STATE OF LOUISIANA NO. 23-KA-224
VERSUS FIFTH CIRCUIT
MARLON SAGASTUME COURT OF APPEAL
STATE OF LOUISIANA
ON APPEAL FROM THE TWENTY-FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT PARISH OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF LOUISIANA NO. 21-6772, DIVISION "O" HONORABLE DANYELLE M. TAYLOR, JUDGE PRESIDING
December 27, 2023
FREDERICKA HOMBERG WICKER JUDGE
Panel composed of Judges Fredericka Homberg Wicker, Marc E. Johnson, and Scott U. Schlegel
APPEAL CONVERTED TO WRIT; WRIT DENIED FHW MEJ
SCHLEGEL, J., DISSENTS WITH REASONS SUS COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT, STATE OF LOUISIANA Honorable Paul D. Connick, Jr. Thomas J. Butler Darren A. Allemand
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLEE, MARLON SAGASTUME John A. Venezia WICKER, J.
The State of Louisiana seeks appellate review of the trial court’s January 19,
2023 judgment, granting defendants’ motion to quash the two predicate
convictions used to charge him with driving while intoxicated (“DWI”), third
offense. For the following reasons, we convert the State’s appeal to a writ
application and deny the relief sought.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On December 20, 2021, defendant, Marlon Sagastume, was charged by bill
of information with driving while intoxicated, third offense, in violation of La. R.S.
14:98(A) and La. R.S. 14:98.3(A). The bill of information provides that on June 6,
2021, defendant operated a vehicle while intoxicated having been previously
convicted of violating La. R.S. 14:98 on: 1) June 11, 2003, in the First Parish Court
for the Parish of Jefferson; and 2) June 24, 2004 in the 29th Judicial District Court
for the Parish of St. Charles. On February 8, 2022, defendant pled not guilty.
On August 30, 2022, defendant filed a motion to quash the bill of
information, asserting that the two predicate convictions could not be used to
enhance his DWI charge to a third offense, because the two predicate convictions
fell outside of the ten-year “cleansing period” set forth in La. R.S. 14:98(C)(3). On
November 28, 2022, the State filed a memorandum in opposition to defendant’s
motion to quash, arguing that the ten-year cleansing period had not elapsed,
because La. R.S. 14:98(C)(3) provides that the time period under which defendant
was “under an order of attachment for failure to appear” shall be excluded in
computing the ten-year period. The State attached documents pertaining to
defendant’s two predicate convictions to its opposition memorandum.
On December 13, 2022, a hearing was held on the motion to quash, during
which the parties presented their arguments and referred to the exhibits attached to
the State’s opposition memorandum, but no exhibits were introduced or admitted.
23-KA-224 1 At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court deferred its ruling, requested
additional information from the State regarding the 2004 predicate conviction, and
continued the matter to January 19, 2022.
Defendant filed a reply to the State’s opposition on January 17, 2023, but the
State did not file any additional memoranda or exhibits. At the hearing on January
19, 2022, the parties presented arguments but did not move to introduce any
exhibits. The trial court granted defendant’s motion to quash the two predicate
convictions, and the State orally moved for an appeal. On February 14, 2023, at a
hearing on another case involving defendant, the trial court admitted into evidence
the State’s exhibits regarding the predicate convictions that were attached to its
memorandum in opposition to defendant’s motion to quash. On February 15,
2023, the State filed a motion for appeal and request for designation of the record,
which was granted.1
LAW AND DISCUSSION
Appealability of Judgment
Although the State’s motion for appeal was granted by the trial court, our
review reveals that the judgment granting defendant’s motion to quash is not a
final, appealable judgment. Under La. C.Cr.P. art. 912(A), “[O]nly a final
judgment or ruling is appealable.” A final judgment is one that puts an end to the
proceedings. State v. Millette, 14-76 (La. App. 5 Cir. 10/29/14), 164 So.3d 865.
La. C.Cr.P. art. 912(B)(1) provides that the State may appeal “[a] motion to
quash an indictment or any count thereof.” However, a ruling on a motion to
quash must be a final judgment that puts an end to the proceedings in order to be
appealable. Millette, 164 So.3d at 865.
1 In its motion, the State indicated that it had failed to formally offer, file, and introduce into evidence its exhibits at the December 13, 2022 and January 19, 2023 hearings, but it had rectified this omission on February 14, 2023.
23-KA-224 2 In Millette, 164 So.3d at 865, the defendant was charged with DWI, third
offense, and the trial court granted the defendant’s motion to quash one of the
predicate convictions. 165 So.3d at 865. The State appealed. This Court found
that the trial court’s judgment quashing one of the predicate offenses was not a
final, appealable judgment, because the quashing of one of the predicate offenses
did not put an end to the proceedings, but simply reduced the grade of the offense
by eliminating the use of that particular conviction. Id.
In the present case, defendant did not seek to quash the entire bill of
information against him or dismissal of the case; rather, he specifically sought to
quash the two predicate convictions. Further, the trial court did not dismiss the
case when it granted the motion to quash. At this point, in essence, defendant
faces a charge of first offense DWI, in violation of La. R.S. 14:98(A) and La. R.S.
14:98.1. Accordingly, we find that the judgment at issue is not a final, appealable
judgment. See also State v. Lopez, 17-507 (La. App. 5 Cir. 3/28/18), 243 So. 3d
1269.
When an appeal is filed within the time delay for filing an application for
supervisory writs, and where the interests of justice and judicial economy would be
better served, an appellate court may convert an unauthorized appeal to a
supervisory writ. State v. Jackson, 22-34 (La. App. 1 Cir. 9/16/22), 353 So.3d 732,
735; State v. Houston, 19-615 (La. App. 1 Cir. 11/15/19), 291 So.3d 223, 225;
State v. Lyons, 13-180 (La. App. 5 Cir. 10/9/13), 128 So.3d 407. In the present
case, the State filed its motion for appeal within the time delays for filing an
application for supervisory writs, in accordance with Uniform Rules-Courts of
Appeal, Rule 4-3. Based on the timely filing and in the interest of justice and
judicial economy, we convert the State’s appeal to a writ application and address
the issues presented pursuant to our supervisory jurisdiction.
23-KA-224 3 Admission of Evidence
The State filed a memorandum in opposition to defendant’s motion to quash
and attached several exhibits thereto. However, the transcripts reflect that no
exhibits were introduced and admitted into evidence at either of the motion to
quash hearings. Based on the discussion at both hearings, it appears that the trial
court, nevertheless, relied on the State’s attached exhibits when ruling on the
motion to quash.
On February 14, 2023, approximately one month after the trial court granted
defendant’s motion to quash, the parties appeared before the court in defendant’s
misdemeanor case number 26-6773. The prosecutor stated that she wanted to go
on the record in the felony case 21-6772, which is the case at issue in this appeal,
though it was not on the docket that day due to the granting of defendant’s motion
to quash. She stated, “…in the felony record of 21-6772 I would like to formally
offer, file, and introduce the exhibits that were attached to the opposition motion
that was filed by the State on 11/28 of 2022.” Defense counsel indicated he had no
objection, and the trial court admitted the exhibits into evidence.
Exhibits and attachments not properly and officially offered and admitted
into evidence cannot be considered, even if they are physically filed into the trial
court record. State v. Whitley, 14-737 (La. App. 5 Cir. 3/25/15), 169 So.3d 658,
n.1. Therefore, the trial court erred by considering the exhibits attached to the
State’s memorandum when it ruled on defendant’s motion to quash on January 19,
2023.
This Court has previously remanded cases and re-opened motion hearings to
allow the admission of evidence. In State v. Whitley, 169 So.3d at 658, the trial
court granted the defendant’s motion to quash wherein the defendant alleged that
the State failed to timely institute prosecution. At a hearing on the motion, the
court did not hear testimony or receive evidence. This Court concluded that the
23-KA-224 4 record was not complete, vacated the judgment of the trial court, and remanded the
matter for a reopening of the motion to quash hearing. In State v. Young, 99-880
(La. App. 5 Cir. 1/12/00), 751 So.2d 364, 365, this Court conditionally affirmed
the defendant’s conviction and remanded for a reopening of a suppression hearing,
because the record failed to include the search warrant. See also State v. Perez, 02-
587 (La. App. 5 Cir. 11/26/02), 831 So.2d 542, writ denied, 03-221 (La. 5/2/03),
842 So.2d 1100; State v. Turner, 21-186 (La. App. 5 Cir. 6/23/21), 2021 WL
2582503 (unpublished opinion); and State v. Schexnayder, 14-479 (La. App. 5 Cir.
12/30/14), 167 So.3d 832, 836.
In the present case, because the exhibits were not admitted into evidence at
the motion hearings, or before the trial court ruled, granting defendant’s motion to
quash, this Court could remand this matter for reopening of the hearing on
defendant’s motion to quash to allow the evidence to be admitted, in accordance
with our prior decisions. However, such an exercise would be futile and inefficient
where the trial court admitted the State’s exhibits into evidence on February 14,
2023, and the State filed its motion for appeal the next day, February 15, 2023.
Accordingly, while we do not condone the State’s initial failure to introduce the
evidence it relied upon, because the State’s exhibits were ultimately admitted by
the trial court, we will, in this instance, consider them in our review of defendant’s
Analysis of Cleansing Periods
A motion to quash is the proper vehicle to attack a predicate DWI conviction
on the basis that it falls outside of the cleansing period. State v. Collins, 19-231
(La. App. 5 Cir. 6/19/19), 275 So. 3d 401, 403. This Court applies an abuse of
discretion standard when reviewing a trial court's determination on a motion to
quash. State v. Brooks, 16-345 (La. App. 5 Cir. 12/28/16), 210 So.3d 514,
518. The granting of a defendant's motion to quash is a discretionary ruling by the
23-KA-224 5 trial court, and absent abuse, the ruling should not be disturbed by the appellate
court. Id. at 518-519. However, the trial court’s legal findings on a motion to
quash are subject to a de novo review. State v. Hamdan, 12-1986 (La. 3/19/13),
112 So.3d 812, 816.
In its sole assignment of error, the State argues that the trial court erred in
granting defendant’s motion to quash, because defendant’s 2003 and 2004
predicate convictions fall within the ten-year cleansing period set forth in La. R.S.
14:98(C)(3). It contends that the trial court incorrectly calculated the ten-year
cleansing period by failing to consider the plain language of La. R.S. 14:98(C)(3),
which provides that any period of time during which a defendant is under an order
of attachment for a DWI must be excluded from the running of the cleansing
period. Alternatively, the State asserts that these attachment orders extended
defendant’s probationary periods, which are excluded when calculating the ten-
year cleansing period.
Defendant responds that the trial court did not err in granting the motion to
quash. He argues that this Court should reject the State’s interpretation of the
language of La. R.S. 14:98(C)(3), because it is improper to interpret the language
“attachment for failing to appear…for an offense” in La. R.S. 14:98(C)(3) to
encompass attachments issued for failing to abide by a punishment for an offense.
Defendant further responds that the post-conviction attachments in the 2003 case
were for failure to pay fines and penalties and, therefore, cannot be used to
interrupt the cleansing period under La. R.S. 14:98(C)(3).
Additionally, defendant asserts that the State’s evidence does not prove that
either sentencing court extended his probation for either of the predicate
convictions. Further, he contends that while a court may extend an offender’s
probation period after a hearing pursuant to La. C.Cr.P. art. 900, the extension of
the probation period may not exceed the maximum period of two years for a
23-KA-224 6 misdemeanor offense. Therefore, he asserts that the period of probation for each of
the predicate misdemeanor convictions ended two years after the original sentence
and could not extend the cleansing period to meet the June 21, 2021 date of the
instant alleged offense.
Before we can determine if defendant’s prior convictions fell within the ten-
year cleansing period, a review of the applicable law is in order. First, we must
consider the language of La. R.S. 14:98(C)(3) to determine what time periods must
be excluded from the ten-year period.
The version of La. R.S. 14:98(C)(3) that was in effect at the time of the
instant offense provides in pertinent part:
For purposes of this Section, a prior conviction shall not include a conviction for an offense under this Section…if committed more than ten years prior to the commission of the crime for which the defendant is being tried… However, periods of time during which the offender was awaiting trial, under an order of attachment for failure to appear, or on probation or parole for an offense described in this Paragraph, or periods of time during which an offender was incarcerated in a penal institution in this or any other state for any offense, including an offense described in Paragraph (1) of this Subsection, shall be excluded in computing the ten-year period.
(Emphasis added).
The State argues that in calculating the ten-year cleansing period, La. R.S.
14:98(C)(3) requires the exclusion of the time periods during which a defendant is
under an order of attachment for failure to appear, regardless of whether the
attachment was issued before or after the date of conviction. Defendant reads the
phrase “under an order of attachment for failure to appear” in conjunction with “for
an offense described in this Paragraph.” He construes this to mean that
“attachments later issued because a defendant disobeys punishment orders” are not
to be excluded.
The interpretation of any statutory provision starts with the language of the
statute itself. State v. Oliphant, 12-1176 (La. 3/19/13), 113 So.3d 165, 168; Oubre
23-KA-224 7 v. Louisiana Citizens Fair Plan, 11-0097 (La. 12/16/11), 79 So.3d 987, 997. When
the provision is clear and unambiguous and its application does not lead to absurd
consequences, its language must be given effect, and its provisions must be
construed so as to give effect to the purpose indicated by a fair interpretation of the
language used. La. C.C. art. 9; La. R.S. 1:4; Oliphant, 113 So.3d at 1154.
Here, the language of La. R.S.14:98(C)(3) does not suggest that “under an
order of attachment for failure to appear” applies only to attachments issued prior
to an offender’s conviction, because the statute additionally explicitly excludes the
“time during which the offender was awaiting trial” in computing the ten-year
period. Because the language at issue, “under an order of attachment for failure to
appear,” is not qualified by any timing specifications, the time defendant spent
under an order of attachment for failure to appear, whether issued pre or post-
conviction, must be excluded from the ten-year cleansing period.
The prior convictions used by the State in a repeat DWI offender
prosecution under La. R.S. 14:98 are essential matters of proof at trial, i.e. a
necessary element to the State bearing its burden of proving the defendant is a
repeat offender. Collins, 275 So. 3d at 403. The State has the burden of negating
the cleansing period. Id.
2003 Predicate Conviction
To meet its burden of negating the ten-year cleansing period, the State
provided documents pertaining to defendant’s 2003 conviction, including the bill
of information, waiver of constitutional rights/guilty plea form, commitment, and
minute entries. These documents indicate that defendant’s first DWI offense
occurred on March 27, 2001; he pled guilty on June 11, 2003; and he was
sentenced to 60 days in the parish prison, suspended, and placed on active
probation for six months on June 11, 2003. The minute entries further reflect that
the conditions of defendant’s probation included: driver school, substance abuse
23-KA-224 8 evaluation, community service, installation of an ignition interlock system, as well
as a fine and court costs.
Based on that cases’ minute entries, the following is a timeline of the events
related to the attachments issued and recalled in the 2003 predicate conviction.
September 10, 2003: It is ordered by the Court that an instanter attachment be issued herein, for failure to appear for installment date.
October 27, 2003: It is ordered by the Court that attachment be recalled. Installment payments extended to 11/26/2003. COURT Fee/Fine Assessed to Date: $833.50 Balance Due: $833.50: payment date 10/27/2003-today’s payment is$250.00 New Balance After Payment Applied: $583.50.
December 1, 2003: It is ordered by the Court that an Instanter attachment be issued herein, for failure to appear for installment date.
May 7, 2007: It is ordered by the Court that attachment be recalled. Installment payments extended to 06/06/2007. COURT Fee/Fine Assessed to Date: $843.00 TCMS: $50.00 Balance Due: $593.00: payment date 05/07/2007-today’s payment is $0.00 New Balance after Payment Applied $593.00.”
June 7, 2007: It is ordered by the Court that an Instanter attachment be issued herein, for failure to appear for installment date.
August 30, 2013: It is ordered by the Court that an Instanter attachment be issued herein, for failure to appear for installment date.
June 4, 2015: Contempt for Missed Installment Payment.
March 16, 2016: Clerk Counter Program- Fine and cost paid in full. It is ordered by the Court that attachment be recalled. Contempt paid in full.
March 17, 2016: Fine and court cost paid in full this date. Finished record.
The minute entries indicate that all of the attachments issued were for failure
to appear for “installment dates,” which involve the payment of fines or fees. This
Court has clearly stated that “the purpose of cleansing periods such as the one
provided in section (F)(2) of R.S. 14:98 is to reward prior offenders with the
‘cleansing’ of their prior convictions if they are able to refrain from committing
another offense within the statutory time frame.”2 State v. Hoerner, 11-659 (La.
2 The provisions of La. R.S. 14:98(F)(2) are now contained in La. R.S. 14:98(C)(3).
23-KA-224 9 App. 5 Cir. 2/28/12), 88 So.3d 1128, 1131. The inclusion of such attachments
would punish prior offenders by preventing the “cleansing” of their prior
convictions if they are unable to pay their monetary obligations within the statutory
timeframe. As such, it appears the exclusion of the time period for attachments
issued for failure to fulfill monetary obligations was never intended under La. R.S.
14:98(C)(3).
Nevertheless, even if attachments for failure to appear to pay fines and fees
are properly excluded from the cleansing period, the State did not introduce any
evidence to show defendant was provided with the appropriate notice to appear on
those “installment dates.” While the relevant minute entries refer to “installment
dates,” there is no evidence in this record of the amount defendant was required to
pay on those dates; exactly what the term “installment date” means or requires;
where defendant was to pay the “installment;” or what the consequences of failing
to appear and pay the money would be.
In addition to the minute entries for the 2003 case, the State introduced the
commitment signed by the trial court and dated June 11, 2003. Although the
minute entry indicates that a $400 fine was assessed, the commitment sets forth the
sentence and various conditions but does not indicate that a fine was assessed.
Rather, the commitment provides, “A fine of $____, suspend $0.00 plus court
costs.”
The brief minute entries indicating attachments were issued in the 2003 case,
without more, are insufficient to prove that the time periods during which
defendant was under orders of attachment, as indicated on the minutes, must be
excluded from the cleansing period. Therefore, the time period excluded from the
cleansing period for this conviction ran from the date of the offense, March 27,
2001, until defendant’s probation expired by operation of law on December 11,
2003.
23-KA-224 10 2004 Predicate Conviction
In connection with the 2004 predicate conviction, the State introduced
copies of the bill of information, minute entries, a conditions of probation form,
and the transcript from the guilty plea hearing held on June 24, 2004. These
documents reflect that defendant’s second DWI offense occurred on December 7,
2003; he pled guilty on June 24, 2004; and he was sentenced to six months
imprisonment, suspended, and placed on active probation for two years on June 24,
2004.
The minute entries provide the following timeline of the events as it relates
to attachments issued and recalled in the 2004 predicate conviction.
February 9, 2005: Rule for Contempt set 3-3-05.
March 3, 2005: Contempt rule satisfied. Fine deferred until 7/1/05. Ordered to perform a minimum of 20 hours of community service per month commencing 7/05.
August 11, 2005: Attachment issued, failure to pay fine and costs. Bond set at $500.00 cash.
November 21, 2005: Contempt/revocation hearing set 1-5-06.
January 5, 2006: Attachment issued, failure to comply with conditions of probation. Bond set at $2,500.00 cash.
June 19, 2006: $660.00 of fine paid
July 18, 2018: Motion to Recall Attachment and to Terminate Probation filed by attorney Wendy Williams is set 9/4/2018 at 9:00 a.m.
October 5, 2018: Accused present in court with counsel, Wendy Williams. Motion to Recall Attachment and to Terminate Probation hearing held: Argument by Ms. Williams. Motion granted. Attachment recalled. Probation terminated. Case closed.
In computing the ten-year cleansing period, the State relies upon the
following periods of time in the 2004 predicate conviction when defendant was
under an order of attachment: 1) the time from August 11, 2005 until October 5,
2018; or 2) the time from January 5, 2006 until October 5, 2018. Excluding either
of these time periods, the State asserts, causes the ten-year cleansing period not to
23-KA-224 11 have lapsed, and defendant’s predicate convictions to be properly used to enhance
the instant offense.
The August 11, 2005 minute entry provides, “Attachment issued, failure to
pay fine and costs. Bond set at $500.00 cash.” The November 21, 2005 minute
entry provides that a “contempt/revocation hearing” was set for January 5, 2006,
and the January 5, 2006 minute entry provides, “Attachment issued, failure to
comply with conditions of probation. Bond set at $2,500.00 cash.”
The August 11, 2005 minute entry does not contain enough information to
conclude that a hearing was set for August 11, 2005, that defendant was notified to
appear, or that the attachment was issued because defendant failed to appear on
that date. Rather, it only provides that an attachment was issued because of
defendant’s “failure to pay fine and costs.” The January 5, 2006 minute entry
reflects that an attachment was issued for “failure to comply with conditions of
probation.” However, it does not indicate the condition of probation that was
allegedly violated. The conditions of probation form in evidence indicated that
there were several conditions of probation, including payment of fines and fees.
At the December 13, 2022 hearing on the motion to quash, the trial court
stated that the evidence provided was minimal, pointing out that the only evidence
before it was “one little minute entry [that] says rule for contempt/revocation
hearing,” which was handwritten and did not indicate the particular basis for the
rule. The court stated that it would like to see the “rule for contempt/revoke” on
which the minute entry was based in order to determine whether the rule to revoke
was based on failure to pay fees. The trial court requested the State to provide this
additional information and continued the matter for that purpose. At the follow-up
hearing on January 19, 2022, the trial court asked if there was any additional
information regarding the attachments arising from defendant’s prior convictions,
other than the “little blurbs” that were provided in the minutes. The State and
23-KA-224 12 defense counsel replied that they did not have any additional information.
Thereafter, the trial court granted the motion to quash.
There were seventeen years between defendant’s 2004 conviction and the
2021 offense at issue in this case. In order to show the cleansing period did not
elapse prior to the current offense, the State had the burden of proving the time
periods that were to be excluded from the cleansing period. However, the minute
entries, which were ultimately considered by the trial court, reflect that the
attachments were issued for failure to meet monetary obligations and not
necessarily for failure to appear. Although one entry indicated that the attachment
was issued for failure to comply with conditions of probation, there is no evidence
to show what condition was allegedly violated. Payment of fees was included in
the probation conditions, and it may or may not have been the grounds for the
issuance of the attachment. Further, the State failed to provide any evidence to
show defendant received notice of the hearing dates or that the attachments were
properly issued and valid.
Our review of the record reveals that the State failed to prove that these
attachments triggered a period of time that should be excluded from the cleansing
period under La. R.S. 14:98(C)(3). Accordingly, we find that these periods of time
should not be excluded in computing the ten-year cleansing period.
As an alternative method for computing the ten-year cleansing period, the
State contends that because of these attachments, defendant was still on probation
in the 2004 case until it was terminated on October 5, 2018. As such, the State
avers that the cleansing period had not yet elapsed as to the prior offenses by the
time defendant committed the instant crime on June 6, 2021.
Considering our finding that the State did not prove the attachments were
properly issued, with notice to defendant to appear, we also find that these
attachments did not extend the probation period.
23-KA-224 13 When considering the motion to quash the predicate convictions, the trial
court pointed out that a rule to revoke was not filed in the 2004 case and that there
was a “scant bit of information” available. In the 2004 case, defendant was
sentenced to two years of active probation. Therefore, his probation was set to
conclude in 2006. Although the court acknowledged that a minute entry showed
defendant’s probation terminated years later in 2018, the court agreed with defense
counsel that defendant’s probation terminated by operation of law prior to that
time. The court reasoned that because a rule to revoke was not filed, defendant
could not have been on misdemeanor probation for such length of time.
La. C.Cr.P. art. 898 provides that “[u]pon completion of the period of
suspension of sentence or probation, ... the defendant shall have satisfied the
sentence imposed.” However, probation may be revoked for failure to satisfy the
probation conditions. See La. C.Cr.P. art. 900(A)(5). Contrary to the State’s
argument, the issuance of the attachments would not have automatically extended
the probationary period in his predicate convictions. At that time, a revocation or
extension of probation could have been sought on the basis of defendant’s failure
to pay a fine, but the trial court was required to consider the reasons for the failure
to pay. See Bearden v. Georgia, 416 U.S. 660, 103 S.Ct. 2064, 76 L.Ed.2d 221
(1983); State v. Castille, 623 So.2d (La. App. 5th Cir. 1993); State v. Chelette, 558
So.2d 770 (La. App. 5th Cir. 1990). The evidence in this record does not show that
the procedures outlined in La. C.Cr.P. arts. 899 and 900 for extending a
probationary period were followed in either of the underlying 2003 and 2004 cases
upon which defendant’s current charge was predicated.
La. C.Cr.P. art. 894.4 currently provides: “[p]robation shall neither be
revoked nor extended based solely upon the defendant’s inability to pay fines, fees,
or restitution to the victim.” However, effective August 15, 2006, after
defendant’s sentencing in his predicate convictions, La. C.Cr.P. art. 894.4 stated
23-KA-224 14 when a defendant “has been sentenced to probation or is on parole and has a
monetary obligation, including but not limited to court costs, fines, costs of
prosecution, and any other monetary costs associated with probation or parole, the
judge may extend the period of probation or parole until the monetary obligation is
extinguished.” (Emphasis added.) See 2006 La. Acts No. 823, § 1. In the instant
case, however, the evidence presented by the State does not demonstrate that any
action was taken that would have extended the probationary period in defendant’s
predicates.
At the time of the predicate offenses, La. C.Cr.P. art. 899(A) provided that
during the probationary period, the court may issue a warrant for the arrest of a
defendant “for violation of any of the conditions of probation” or may issue a
summons to appear “to answer to a charge or violation or threatened violation” of
those conditions. In addition, La. C.Cr.P. art. 899(B) provides that a probation
officer may issue a written or oral detainer authorizing the arrest of a probationer if
the officer has “reasonable cause to believe” that a violation has occurred or is
imminent, or in case of emergency. See State v. Black, 97-774 (La. 12/12/97), 706
So.2d 423, 424.
Specifically, La. C.Cr.P. art. 899(D) provided for three events upon which
the running of the period of probation shall cease: the time of the issuance of the
probationary warrant, summons, or detainer.3 The Louisiana Supreme Court has
interpreted La. C.Cr.P. art. 899(D) to mean that the issuance of a detainer suspends
the running of the probationary term pending a final violation hearing. See Black,
706 So.2d at 425.
3 La. C.Cr.P. art. 899(D) stated, in part: When a warrant for defendant’s arrest or a summons for defendant’s appearance issued under Paragraph A or a detainer is issued under Paragraph B of this Article, the running of the period of probation shall cease as to the time the warrant, summons, or detainer is issued.
23-KA-224 15 Here, defendant was sentenced on June 24, 2004, to six months
imprisonment, suspended, and placed on active probation for two years that same
day. As such, defendant’s probationary period was set to end on June 24, 2006.
Based solely on the minute entries, an action under La. C.Cr.P. arts. 899(A) or (B)
may have been taken for probation violations because of the “contempt/revocation
hearing” set for January 5, 2006. This action would have occurred prior to the
completion of defendant’s probationary period on June 24, 2006. However, on
January 5, 2006, the court issued an attachment for “failure to comply with
conditions of probation.” The January 5, 2006 minute entry says nothing about
that court either extending or revoking defendant’s probation, nor, as discussed
above, does it state what conditions of probation defendant failed to comply with—
whether monetary or otherwise. Even though the trial judge here asked for more
information regarding this specific issue at one of the motion to quash hearings, the
State did not present any further information. As such, no further details are
provided beyond the minute entries.
The State’s evidence did not definitively prove any action was taken, such
as the filing of a rule to revoke or the issuance of a warrant, summons, or detainer
issued by the trial court under La. C.Cr.P. art. 899, which suspended or extended
defendant’s probationary period. Furthermore, the State’s evidence does not show
that defendant was served with notice of the “contempt/revocation hearing” set for
January 5, 2006. Accordingly, because the State failed to prove that defendant’s
probationary period terminated at a later date, we decline to exclude either alleged
period of time presented by the State in computing the ten-year period under La.
R.S. 14:98(C)(3).
Similarly, as to the 2003 predicate conviction, any argument that the
numerous attachments, which were issued and recalled on several occasions until
March 16, 2016, extended defendant’s probationary period would fail. As
23-KA-224 16 recounted above, in connection with this prior offense, defendant was sentenced on
June 11, 2003, to sixty days in the parish prison, suspended, and placed on active
probation for six months. Thus, it would seem that defendant’s probationary
period was set to end on December 11, 2003. The minute entries provide that the
trial court issued and recalled several attachments for defendant’s “failure to
appear for installment date,” which can be surmised to pertain to his court costs
and fines. Several of the attachments were issued and recalled well beyond the
date that defendant’s probation was set to end in this case. Based on the evidence
presented by the State, under La. C.Cr.P. art. 899(A) or (B), the State did not prove
that the attachments issued by the court suspended the running of the probationary
term pending a final violation hearing. The minute entries do not reflect any
actions were taken which would extend defendant’s probationary period. See La.
C.Cr.P. art. 899(D).
Accordingly, in relying upon the foregoing methods for computing the ten-
year cleansing period, we find that the State has not met its burden of negating the
cleansing period contained in La. R.S. 14:98(C)(3) as to defendant’s two predicate
convictions.
DECREE
For the foregoing reasons, we convert this appeal to a writ application and
review this matter under our supervisory jurisdiction. Based on our review, we
find that the trial court did not err in granting defendant’s motion to quash his two
predicate convictions, because the State did not meet its burden in negating the
cleansing period. Accordingly, this writ application is denied.
APPEAL CONVERTED TO WRIT; WRIT DENIED
23-KA-224 17 STATE OF LOUISIANA NO. 23-KA-224
SCHLEGEL, J., DISSENTS WITH REASONS
I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion.
The record shows that there was an attachment issued on January 5, 2006
because defendant violated the conditions of his probation under the 2004
predicate offense in the 29th Judicial District Court: “[a]ttachment issued, failure
to comply with conditions of probation.” The majority, however, focuses on the
fact that the minute entry does not “state what conditions of probation defendant
failed to comply with—whether monetary or otherwise.” The majority also
focuses on the fact that the State failed to “definitely prove any action was taken,
such as the filing of a rule to revoke or the issuance of a warrant, summons, or
detainer issued by the trial court under La. C.Cr.P. art. 899” or show that
defendant was served with notice of the “contempt/revocation hearing” set for
January 5, 2006.
The pertinent records for the 2004 predicate show the following actions:
June 24, 2004: “Sentenced to 6 months parish prison, suspended. Placed on 2 years misdemeanor probation supervised through the DA’s office. Fined $750.00 and costs, payable at the rate of $100.00 per month commencing 7/04. Ordered to perform 240 hours of community service by 12/31/04. Ordered to attend and complete a driver’s improvement program by 10/31/04. Ordered to attend and complete a substance abuse program by 12/31/04. Ordered to install a ignition interlock device on his vehicle and not drive a vehicle that doesn’t have one. Ordered not to consume alcoholic beverage during probationary period.”
February 9, 2005: “Rule for Contempt set for 3-3-05.”
23-KA-224 1 March 3, 2005: “Contempt rule satisfied. Fine deferred until 7/1/05. Ordered to perform a minimum of 20 hours of community service per month commencing 7/05.”
August 11, 2005: “Attachment issued, failure to pay fine and costs. Bond set at $500.00 cash.”
November 21, 2005: “Contempt/revocation hearing set 1-5-06.”
January 5, 2006: “Attachment issued, failure to comply with conditions of probation. Bond set at $2,500.00 cash.”
June 19, 2006: “$660.00 of fine paid.”
July 18, 2018: “Motion to Recall Attachment and to Terminate Probation filed by attorney Wendy Williams is set 9/4/2018 at 9:00 a.m.”
October 5, 2018: “Accused present in court with counsel, Wendy Williams. Motion to Recall Attachment and to Terminate Probation hearing held: Argument by Ms. Williams. Motion granted. Attachment recalled. Probation terminated. Case closed.”
I agree that the State did not provide any evidence that defendant received
notice of any of the hearings in this case. But there is a distinction between issuing
an attachment for failure to appear and an attachment issued for violating
conditions of probation. And La. R.S. 14:98(C)(3) provides an additional and
separate basis for periods of time during which a defendant is “on probation or
parole for an offense described in this Paragraph.”
On November 21, 2005, before the probation period expired, a
“contempt/revocation hearing” was set for January 5, 2006. On January 5, 2006,
within the two-year probation period, an attachment was issued by the Court for
“failure to comply with conditions of probation.” Notably, this attachment is
worded differently than the previously-worded “failure to pay fine and costs”
attachment that was issued on August 11, 2005. Furthermore, the hearing on
January 5, 2006 included a “revocation hearing,” not just a “Rule for Contempt,”
which had previously been set for March 3, 2005. As set forth above, defendant’s
conditions of probation included: payment of fines, 240 hours of community
service, attend and complete a driver’s improvement program, attend and complete
23-KA-224 2 a substance abuse program, install an interlock device on his vehicle and not drive
a vehicle without one, and not consume alcohol during the probationary period.
The majority appears to focus on the court costs, fines and fees issue and the
failure to provide evidence of service. But respectfully, I do not believe we can
ignore the evidence that has been provided. Although the evidence does not note
which conditions of probation were violated, the minute entry from January 5,
2006 clearly indicates that the attachment was issued because the defendant had
violated his conditions of probation: “attachment issued, failure to comply with
conditions of probation.” And the minute entry from November 21, 2005 clearly
indicates that a revocation hearing was set for January 5, 2006, at which time the
Court issued an attachment and set a bond in the amount of $2,500.00. The record
does not say that it was issued for failure to appear or that it had anything to do
with court costs, fines and fees. In fact, a review of the minute entries shows that
the Court understood the distinction. Only five months earlier on August 11, 2005,
the Court issued an attachment for “failure to pay fine and costs” and set a bond in
the amount of $500, which is a much lower amount.
In State v. Lewis, 18-600 (La. App. 3 Cir. 8/31/18), 254 So.3d 1219, the
defendant pled guilty to misdemeanor charges on March 6, 2017 and was placed
on probation for one year. The State filed a rule to revoke defendant on March
6, 2018, exactly one year later. On the same date, the district court signed the
rule to show cause setting the matter and ordered that all parties be served. Two
days later, the clerk of court issued a notice to the defendant. At the hearing,
defense counsel moved to quash the rule arguing that neither an arrest warrant
nor a summons had been issued to defendant during his probationary period.
The district court denied the motion and held that the relevant date was the date
it signed the order attached to the motion and order to revoke probation. Mr.
Lewis argued that the issuance of the summons did not occur until the notice to
23-KA-224 3 appear was served on him, not when it was issued. The Third Circuit disagreed
and found that such a reading of the statute “conflates the issuance of the
summons in the first paragraph of section (A) with the service of the summons to
appear in the second paragraph of section (A).” Id. at 1221. The Third Circuit
ultimately found that the issuance of the summons ceased the running of the
period of probation and thus the summons was timely issued before the
expiration of the defendant’s probation. The Court further noted that under La.
C.Cr.P. art 898, a defendant’s sentence is not satisfied until his probation is
complete.
The Louisiana Supreme Court’s holding in State v. Black, 97-0774 (La.
12/12/97), 706 So.2d 423, is consistent with State v Lewis. The Black case
involved interpretation of Paragraph B of La. C.Cr.P. art. 899. The Supreme
Court addressed the issue of whether an affidavit was necessary for a rule to
revoke probation under Article 899(B), which permits a probation officer to
issue a written or oral detainer authorizing the arrest of a probationer if the
officer has “reasonable cause to believe” that a violation has occurred, or is
imminent, or in case of emergency. Analyzing paragraphs A and B of Article
899, the Supreme Court found that the statute did not contain a requirement for
an affidavit under either paragraph. The Court concluded: “[T]he detainer issued
by the relator’s probation officer before relator’s release from state supervision
suspended the running of the probationary term pending a final violation hearing
even though it was not supported by an affidavit. La. C.Cr.P. art. 899(D).” Id.
at 425. The Supreme Court reasoned:
However, “[a] probationer has a different status. He has already been convicted of a crime, has had a sentence of imprisonment imposed and remains free not by right but solely by the exercise of the trial judge’s discretion....” (Citation omitted.) In fact, jurisprudence has long established that while probationers facing revocation retain some constitutional and statutory rights, those rights do not in every instance match those enjoyed by non-criminals facing trial.
23-KA-224 4 Id. at 424. (Emphasis added.)
If the Louisiana Supreme Court found that it was enough for a probation
officer to simply issue a written or oral detainer that authorized the arrest of a
probationer to suspend the running of probation when the officer had
“reasonable cause to believe” that a violation had occurred, certainly the
issuance of an attachment by a judge for “failure to comply with conditions of
probation” is sufficient to suspend the running of probation.
Additionally, the record shows that on June 19, 2006, defendant paid $660
of his fines; 6 months after the attachment was issued for “failure to comply with
conditions of probation.” But the attachment was not recalled and his probation
was not terminated until July 18, 2018, after defendant’s attorney filed a motion
to recall attachment and terminate probation.
Accordingly, defendant was under legal restraint from December 7, 2003
to October 5, 2018 for the 2004 predicate offense.4 This period must be
excluded from computing the ten-year cleansing period.
Therefore, I would find that the State has borne its burden of negating the
cleansing period for the two predicates. I agree with converting the appeal to a
writ application, but would grant the writ.
4 I agree that defendant’s probation for the 2003 predicate offense expired by operation of law on December 11, 2003, as found by the majority.
23-KA-224 5 SUSAN M. CHEHARDY CURTIS B. PURSELL
CHIEF JUDGE CLERK OF COURT
SUSAN S. BUCHHOLZ FREDERICKA H. WICKER CHIEF DEPUTY CLERK JUDE G. GRAVOIS MARC E. JOHNSON ROBERT A. CHAISSON LINDA M. WISEMAN STEPHEN J. WINDHORST FIRST DEPUTY CLERK JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR. SCOTT U. SCHLEGEL FIFTH CIRCUIT MELISSA C. LEDET JUDGES 101 DERBIGNY STREET (70053) DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL STAFF POST OFFICE BOX 489 GRETNA, LOUISIANA 70054 (504) 376-1400
(504) 376-1498 FAX www.fifthcircuit.org
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