant argued in a postconviction petition that the charge
and conviction violated his due-process rights because the discharge order included a
misstatement of the law. Id. This court agreed, determining that the failure to check the
box indicating that he could not possess a firearm, preceded by a statement that all his civil
rights had been restored, was the state effectively telling the defendant that he could possess
a firearm. Id. at 565-66. Therefore, this court reversed the district court’s entry of
judgment of conviction as a violation of his due-process rights. Id. at 566.
The state, however, argues that the facts here are more similar to those in State v.
Grillo. 661 N.W.2d 641 (Minn. App. 2003), rev. denied (Minn. Aug. 5, 2003). In Grillo,
after the defendant was discharged from his sentence, the legislature amended the statute
prohibiting people with certain convictions from possessing firearms, which resulted in the
defendant being prohibited from possessing firearms. Id. at 643. At some point after the
amendment went into effect, police officers conducted a traffic stop of the defendant and
6 discovered a firearm in his car, and the state charged the defendant with unlawful
possession of the firearm. Id. After being convicted, the defendant appealed his
conviction, arguing that his due-process rights had been violated because he did not receive
notice that he was prohibited from possessing firearms. Id. at 645. This court concluded
that “ignorance of the law is not a defense when it would have been possible, had [the
defendant] made the effort to do so, to learn of the existence of the prohibition.” Id.
We determine that the facts here are more like those in Whitten than those in Grillo.
It is pivotal that the amendment of the law in Grillo occurred after the defendant was
discharged but, here, the amendment occurred before Chouinard was discharged. At the
time Chouinard was discharged from his sentence and received an order informing him
that all of his civil rights had been restored but for the right to possess a firearm, the
amendment was effective and Chouinard was also prohibited from possessing ammunition
under the law. Thus, the order contained an inaccurate statement of the law at the time of
his discharge and was misleading. Because the government’s statement was incorrect and
misleading and Chouinard was entitled to rely on it, see Whitten, 690 N.W.2d at 566, the
state’s prosecution of Chouinard and the conviction for the firearm-possession charge
violated his due-process rights. 1
1 We observe that this conclusion is also consistent with the supreme court’s recent opinion in Underwood, which provides: When a district court order accurately informs a defendant of their legal obligations under the then-existing version of Minnesota Statutes section 624.713, subdivision 1(2), . . . and the Legislature later modifies those obligations by amending the statute, the State does not violate a defendant’s due process
7 Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the district court and direct that
Chouinard’s conviction for possession of ammunition be vacated.
Reversed.
rights by later charging the defendant for a violation of the amended statute. Underwood, 25 N.W.3d at 29.