MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions Decision: 2020 ME 107 Docket: Lin-19-179 Argued: June 24, 2020 Decided: August 13, 2020
Panel: MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HUMPHREY, HORTON, and CONNORS, JJ.
STATE OF MAINE
v.
CRAIG A. PROCTOR
HORTON, J.
[¶1] Craig A. Proctor appeals from a judgment of conviction for failure to
comply with the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act of 1999 (SORNA
of 1999) (Class C), 34-A M.R.S. § 11227(2) (2020), entered by the trial court
(Lincoln County, Dobson, J.) following a bench trial. Proctor argues that, due to
inadequate representation by his trial counsel, the court committed obvious
error by not addressing the constitutionality of SORNA of 1999, 34-A M.R.S.
§§ 11202-11256 (2020), as retroactively applied to him.1
1 In State v. Letalien, we concluded “that the determination of the constitutionality of the retroactive application of SORNA of 1999 depends on a facial examination of the statute, and not on an as-applied analysis,” and therefore “that the statute imposes an ex post facto punishment as to offenders sentenced in the years before [its] effective date . . . for whom registration was a required part of their sentence and who were subsequently made subject to the more burdensome requirements of SORNA after its effective date of September 18, 1999.” State v. Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 1, 985 A.2d 4; see Doe v. Anderson, 2015 ME 3, ¶ 1 n.2, 108 A.3d 378. 2
[¶2] We vacate the trial court’s judgment for obvious error because we
are unable to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the lifetime registration
requirement that resulted from the retroactive application of SORNA of 1999
to Proctor’s 1992 conviction for gross sexual assault was not an
unconstitutional punitive enhancement of his sentence.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶3] Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the
following facts are supported by the trial record. See State v. Asante,
2020 ME 90, ¶ 2, --- A.3d ---. Proctor is a convicted sex offender. In
October 1990, Proctor was convicted of four counts of unlawful sexual contact,
17-A M.R.S.A. § 255 (Supp. 1990).2 He was sentenced to five years’
imprisonment, with all but one year suspended and four years’ probation. In
November 1992, he was convicted of gross sexual assault, 17-A M.R.S.A. § 253
(Supp. 1992).3 He was sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment, with all but five
years suspended and four years’ probation.4
2 Title 17-A M.R.S.A. § 255 (Supp. 1990) has since been repealed and the offense of unlawful sexual
contact has been re-codified in its current location at 17-A M.R.S. § 255-A (2020). P.L. 2001, ch. 383, § 22 (effective Jan. 31, 2003).
Title 17-A M.R.S.A. § 253 (Supp. 1992) has since been amended numerous times but not in any 3
way relevant to this appeal. See, e.g., P.L. 2019, ch. 494, § 1 (effective Sept. 19, 2019).
4The State mentioned during sentencing that Proctor has a third sex offense conviction. The record, however, does not include any evidence of a third conviction. 3
[¶4] Proctor’s sentence for his October 1990 conviction did not include
any requirement that he register as a sex offender because the sentencing
occurred before the first sex offender registration law, the Sex Offender
Registration Act (SORA of 1991), was enacted in Maine. See P.L. 1991, ch. 809,
§ 1 (effective June 30, 1992) (codified at 34-A M.R.S.A. §§ 11001-11004
(Supp. 1992));5 State v. Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 4, 985 A.2d 4.
[¶5] SORA of 1991 did apply to Proctor’s 1992 sentence for gross sexual
assault, but the sentence imposed did not require him to register as a sex
offender. The record is silent as to why the 1992 sentence did not require
registration. SORA of 1991 required the court to impose sex offender
registration as part of the sentence but permitted the court to waive the
requirement for “good cause.” 34-A M.R.S.A. § 11003(4)(D) (Supp. 1992); see
Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 4, 985 A.2d 4. An identical sentencing waiver
provision was also included in a subsequent version of the sex offender
registration statute, the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act of 1995
(SORNA of 1995). See P.L. 1995, ch. 680, § 13 (effective July 4, 1996) (codified
5 Because the Legislature has replaced or amended various versions of the sex offender registration statutes since 1991, the statutory citations in this opinion are to the versions of the statutes as of the date of their enactment. 4
at 34-A M.R.S.A. § 11121(6)(D) (Supp. 1996)); Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 4,
985 A.2d 4.
[¶6] In 1999, the Legislature enacted SORNA of 1999. P.L. 1999, ch. 437,
§ 2 (effective Sept. 18, 1999); see Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 6, 985 A.2d 4. This
statute applied to a greater variety of offenses and “imposed requirements on
registrants that were more demanding than those of the prior versions of the
sex offender statutes.” Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 6, 985 A.2d 4. Specifically,
SORNA of 1999 categorized offenders into two groups: “sex offenders” and
“sexually violent predators.” Id. (alterations omitted) (quotation marks
omitted); see 34-A M.R.S.A. § 11225(1)-(2) (Pamph. 1999). “Sex offenders”
were required to register for ten years, and “sexually violent predators” were
required to register for life. Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 6, 985 A.2d 4 (alterations
omitted). Individuals convicted of gross sexual assault were categorized as
“sexually violent predator[s]” and were required to register for life.6
6 The current version of SORNA of 1999 categorizes registrants as “[t]en-year registrant[s]” or “[l]ifetime registrant[s].” 34-A M.R.S. § 11203(5), (8) (2020). “Ten-year registrant[s]” are individuals convicted and sentenced for committing a “sex offense” defined by statute as encompassing certain offenses. 34-A M.R.S. § 11203(5); see 34-A M.R.S. § 11203(6)-(6-B) (2020) “Lifetime registrant[s]” are individuals convicted and sentenced for committing either a “[s]exually violent offense” or a “[s]ex offense when the person has another conviction for or an attempt to commit an offense that includes the essential elements of sex offense or sexually violent offense.” 34-A M.R.S. § 11203(8); see 34-A M.R.S. § 11203(7) (2020). 5
34-A M.R.S.A. § 11225(2) (Pamph. 1999); see also 34-A M.R.S. § 11203(8)(A)
(2020).
[¶7] By virtue of his November 1992 conviction for gross sexual assault,
Proctor became subject to SORNA of 1999’s lifetime registration requirements
as a result of a 2001 amendment “that made the law apply retroactively to all
persons sentenced for sex offenses or sexually violent offenses on or after
June 30, 1992, and before September 18, 1999.” Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 7,
985 A.2d 4; see P.L. 2001, ch. 439, § OOO-7 (effective Sept. 21, 2001) (codified
at 34-A M.R.S.A. § 11202 (Pamph. 2001)); see also P.L. 2001, ch. 439, §§ OOO-10
to OOO-12 (codified at 34-A M.R.S.A. §§ 11203(8), 112222(2-A), 11225(1)
(Pamph. 2001)). The same amendment repealed SORA of 1991 and SORNA of
1995 in their entirety. See P.L. 2001, ch. 439, § OOO-5 (effective Sept. 21, 2001);
see Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 7, 985 A.2d 4.
[¶8] Proctor’s 1990 conviction of unlawful sexual contact became subject
to SORNA of 1999 as a result of 2005 legislation that amended SORNA of 1999
“to apply retroactively to all sex offenders sentenced on or after
January 1, 1982.” Doe v. Williams, 2013 ME 24, ¶ 3, 61 A.3d 718; see P.L. 2005,
ch. 423, § 1 (effective Sept. 17, 2005) (codified at 34-A M.R.S. § 11202(1)
(2005)). 6
[¶9] In 2009, after our decision in Letalien, the Legislature amended
SORNA of 1999 to include exceptions to the registration requirements for
certain offenders who were sentenced on or after January 1, 1982, and before
June 30, 1992. See P.L. 2009, ch. 365, § B-3 (effective Sept. 12, 2009) (codified
at 34-A M.R.S. § 11202-A(1)(2009)); Williams, 2013 ME 24, ¶ 4, 61 A.3d 718.
“Sex offenders fall within the exception if, among other criteria, their
underlying convictions did not include more than one Class A sex offense or
sexually violent offense, they had no prior sex offense convictions, and they had
no subsequent convictions for crimes punishable by imprisonment of one year
or more.” Williams, 2013 ME 24, ¶ 4, 61 A.3d 718. This exemption from
registering, however, did not apply to Proctor because of his two sex offense
convictions; he remained a lifetime registrant. See 34-A M.R.S. 11202-A(1)(C)
[¶10] In May 2018, Proctor moved his camper to a friend’s property in
Dresden and began to work on the property. He did not notify the local sheriff’s
office of his change of residence or work address. See 34-A M.R.S. § 11222(1-B)
(2020). In September 2018, he was interviewed by a detective from the Lincoln
County Sheriff’s Office about his failure to comply with the sex offender
registration statute. 7
[¶11] In November of 2018, Proctor was indicted on one count of failure
to comply with a duty under SORNA of 1999 (Class C), 34-A M.R.S. § 11227(2).
In April 2019, the court conducted a one-day bench trial. Proctor did not raise
any challenge to the retroactive applicability of SORNA of 1999, as amended,
and the court did not raise the issue sua sponte. The primary contested issue
was whether Proctor had notice of the requirement to notify a local law
enforcement agency of a change of residence or work address. See 34-A M.R.S.
§ 11222(1-B). The court found Proctor guilty and sentenced him to ninety days’
imprisonment. Proctor appealed the judgment, and the execution of sentence
was stayed pending appeal.
II. DISCUSSION
[¶12] Proctor contends that, because his original sentences did not
include any registration requirement, the retroactive application of SORNA of
1999 to require him to register for life increases the punitive burden of his
sentences and therefore violates the prohibitions against ex post facto laws
found in both the United States and Maine Constitutions. See U.S. Const. art. I,
§ 10, cl. 1; Me. Const. art. I, § 11.
[¶13] Because the constitutionality of the retroactive application of
SORNA of 1999 was not raised at trial, we will review the record only for 8
obvious error. See State v. Burdick, 2001 ME 143, ¶ 13, 782 A.2d 319. We will
vacate a conviction based on obvious error only if the error “affects substantial
rights or results in a substantial injustice.” Id. ¶ 29 (quotation marks omitted).
When the alleged error is of a constitutional dimension, as in this case, we will
affirm only if we are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did
not affect the defendant’s substantial rights. Id.
[¶14] The United States Constitution states, “No State shall . . . pass any
. . . ex post facto Law.” U.S. Const. art. I, § 10, cl. 1. The Maine Constitution
similarly provides, “The Legislature shall pass no . . . ex post facto law.”
Me. Const. art. I, § 11. “[T]he ex post facto clauses of the Maine and United States
Constitutions are interpreted similarly and are coextensive, and a statute
violates the prohibition against ex post facto laws if it: (1) punishes as criminal
an act that was not criminal when done, (2) makes more burdensome the
punishment for a crime after it has been committed, or (3) deprives the
defendant of a defense that was available according to law at the time the act
was committed.” Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 25, 985 A.2d 4. To analyze whether
SORNA of 1999 violates the prohibition against ex post facto laws, we use the
“intent/effects” framework. Id. ¶ 29 (quotation marks omitted); see Doe v.
Anderson, 2015 ME 3, ¶ 15, 108 A.3d 378. 9
[¶15] To identify punishment under this test, “we first construe the
statute to determine whether the [L]egislature intended its provisions to be
civil or criminal.” Anderson, 2015 ME 3, ¶ 16, 108 A.3d 378. If the Legislature
intended “to create a civil statute, we then consider, notwithstanding the
[L]egislature’s stated intent, whether the statute’s purposes or effects are so
punitive as to override the [L]egislature’s stated intent.” Id.
[¶16] Here, the Legislature expressed that the purpose of SORNA of 1999
is “to protect the public from potentially dangerous registrants and offenders
by enhancing access to information concerning those registrants and
offenders.” 34-A M.R.S. § 11201 (2020). Furthermore, in 2003, the Legislature
amended SORNA of 1999 to provide that the sentencing court is to order
compliance with SORNA “[a]t the time” of sentencing instead of “[a]s part of” a
sentence. See P.L. 2003, ch. 711, § B-13 (effective July 30, 2004). By contrast,
pursuant to SORA of 1991 and SORNA of 1995, “sex offender registration was
an integral part of the sentencing process and, thus, the resulting sentence.”
Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 42, 985 A.2d 4. One result of the 2003 amendment
was that sex offender registration was no longer tied to sentencing. See
Anderson, 2015 ME 3, ¶ 6, 108 A.3d 378. In light of this and other provisions of
SORNA of 1999, we have held that the intent of SORNA of 1999, as amended, is 10
civil and regulatory in nature.7 See Anderson, 2015 ME 3, ¶ 6, 108 A.3d 378;
Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 30, 985 A.2d 4.
[¶17] We have previously addressed the “effects” component of the
ex post facto analysis of SORNA of 1999. See Anderson, 2015 ME 3, ¶¶ 18-28,
108 A.3d 378; Williams, 2013 ME 24, ¶¶ 22-51, 61 A.3d 718; Letalien,
2009 ME 130, ¶¶ 35-62, 985 A.2d 4.
[¶18] In Letalien, we examined the constitutionality of retroactively
applying SORNA of 1999’s enhanced reporting requirements to a defendant
who had been sentenced to comply with less strict registration and reporting
requirements under SORA of 1991 and SORNA of 1995. 2009 ME 130, ¶¶ 5-8,
985 A.2d 4. We determined that “when sex offender registration is made a part
of an offender’s criminal sentence, it necessarily constitutes a part of the
Based on the civil nature of SORNA of 1999, we have applied the seven factors articulated by the 7
United States Supreme Court in Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. 144 (1963), to determine whether the effects of SORNA are so punitive as to overcome the civil intent of the statute. See Anderson, 2015 ME 3, ¶ 18, 108 A.3d 378; Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 29, 985 A.2d 4. These factors are
[w]hether the sanction involves an affirmative disability or restraint, whether it has historically been regarded as a punishment, whether it comes into play only on a finding of scienter, whether its operation will promote the traditional aims of punishment—retribution and deterrence, whether the behavior to which it applies is already a crime, whether an alternative purpose to which it may rationally be connected is assignable for it, and whether it appears excessive in relation to the alternative purpose assigned.
Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. at 168-69 (footnotes omitted); see Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 31, 985 A.2d 4. 11
punishment administered by the State in response to that offender’s criminal
conviction.” Id. ¶ 61.
[¶19] In Letalien, applying enhanced reporting and registration
requirements to the offender—after sentencing—“modified and enhanced a
portion of his criminal sentence,” and, therefore, this was a punishment.
Id. ¶ 43. This same analysis was used in Anderson to come to a similar
conclusion that “retroactive application of SORNA’s registration requirements
to [the defendant was] punitive in effect” because the defendant was not
required to register at the time of sentencing. Anderson, 2015 ME 3, ¶¶ 25-28,
108 A.3d 378.
[¶20] By contrast, in Williams, we concluded that SORNA of 1999 could
be constitutionally applied to sex offenders sentenced before the enactment of
SORA of 1991 because their sentences were not subject to any sex offender
registration statutes and, therefore, the retroactive application of SORNA
of 1999 did not modify their sentences. 2013 ME 24, ¶¶ 34-35, 61 A.3d 718.
Also, we concluded that the 2009 ameliorative legislation addressed “some of
the most significant concerns we had in Letalien.”8 Id. ¶ 46.
8 In Letalien, the concurrence took issue with the majority’s view that the retroactive application
of SORNA of 1999 to persons sentenced before SORA of 1991 took effect did not result in an unconstitutional modification of their sentences. 2009 ME 130, ¶ 73, 985 A.2d 4 (Silver, J., concurring) (“I disagree with the Court’s suggestion, set forth in its discussion of the 12
[¶21] Several guiding principles can be distilled from these precedents.
First, the ex post facto analysis by definition calls for constitutionality to be
determined on the face of the law at issue. See Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶¶ 33-34,
[¶22] Second, SORNA of 1999, as amended, is facially constitutional. See
Williams, 2013 ME 24, ¶ 51, 61 A.3d 718; Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 34,
985 A.2d 4. On the other hand, the law’s facial constitutionality does not mean
it can be applied retroactively in every case. See Anderson, 2015 ME 3, ¶ 1 n.2,
108 A.3d 378; Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 63, 985 A.2d 4.
[¶23] Finally, the primary limitation on retroactive application of SORNA
of 1999 is that it cannot result in a punitive alteration of sentences imposed at
a time when sex offender registration was tied to sentencing. See Letalien,
2009 ME 130, ¶ 43, 985 A.2d 4. In Letalien, we held that
the retroactive application of the lifetime registration requirement and quarterly in-person verification procedures of SORNA of 1999 to offenders originally sentenced subject to SORA of 1991 and SORNA of 1995, without, at a minimum, affording those offenders any opportunity to ever be relieved of the duty as was permitted under those laws, is punitive. As to these offenders, the retroactive application of SORNA of 1999 is an unconstitutional ex post facto law because it makes more burdensome the punishment for a crime after its commission.
Mendoza-Martinez factors, that a distinction should be drawn between a burden imposed as part of a sentence and one imposed as a regulatory requirement parallel to sentencing.”). 13
Id. ¶ 62 (quotation marks omitted).
[¶24] Proctor’s case is closer to Letalien and Anderson than to Williams.
When Proctor was sentenced in 1990 and 1992, he was not required to register.
His 1990 sentencing occurred before the enactment of Maine’s first sex
offender registration statute, SORA of 1991. His 1992 sentencing was subject
to SORA of 1991. Under both SORA of 1991 and SORNA of 1995, “sex offender
registration was an integral part of the sentencing process and, thus, the
resulting sentence.”9 Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 42, 985 A.2d 4; accord Williams,
2013 ME 24, ¶ 35, 61 A.3d 718.
[¶25] Proctor’s 1992 sentence differs from the sentence in Letalien in
that Letalien’s sentence required him to register as a sex offender for fifteen
years, see Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 5, 985 A.2d 4, whereas Proctor’s sentence
did not require any registration, possibly because the sentencing court found
“good cause” pursuant to SORA of 1991 to waive the otherwise mandatory
registration requirement, 34-A M.R.S.A. § 11003(4)(D) (Supp. 1992). Still,
because sex offender registration was a component of sentencing at the time of
9 In Letalien, we explained our view that SORA of 1991 tied registration to sentencing as follows: “SORA of 1991 did not state specifically that compliance with its requirements was to be made a part of an offender’s criminal sentence, but it did provide that a sentencing court could, for good cause shown, waive the registration requirement.” Letalien, 2009 ME 130, ¶ 4, 985 A.2d 4; see 34-A M.R.S.A. § 11003(4)(D) (Supp. 1992). 14
Proctor’s 1992 conviction, the effect of applying SORNA of 1999 to Proctor’s
1992 conviction appears to be a retroactive enhancement of the burden of the
sentence imposed, to an even greater extent than occurred in Letalien. If so,
such a retroactive enhancement of the burden of his sentence is a sanction
historically regarded as punishment.10 See Anderson, 2015 ME 3, ¶ 28,
[¶26] Furthermore, although the ameliorative provisions of SORNA
of 1999 were enacted in 2009 to mitigate the punitive elements of the law, see
34-A M.R.S. § 11202-A(1), these provisions apparently do not benefit Proctor.
Pursuant to the law, Proctor still had to register for life because he had two
qualifying convictions. See 34-A M.R.S. § 11202-A(1).
[¶27] On review for obvious error, the question is whether we can say
beyond a reasonable doubt that the retroactive application of SORNA of 1999
to Proctor’s 1990 and 1992 convictions does not affect his substantial rights by
10 The retroactive application of SORNA of 1999 to Proctor’s 1990 conviction for unlawful sexual
contact did not modify his sentence, at least in a direct sense, because his sentence could not have included a duty to register, there being no sex offender registration statute in effect at the time. In that regard, his 1990 conviction may place Proctor in a position similar to the registrants in Doe v. Williams, 2013 ME 24, ¶¶ 2, 28, 46, 61 A.3d 718. On the other hand, Proctor’s conviction for unlawful sexual contact does not in itself trigger a lifetime registration requirement under SORNA of 1999, as amended, see 34-A M.R.S. §§ 11203(6), (8), and we cannot say beyond a reasonable doubt that Proctor’s registration obligation associated with his 1990 conviction still would have been in effect as of 2018. 15
virtue of a punitive alteration of his original sentences. See Anderson,
2015 ME 3, ¶ 28, 108 A.3d 378; Burdick, 2001 ME 143, ¶ 29, 782 A.2d 319.
[¶28] Because Proctor’s trial counsel failed to bring any of these
circumstances to the trial court’s attention, and as a result the trial court did
not explore them, the limited record before us does not enable us to answer
that question in the negative beyond a reasonable doubt. See Burdick,
2001 ME 143 at ¶ 13, 782 A.2d 319. Therefore, we vacate the conviction and
remand for further proceedings.11
[¶29] On the other hand, because the issue of retroactive application was
undeveloped in the trial court and the record is therefore silent or equivocal in
relevant areas, including whether Proctor’s sex offender registration obligation
resulting from his 1990 conviction still would have been in effect as of the
alleged date of offense, the present record does not enable us to conclude that
the underlying charge must be dismissed. The further proceedings on remand
may include a pretrial hearing on the status of Proctor’s sex offender
registration obligation as of the alleged date of offense, or a new trial, or both.
The entry is:
Judgment vacated. Remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
11 This outcome obviates the need to address Proctor’s other contentions. 16
Craig A. Proctor, appellant pro se
Lawrence C. Winger, Esq. (orally), Portland, for appellant Craig A. Proctor
Natasha C. Irving, District Attorney (orally), and Michael B. Dumas, Asst. Dist. Atty., Prosecutorial District VI, Bath, for appellee State of Maine
Lincoln County Unified Criminal Docket docket number CR-2018-622 FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY