MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions Decision: 2017 ME 183 Docket: Sag-16-184 Argued: May 10, 2017 Decided: August 22, 2017
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.
STATE OF MAINE
v.
THOMAS E. PALMER
HUMPHREY, J.
[¶1] Thomas E. Palmer appeals from adjudications entered by the trial
court (Sagadahoc County, Raimondi, J.) after a consolidated nonjury trial that
found that Palmer committed the traffic infraction of “failure to maintain
control of a motor vehicle,” 29-A M.R.S. § 2118(2)(B) (2016), and committed
the civil violation of “motor vehicle violation resulting in death,” 29-A M.R.S.
§ 2413-A(1) (2016). Palmer contends that the court erred in its
interpretations of the relevant statutes and that the evidence was insufficient
to support the court’s adjudications. We affirm the judgments.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] The following factual findings are supported by competent
evidence in the trial record. On August 13, 2015, at around 4:30 p.m., Palmer 2
crashed his truck into the rear end of a car also driving northbound on Route
One in Woolwich. Before the crash, the driver of the car had activated his turn
signal and slowed down to turn left onto a side road. Due to oncoming
southbound traffic, the driver of the car was not able to turn immediately, so
he came to a stop and waited for an opportunity to turn. The driver looked in
his rearview mirror and saw Palmer’s truck “coming up behind him and
coming up behind him,” swerve toward the yellow center line as it came closer
to his car, and then swerve back toward the white fog line at the last second.
Palmer’s truck then crashed into the driver’s car. The impact pushed the
driver’s car into the southbound lane of traffic, where it collided with a van.
The van spun into the northbound lane, where it collided with an SUV. A
passenger in the van died from injuries caused by the crash.
[¶3] At the time of the crash, the road was dry, the driver’s turn signal
was on, and there was nothing that would have obscured Palmer’s view.
Palmer did not apply the brakes before his truck crashed into the car. During
interviews conducted after the crash, Palmer stated that he “looked up,” saw
the car right in front of him, and tried to swerve away.
[¶4] On August 31, 2015, a law enforcement officer issued Palmer a
violation summons and complaint for the traffic infraction of failure to 3
maintain control of a motor vehicle. See 29-A M.R.S. § 2118; 29-A M.R.S. § 103
(2016); M.R. Civ. P. 80F(b). On December 22, 2015, the State charged Palmer
in a single-count complaint with the civil violation of “motor vehicle violation
resulting in death”. See 17-A M.R.S. § 4-B (2016); 29-A M.R.S. § 2413-A; M.R.
Civ. P. 80H(b). Palmer contested the traffic infraction and entered a “deny”
plea to the civil violation charge. The cases were consolidated for a nonjury
trial, which the court held on April 7, 2016.
[¶5] After the State and Palmer rested and delivered closing arguments,
the court rendered its findings of fact and conclusions of law orally on the
record. The court stated:
Whatever distracted [Palmer], the evidence indicates . . . that he was distracted. Whether the [L]egislature intended or whether the statute means that it has to be . . . something as definite as texting or as definite as reading a paper is not entirely clear to me. But if he weren’t distracted, I think he would have seen what there was to be seen and he might have been able to avoid it . . . .
The court concluded that “the State has borne its burden by a preponderance
of the evidence” that Palmer had committed both the traffic infraction and the
civil violation, entering corresponding adjudications in the Violations Bureau
and in the trial court. On the “failure to maintain control of a motor vehicle”
infraction, the court imposed a $119 fine. On the “motor vehicle violation
resulting in death”, the court imposed a two-year license suspension and a 4
$2,500 fine. Palmer did not move for additional or amended findings of fact.
See M.R. Civ. P. 52(b). He filed timely notices of appeal from both
adjudications. See M.R. Civ. P. 80F(m), M.R. Civ. P. 80H(i); M.R. App. P. 2;
14 M.R.S. § 1901 (2016).1
II. DISCUSSION
[¶6] Palmer challenges both the legal and evidentiary bases for the trial
court’s adjudications. He argues that the court committed an error of law
when it determined that the State was not required to prove the activity that
he was engaged in that distracted him, see 29-A M.R.S. § 2118(1)(A), and
because there was no evidence presented as to what distracted him, the
adjudications are unsupported by the evidence.
A. Standard of Review
[¶7] The interpretation of a statute is an issue of law that we review
de novo, looking first to the plain language of the statute to determine the
Legislature’s intent. State v. Knight, 2016 ME 123, ¶ 9, 145 A.3d 1046. “Words
in a statute must be given meaning and not treated as meaningless and
superfluous.” Wong v. Hawk, 2012 ME 125, ¶ 8, 55 A.3d 425 (quotation marks
omitted). “We review factual findings for clear error and the application of
1 We invited amicus briefs on the issue of whether the State must prove what distracting activity
the defendant was engaged in to prove a violation of 29-A M.R.S. § 2118 (2016). The Maine Trial Lawyers Association and the Bicycle Coalition of Maine jointly filed an amicus brief. 5
the law to those facts de novo.” State v. Peck, 2014 ME 74, ¶ 13, 93 A.3d 256
(quotation marks omitted). In an appeal of an adjudication that a defendant
has committed a civil violation or a traffic infraction, “[w]e review the
sufficiency of the evidence in the light most favorable to the State to
determine whether the trier of fact could have found, by a preponderance of
the evidence, each element of the charge.” Id.; see M.R. Civ. P. 80F(j); M.R.
Civ. P. 80H(g).
B. Operation of a Motor Vehicle While Distracted
[¶8] Palmer was adjudicated to have committed the civil violation of
“motor vehicle violation resulting in death” pursuant to a statute that
provides: “A person commits the civil violation of motor vehicle violation
resulting in death if that person, while operating a motor vehicle and
committing a traffic infraction, causes the death of another person.”
29-A M.R.S. § 2413-A(1) (emphasis added). The court concluded that Palmer
committed the traffic infraction of “failure to maintain control of a motor
vehicle,” 29-A M.R.S. § 2118(2)(B), which provides that an individual commits
that infraction if he or she “[i]s determined to have been the operator of a
motor vehicle that was involved in a reportable accident . . . that resulted in
property damage and, at the time the reportable accident occurred, the person 6
was engaged in the operation of a motor vehicle while distracted.” (Emphasis
added.)
A. “Operation of a motor vehicle while distracted” means the operation of a motor vehicle by a person who, while operating the vehicle, is engaged in an activity:
(1) That is not necessary to the operation of the vehicle; and
(2) That actually impairs, or would reasonably be expected to impair, the ability of the person to safely operate the vehicle.
29-A M.R.S. § 2118(1)(A)(1)-(2).
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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions Decision: 2017 ME 183 Docket: Sag-16-184 Argued: May 10, 2017 Decided: August 22, 2017
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.
STATE OF MAINE
v.
THOMAS E. PALMER
HUMPHREY, J.
[¶1] Thomas E. Palmer appeals from adjudications entered by the trial
court (Sagadahoc County, Raimondi, J.) after a consolidated nonjury trial that
found that Palmer committed the traffic infraction of “failure to maintain
control of a motor vehicle,” 29-A M.R.S. § 2118(2)(B) (2016), and committed
the civil violation of “motor vehicle violation resulting in death,” 29-A M.R.S.
§ 2413-A(1) (2016). Palmer contends that the court erred in its
interpretations of the relevant statutes and that the evidence was insufficient
to support the court’s adjudications. We affirm the judgments.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] The following factual findings are supported by competent
evidence in the trial record. On August 13, 2015, at around 4:30 p.m., Palmer 2
crashed his truck into the rear end of a car also driving northbound on Route
One in Woolwich. Before the crash, the driver of the car had activated his turn
signal and slowed down to turn left onto a side road. Due to oncoming
southbound traffic, the driver of the car was not able to turn immediately, so
he came to a stop and waited for an opportunity to turn. The driver looked in
his rearview mirror and saw Palmer’s truck “coming up behind him and
coming up behind him,” swerve toward the yellow center line as it came closer
to his car, and then swerve back toward the white fog line at the last second.
Palmer’s truck then crashed into the driver’s car. The impact pushed the
driver’s car into the southbound lane of traffic, where it collided with a van.
The van spun into the northbound lane, where it collided with an SUV. A
passenger in the van died from injuries caused by the crash.
[¶3] At the time of the crash, the road was dry, the driver’s turn signal
was on, and there was nothing that would have obscured Palmer’s view.
Palmer did not apply the brakes before his truck crashed into the car. During
interviews conducted after the crash, Palmer stated that he “looked up,” saw
the car right in front of him, and tried to swerve away.
[¶4] On August 31, 2015, a law enforcement officer issued Palmer a
violation summons and complaint for the traffic infraction of failure to 3
maintain control of a motor vehicle. See 29-A M.R.S. § 2118; 29-A M.R.S. § 103
(2016); M.R. Civ. P. 80F(b). On December 22, 2015, the State charged Palmer
in a single-count complaint with the civil violation of “motor vehicle violation
resulting in death”. See 17-A M.R.S. § 4-B (2016); 29-A M.R.S. § 2413-A; M.R.
Civ. P. 80H(b). Palmer contested the traffic infraction and entered a “deny”
plea to the civil violation charge. The cases were consolidated for a nonjury
trial, which the court held on April 7, 2016.
[¶5] After the State and Palmer rested and delivered closing arguments,
the court rendered its findings of fact and conclusions of law orally on the
record. The court stated:
Whatever distracted [Palmer], the evidence indicates . . . that he was distracted. Whether the [L]egislature intended or whether the statute means that it has to be . . . something as definite as texting or as definite as reading a paper is not entirely clear to me. But if he weren’t distracted, I think he would have seen what there was to be seen and he might have been able to avoid it . . . .
The court concluded that “the State has borne its burden by a preponderance
of the evidence” that Palmer had committed both the traffic infraction and the
civil violation, entering corresponding adjudications in the Violations Bureau
and in the trial court. On the “failure to maintain control of a motor vehicle”
infraction, the court imposed a $119 fine. On the “motor vehicle violation
resulting in death”, the court imposed a two-year license suspension and a 4
$2,500 fine. Palmer did not move for additional or amended findings of fact.
See M.R. Civ. P. 52(b). He filed timely notices of appeal from both
adjudications. See M.R. Civ. P. 80F(m), M.R. Civ. P. 80H(i); M.R. App. P. 2;
14 M.R.S. § 1901 (2016).1
II. DISCUSSION
[¶6] Palmer challenges both the legal and evidentiary bases for the trial
court’s adjudications. He argues that the court committed an error of law
when it determined that the State was not required to prove the activity that
he was engaged in that distracted him, see 29-A M.R.S. § 2118(1)(A), and
because there was no evidence presented as to what distracted him, the
adjudications are unsupported by the evidence.
A. Standard of Review
[¶7] The interpretation of a statute is an issue of law that we review
de novo, looking first to the plain language of the statute to determine the
Legislature’s intent. State v. Knight, 2016 ME 123, ¶ 9, 145 A.3d 1046. “Words
in a statute must be given meaning and not treated as meaningless and
superfluous.” Wong v. Hawk, 2012 ME 125, ¶ 8, 55 A.3d 425 (quotation marks
omitted). “We review factual findings for clear error and the application of
1 We invited amicus briefs on the issue of whether the State must prove what distracting activity
the defendant was engaged in to prove a violation of 29-A M.R.S. § 2118 (2016). The Maine Trial Lawyers Association and the Bicycle Coalition of Maine jointly filed an amicus brief. 5
the law to those facts de novo.” State v. Peck, 2014 ME 74, ¶ 13, 93 A.3d 256
(quotation marks omitted). In an appeal of an adjudication that a defendant
has committed a civil violation or a traffic infraction, “[w]e review the
sufficiency of the evidence in the light most favorable to the State to
determine whether the trier of fact could have found, by a preponderance of
the evidence, each element of the charge.” Id.; see M.R. Civ. P. 80F(j); M.R.
Civ. P. 80H(g).
B. Operation of a Motor Vehicle While Distracted
[¶8] Palmer was adjudicated to have committed the civil violation of
“motor vehicle violation resulting in death” pursuant to a statute that
provides: “A person commits the civil violation of motor vehicle violation
resulting in death if that person, while operating a motor vehicle and
committing a traffic infraction, causes the death of another person.”
29-A M.R.S. § 2413-A(1) (emphasis added). The court concluded that Palmer
committed the traffic infraction of “failure to maintain control of a motor
vehicle,” 29-A M.R.S. § 2118(2)(B), which provides that an individual commits
that infraction if he or she “[i]s determined to have been the operator of a
motor vehicle that was involved in a reportable accident . . . that resulted in
property damage and, at the time the reportable accident occurred, the person 6
was engaged in the operation of a motor vehicle while distracted.” (Emphasis
added.)
A. “Operation of a motor vehicle while distracted” means the operation of a motor vehicle by a person who, while operating the vehicle, is engaged in an activity:
(1) That is not necessary to the operation of the vehicle; and
(2) That actually impairs, or would reasonably be expected to impair, the ability of the person to safely operate the vehicle.
29-A M.R.S. § 2118(1)(A)(1)-(2).
[¶9] Palmer argues that the State was required to prove what
distracted him, i.e., what “activity” Palmer was “engaged in,” to support a
finding that he was “distracted” within the meaning of section 2118(1)(A).
[¶10] The plain language of section 2118 illustrates that the Legislature
contemplated a wide variety of activities that would be sufficient to support a
finding that a driver was operating a motor vehicle while distracted.2 The
Legislature did not limit the statute’s application to particular activities;
rather, any activity could support a finding that a driver was distracted,
provided that the activity (1) “is not necessary to the operation of the vehicle,”
and (2) “actually impairs, or would reasonably be expected to impair, the
2 As the amicus parties highlight, distracted driving is a significant public safety concern, which
has only grown as new technologies have created additional distractions. 7
ability of the person to safely operate the vehicle.” 29-A M.R.S. § 2118(1)(A).
In order to meet those two necessary conditions, there must be some evidence
that the driver was, in fact, distracted by an activity that was not necessary to
the operation of the vehicle.3
[¶11] The trial court concluded that Palmer was distracted without
making an express finding as to what activity Palmer was engaged in.
Notwithstanding the lack of such a finding, because neither party moved for
further findings of fact in this civil violation case, see M.R. Civ. P. 52(b), “we
will infer that the trial court made any factual inferences needed to support its
ultimate conclusion,” provided that those inferences are supported by the
record. Pelletier v. Pelletier, 2012 ME 15, ¶ 20, 36 A.3d 903.4 The evidence
adduced at trial was sufficient to support the inference that Palmer was
operating a motor vehicle while distracted. See 29-A M.R.S. § 2118(1)(A); see
also State v. Cheney, 2012 ME 119, ¶ 37, 55 A.3d 473 (“A [civil violation] may
3 In other words, because the statute excludes from the definition of “distracted” activities that
are necessary to the operation of the vehicle, see 29-A M.R.S. § 2118(1)(A), a driver could be distracted in the literal sense due to a failure to pay attention to the road, but not distracted as defined by the statute if the distracting activity was necessary to the operation of the vehicle. Palmer is thus correct that there must be some evidence of an activity, but in this case, there was sufficient evidence for the trial court to have made the necessary finding, notwithstanding that the trial court did not make—and was not asked to make—a finding as to what activity Palmer was engaged in, see M.R. Civ. P. 52(b).
4 Although M.R. Civ. P. 52 is inapplicable in traffic infraction proceedings, see M.R. Civ. P. 80F(a),
it applies in civil violation proceedings and is therefore applicable in this case. 8
be based solely upon circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences
drawn from it.”).
[¶12] According to Palmer, he “looked up” the moment before his truck
collided with the car. Although at trial Palmer denied that he was using his
phone, looking at paperwork, or eating, he testified that he could not
remember what he was doing before he “looked up.”5 During an interview
with an officer the day after the incident, Palmer was asked “if he possibly had
been distracted, meaning had he possibly looked at his phone to see if he had
missed a call or if he had received a call, or if possibly he had received a text
message.” Palmer replied, “[m]aybe—maybe I was looking at a piece of paper,
or moving my head to stretch.” The driver of the car testified that he saw
Palmer’s truck long enough to see him coming from a distance, watching him
swerve from the white fog line to the middle yellow line before attempting to
swerve to avoid the collision at the last second. The driver of the car testified
that it was a clear day, there were no obstructions between them, and his car’s
turn signal was on. A crash reconstruction expert testified that Palmer never
5 The trial court, as the finder of fact, could have found that his testimony was not credible,
particularly to the extent that it conflicted with his prior statements. See Sloan v. Christianson, 2012 ME 72, ¶ 29, 43 A.3d 978 (“[W]e will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court as to the weight or credibility of the evidence . . . . [T]he trial court is not required to accept any testimony or evidence as fact.” (citations omitted)). 9
applied his brakes and collided with the car at a speed of fifty-seven miles per
hour.
[¶13] We emphasize that in light of the failure of either party to move
for further findings of fact, we will make any factual inferences, supported by
the record, necessary to support the judgment, notwithstanding the lack of a
specific finding by the trial court. See M.R. Civ. 52(b). The court explicitly
found, based on evidence in the record, that Palmer failed to see that which
was there to be seen, resulting in the crash. When this conclusion is
considered along with the entire record, in particular Palmer’s equivocal
testimony about what he was doing in the moments before the crash, there is
sufficient circumstantial evidence to support an inference that Palmer was
engaged in an activity that was not necessary to the operation of the vehicle
and would reasonably have been expected to impair his ability to safely
operate the vehicle. Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient
for the court to find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Palmer was
engaged in the operation of a motor vehicle while distracted.
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
Jeffrey C. Toothaker, Esq. (orally), Ellsworth, for appellant Thomas E. Palmer
Jonathan R. Liberman, District Attorney (orally), District Attorney’s Office, Bath, for appellee State of Maine
Margaret Machaiek, Esq., Briggs & Wholey, Rockport, for amicus curiae Maine Trial Lawyers Association
Lauri Boxer-Macomber, Esq., and Stephen Koerting, Esq., Kelly, Remmel & Zimmerman, Portland, for amicus curiae The Bicycle Coalition of Maine
Violations Bureau docket number TI-2015-1125707 Sagadahoc County Unified Criminal Docket docket number VI-2015-310 FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY