STATE OF LOUISIANA NO. 23-KA-492
VERSUS FIFTH CIRCUIT
JOACHIM J. COTTON COURT OF APPEAL
STATE OF LOUISIANA
ON APPEAL FROM THE TWENTY-FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT PARISH OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF LOUISIANA NO. 21-2268, DIVISION "C" HONORABLE JUNE B. DARENSBURG, JUDGE PRESIDING
July 31, 2024
JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR. JUDGE
Panel composed of Judges Stephen J. Windhorst, John J. Molaison, Jr., and Amanda L. Calogero, Pro Tempore
CONVICTION AFFIRMED; REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING JJM SJW ALC COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLEE, STATE OF LOUISIANA Honorable Paul D. Connick, Jr. Thomas J. Butler Juliet L. Clark
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT, JOACHIM J. COTTON Prentice L. White MOLAISON, J.
The defendant, Joachim J. Cotton, appeals his conviction of attempted
indecent behavior with a juvenile under the age of thirteen. For the reasons that
follow, we affirm his conviction, vacate his sentence, and remand for resentencing.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On May 19, 2021, the Jefferson Parish District Attorney filed a bill of
information charging the defendant, Joachim J. Cotton, with indecent behavior
with a juvenile under the age of thirteen on or between March 1, 2017 and April 6,
2021, in violation of La. R.S. 14:81 (count one) and sexual battery of a child under
the age of thirteen on or between March 1, 2017 and April 6, 2021, in violation of
La. R.S. 14:43.1 (count two). The defendant pled not guilty.
On March 2, 2023, the twelve-person jury returned a unanimous lesser
verdict of attempted indecent behavior with a juvenile as to count one. The jury
was unable to reach a verdict on the charge of sexual battery of a juvenile under
the age of thirteen, resulting in a mistrial on count two. The trial court denied the
defendant’s motions for a new trial and post-verdict judgment of acquittal.1
On March 29, 2023, the trial court sentenced the defendant to twelve years
imprisonment, imposed fines, and ordered that the defendant register as a sex
offender.
The State filed a multiple offender bill of information alleging that the
defendant was a third-felony offender as to count one, having previous convictions
of violating La. R.S. 14:62.2 on October 6, 1998, and La. R.S. 14:60 on November
30, 2006. After the defendant stipulated to being a third felony offender, the trial
court vacated the defendant’s original sentence and sentenced the defendant as a
1 The motion for new trial was based on an evidentiary ruling made by the trial court during the trial. The motion for post-verdict judgment of acquittal alleged that “the lack of evidence, coupled with the hung jury and corresponding mistrial on count two” did not justify “a finding of guilty of the responsive verdict as to count one.”
23-KA-492 1 third-felony offender to twelve years imprisonment without the benefit of
probation or suspension of sentence. The trial court also imposed court costs and
fees.
This timely appeal followed.
FACTS
Kendra Gros testified that she had two daughters and two sons – V.R., H.R.
J.R., and I.R.2 She married the defendant in 2016. Beginning in 2017, Kendra’s
children lived in the home with her and the defendant. The defendant’s son,
Grayson, lived with her and the defendant in a house on James Street in Marrero.
Grayson was diagnosed with Type I diabetes when he was approximately three
years old.
The defendant was a tugboat captain who worked on the boat for twenty-
eight days and then was home for fourteen days. Kendra testified that after
Grayson had a seizure because of low blood sugar, she asked the defendant to put
motion-activated cameras in the living room, the dining room, and Grayson’s
room. After installing the cameras, the defendant used the cameras to monitor her
and the children. He spoke to them through the cameras and reminded the children
to perform their assigned chores.
Kendra testified that in 2019, I.R. told Kendra that the defendant was
touching her “on her private.” She questioned the defendant, and he denied this
allegation. Kendra did not report this incident to the police.
Shortly afterward, V.R., who is older than I.R., reported to a school
counselor that the defendant was touching I.R. The Department of Children and
2 In the interest of protecting minor crime victims and victims of sexual offenses as set forth in La. R.S. 46:1844(W)(3), the judges of this Court have adopted a policy that this Court’s published work will use only initials to identify the victim and any defendant or witness whose name can lead to the victim’s identity (i.e., parent, sibling, or relative with the same last name as the victim). State v. E.J.M., III, 12- 774, 12-732 (La. App. 5 Cir. 5/23/13), 119 So.3d 648, 652 n.1. See also Uniform Rules of Court - Courts of Appeal, Rule 5-2.
23-KA-492 2 Family Services (DCFS) conducted an investigation, but nothing resulted from the
investigation, and there were no arrests. After making these allegations, V.R. went
to live with another family member.
In April of 2021, Kendra heard an exchange between the defendant and I.R.
The defendant told Kendra that he had found I.R.’s journal and read an entry
written by I.R. to her deceased father, stating that she hated the defendant. Kendra
testified that I.R. told her that she wrote to her dad that the defendant was touching
her again. Kendra looked through the journal and did not see an entry stating that
the defendant was touching I.R., but she noted that someone ripped out two pages.
Kendra used a crayon to color the pages behind the removed pages, attempting to
see the content written on the missing pages. After coloring the page, she only saw
some drawings and some words. No one found the ripped-out pages.
Kendra testified that the defendant denied ripping pages out of the journal,
denied touching I.R., and “would not look her in the eye” when responding to her.
Eventually, Kendra called the police. As part of the investigation, she took I.R. to
meet with the police, to the Children’s Advocacy Center (CAC), and to
StillChildren’s Hospital. Kendra testified she and I.R. moved out of state because
she felt threatened. Her other children stayed in Louisiana.
V.R. testified that she had three younger siblings, H.R., J.R., and I.R. She
testified that the defendant married her mother when she was about fourteen. In
2019, V.R. overheard a conversation between her mother and I.R. in which I.R.
stated that the defendant had touched her. V.R. overheard her mother talking to the
defendant regarding I.R.’s allegation. No one called the police; her mother assured
her she would handle the situation, but nothing happened.
V.R. testified that she reported this information to her school counselor
about a month later. The counselor contacted DCFS, and V.R. spoke to an
investigator. A DCFS investigator came to their house, and the police “got
23-KA-492 3 involved.” V.R. testified that after the investigation was closed, the defendant
kicked her out of the house because she reported the incident. V.R. moved into her
uncle’s house, then moved back into the house with her mother and the defendant
in late 2020 or early 2021.
J.R. testified that he had three siblings, V.R., H.R., and I.R. He went to live
with the defendant and his mother after his father died when he was about eleven
years old. J.R. testified that the defendant used the cameras in the house to check
to see if they completed assigned chores. The defendant spoke to them through the
cameras.
J.R. testified that in 2021, the defendant asked him to grab I.R.’s book. He
took the book from I.R. and flipped through it while teasing I.R. about it, but he
did not read anything in the book. The defendant tried unsuccessfully to take the
book from J.R. J.R. put the book in the closet of the defendant and his mother’s
bedroom. He later gave the book to his mother at his mother’s request.
Jefferson Parish Sheriff’s Office (JPSO) Detective Kristen Hollis3 testified
that in 2019, after receiving information on an investigation that involved the
defendant and I.R., she set up the forensic interview of I.R. at the CAC. I.R. did
not make a disclosure during the interview, nor when Detective Hollis spoke to
I.R. Detective Hollis interviewed I.R.’s mother, who gave limited information
regarding I.R.’s disclosure. Stillwell Russell from DCFS also interviewed the
victim.4 The case was closed after Detective Hollis exhausted all efforts to obtain
further information.
3 The transcript provides that the witness’ name is Kristen Lyvers; however, she stated that Hollis was her married name, and she preferred Hollis.
4 The defense and the State agreed to a stipulation that if Stillwell Russel was called as a witness he would testify:
[T]hat he was employed by the Louisiana Department of Children and Family Services in February of 2019, that he – I’m sorry, that he was contacted by a John Ehret High School counselor to investigate a case of reported child sexual abuse regarding Joachim Cotton and [I.R.], that was reported by [V.R.] and that he did conduct an investigation, which included interviews with the reported person, [I.R.], Joachim Cotton and Kendra Cotton and that [I.R.] did not disclose
23-KA-492 4 Detective Hollis testified that in 2021, I.R. reported that the defendant had
continued the abuse from 2019, fondled her vagina, and performed oral sex on her.
After speaking to I.R., Detective Hollis set up a CAC interview for I.R. Detective
Hollis spoke to I.R. after the interview. I.R. reported oral sexual abuse had
occurred but did not disclose this during the CAC interview. Detective Hollis
obtained consent to search the residence on James Drive, including the backyard
shed.
Detective Hollis and investigators looked for the cameras referred to by I.R.
Officers found cameras, a laptop, and a tablet in the shed. After searching these
items, they found nothing of significance to the investigation. Based on I.R.’s
statements to Detective Hollis and the CAC interview, Detective Hollis authored
an arrest warrant for the defendant.
Aubrey Ziegler, a forensic interviewer at the Jefferson CAC, testified that
she interviewed I.R. twice, once in 2019 and once in 2021. She recorded both
interviews; after being admitted into evidence, the jury viewed the tapes.
I.R. testified that she had three siblings, V.R., H.R., and J.R. She was six or
seven years old when her mother married the defendant, and they moved into the
defendant’s house on James Street. The defendant’s son, Grayson, who had
diabetes, also lived in the house. After Grayson had a seizure, they put cameras in
the house. One of the cameras faced her and Grayson’s bedroom.
I.R. testified that in 2019, she told her mother that the defendant was
touching her in her private area, but she did not give her mother any details. Her
sister, V.R., reported this to the school counselor, and the CAC interviewed I.R.
I.R. did not state what happened in this interview. I.R. testified that someone from
DCFS came to speak to her, but she did not tell them what happened to her. The
abuse during the Department of Children and Family Services investigation. And, lastly, that the Department of Children and Family Services’ investigation did not result in a finding of abuse.
23-KA-492 5 defendant stopped touching her immediately after this incident, but then the abuse
started again.
I.R. testified that the defendant put his two fingers inside of her underwear to
touch her vagina. She could not recall how often this occurred but stated that it
happened frequently in her bedroom, the living room, and the shed. I.R. testified
that on two occasions in the shed, the defendant forced her hand on his penis over
his pants and told her to squeeze. I.R. testified that she felt a “hard feeling.” She
testified that a camera was in the shed, but she did not know if it was on or off.
I.R. testified that the defendant put his hands around her ankles, put her legs in the
air, and put his face in between her legs.
I.R. testified that after this incident, she started writing letters to her
deceased father in her journal, but she did not tell her mother what the defendant
had done because she was scared. The defendant had threatened to kill her mother
if I.R. reported what the defendant did to her. I.R. testified that the defendant tried
to take her journal from her, and the defendant called J.R., who took the journal
and placed it on top of her mother’s closet. The defendant told I.R.’s mother that
punishment was appropriate for writing that she hated the defendant. I.R. told her
mother that she hated the defendant because he was touching her inappropriately.
I.R. identified where someone ripped the pages from her journal; she denied
ripping out these pages.
I.R. testified that after this incident, she spoke to Detective Hollis, the CAC,
and people at Children’s Hospital and reported what the defendant did to her. She
and her mother eventually moved out of state.
After the court accepted Dr. Paige Culotta as an expert in the field of child
abuse pediatrics, she testified that she first evaluated I.R. on May 5, 2021. I.R. told
Dr. Culotta what the defendant did to her. However, I.R. became very upset during
the physical exam of her genitalia, and she stopped the exam. On June 2, 2021,
23-KA-492 6 I.R. returned for the physical exam. Dr. Culotta testified that there were no
physical signs of trauma from I.R.’s physical exam, explaining that it is uncommon
to see any physical signs of sexual abuse in cases of delayed disclosure. Dr.
Culotta testified that there were no signs of coaching I.R. on reporting the abuse.
Darrin Cotton, the defendant’s cousin, testified that he lived with the
defendant and Kendra in 2017 and 2019 after multiple back surgeries. He also
stayed at the house to help Kendra when needed. He testified that he never saw the
defendant conduct himself inappropriately with I.R.
The defendant testified that he was a tugboat captain and went by the name
“Jack.” He married Kendra on June 8, 2016. He and Kendra lived with her four
children and his son, Grayson. His cousin, Darrin, lived with them after Darrin
had back surgery in 2017 and 2019. Darrin was at their house when the defendant
was working and when the defendant was home. The defendant installed
surveillance cameras on the interior and exterior of the house to help monitor
Grayson.
The defendant testified that he disciplined the children more strictly than
Kendra. This discipline was not well received by the children because Kendra’s
ex-husband was abusive.
In December of 2018, he received a call from Kendra stating that I.R. had
accused him of touching her. The defendant testified that they worked through this
incident; however, the police got involved in 2019 after V.R. reported the abuse to
a counselor at her school. DCFS Child Protective Services employee Mr. Stillwell
interviewed the defendant; the defendant gave a statement to JPSO. The defendant
explained that he lost his job because of this incident, but no one arrested him. The
defendant wanted to move to an apartment since living with V.R. was
unacceptable; however, Kendra decided that V.R. should live at her uncle’s house.
23-KA-492 7 Around Thanksgiving of 2020, he forgave V.R., and she moved back into the
home.
The defendant testified that in 2021, he saw I.R. writing in her journal when
she was supposed to be doing schoolwork. I.R. heard the defendant approaching
and pulled up her school material on the computer. He asked J.R. to get the journal
and said he was going to the bathroom, then he would check I.R.’s work. The
defendant testified that when he came out of the bathroom, Kendra asked for the
journal. The defendant denied knowing about or tearing pages from the journal.
Kendra told him that I.R. reported that the defendant was touching her. He
requested that they speak to the detectives, but Kendra did not want to go to the
police. After these allegations, he stayed with his mother.
The defendant denied ever inappropriately touching I.R., making I.R. touch
his penis, and insinuating anything sexual to her. He stated that many people, such
as his cousin and mother, were always in his home.5 Although the defendant
indicated he was never alone in his house with I.R., he could not say he had never
been alone with her.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
Joachim Cotton married K.R., a woman who had four children from a previous marriage. Cotton willingly accepted each child as his very own and he financially and emotionally cared for his family. He was not well liked because he assigned each child chores to teach them character and the value of hard work. He was accused of inappropriately, touching, kissing, and fondling I.R., his wife’s twelve-year old daughter. V.R., his wife’s oldest daughter, reported the allegations to the police and to the Department of Children and Family Services. The circumstantial evidence presented at trial did not convince the jury to convict. It was the district court’s Allen (dynamite) charge that pressured the jury to return a unanimous verdict, but only for a lesser included offense. Cotton requests that his conviction and sentence be reversed due to the district court’s abuse of discretion.
5 Joan Cotton, the defendant’s mother, testified that Grayson and I.R. came to her house in Lafitte often and spent the night. She spent time at her son’s home but was not there all the time. She never suspected the defendant was acting inappropriately with I.R. and never saw any inappropriate touching.
Angelique Cannatella, the defendant’s sister, testified that she would see the defendant and the family often, and spent time at her brother’s house. She never saw the defendant act inappropriately with I.R.
23-KA-492 8 LAW AND DISCUSSION
On appeal, the defendant argues that the jury could not have reached a
plausible verdict based on the evidence presented at trial. He claims the jury
returned a unanimous verdict after the district court intervened in the deliberation
process. The defendant contends that the jury determined that the evidence
presented could not prove that the defendant committed either offense and
informed the court that it could not reach a verdict. The defendant argues that after
the district court instructed the jury to return to the deliberation room to reconsider
its decision, it reached a consensus on a lesser included offense on count one. The
defendant avers that the trial court erred in denying his motion for post-verdict
judgment of acquittal. The defendant concludes that his conviction and sentence,
along with his habitual offender stipulation and sentence, should be vacated and set
aside due to the trial court pressuring the jury to return a guilty verdict through an
Allen6 charge despite the State’s failure to present evidence of guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.
The State responds that the defendant did not object to the charge and
instead agreed to the charge given by the trial judge. The State contends the
defense did not preserve the issue for appellate review. The State submits that
even if the issue was preserved for review, it warrants no relief as the elements of
an impermissible Allen charge were not present in the charge given to the jury.
The State argues that the trial judge did not tell the jurors holding the minority
view to rethink their positions in light of the majority’s stance to reach a verdict.
The State submits that the trial judge’s instruction did not imply that she would not
accept a mistrial, as evidenced by the fact that she told the jurors the court would
6 Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492, 17 S.Ct. 154, 41 L.Ed. 528 (1896).
23-KA-492 9 accept it if they could not reach a verdict and that the court accepted the mistrial as
to count two.
The minute entry indicates that on March 2, 2023, at 7:00 p.m., the jurors
retired to deliberate, and at 10:22 p.m., the jurors declared that they could not reach
a verdict. The jurors sent the court a note stating: “After considerable and active
discussion, this jury was not able to reach a unanimous verdict on any of the
charges presented.” The trial judge asked the State and defense counsel if the
parties wanted a “dynamite” charge. The defense counsel replied, “No.” The
prosecutor told the court it would request a dynamite charge, and defense counsel
stated, “No. An Allen charge, no.” The court held a sidebar conference off the
record. The trial judge then indicated it had “two versions” of the “Allen charge,
dynamite charge.” The court held another sidebar conference off the record. The
trial judge then read the “informal” version to the State and defense counsel. After
two sidebar conferences off the record, the State said it was okay with the
“informal” version of the dynamite charge. Defense counsel stated, “Defense
agrees.” The court held a brief sidebar conference, the jury returned to the
courtroom, and the trial judge said:
THE COURT: Okay, Ladies and Gentlemen of the jury, I received a note saying, “After considerable and active discussion, this jury was not able to reach a unanimous verdict on any of the charges presented.” Well, at least you understand that you have two different charges that you have to vote on. That’s number one; so how is it that you’re not confused about that? And twelve of twelve have to agree on each charge. “This is a time when a lot of patience and understanding is required. Please don’t get mad at each other. Nobody else is mad at you; so why should you get mad at each other? Just be as patient with each other as you possibly can. Remember that this is a very serious matter. We want to abide by your decision, whatever it is. If you cannot decide this case the next time you come back, I will accept that. But we would all be very grateful to you if you can reach a
23-KA-492 10 decision; so we’re asking you to, please, try once more.”
So with that said, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Jury, do you think you may be able to deliberate a little while longer and reach a decision?
(Jurors shake heads.)
THE COURT: I see some head saying no. Are you willing to try --
JUROR: I’m willing to try.
THE COURT --one more time? Thank you. All rise for the jury.
DEPUTY: All rise for the jury.
THE COURT: Do you have any other questions for us? Are you confused about anything while you’re here? It’s a verdict on each count. All twelve have to agree.
JUROR: We know.
THE COURT: You understand?
JUROR: Yeah.
THE COURT: Okay. And if you cannot reach a verdict, knock on the door; and we’ll accept that. But if you’ll try one more time, please. Thank you.
(Whereupon, the jury exited the courtroom to resume deliberations at this time.)
The jury later sent a note asking, “How is it possible to get clarification with
respect to whether there was a working camera in the room that [I.R.] and Grayson
shared?” The trial judge, the State, and the defense counsel discussed that the
“evidence was in” and that it could not reopen the case.
The jury returned to the courtroom, and the trial judge stated:
There’s a question: “How is it possible to get clarification with respect to whether there was a working camera in the room that [I.R.] and Grayson shared?” My response, Ladies and Gentlemen, is that all the evidence is in. The case cannot be reopened; therefore, we cannot answer your question.
The jury then exited the courtroom to resume deliberations. At 11:54 p.m.,
the jury informed the court: “The jury has reached a verdict on the charge of
23-KA-492 11 indecent behavior with a juvenile under thirteen; however, given the firm
convictions of the jury members, there’s no prospect for unanimous votes on the
charge of sexual battery of a child under thirteen. How shall we proceed?” After
discussion with the parties, the trial judge stated it would accept a verdict on the
agreed count, and they would have to try the other count another day. The jury
found the defendant guilty of attempted indecent behavior with a juvenile under
thirteen on count one. The court declared a mistrial on count two.
The record indicates that the defendant failed to preserve his claim that the
trial judge erred by giving the jury a prohibited Allen charge. The record shows
that the defense counsel agreed to the charge given.
C.Cr.P. art. 841 provides in pertinent part:
A. An irregularity or error cannot be availed of after verdict unless it was objected to at the time of occurrence. A bill of exceptions to rulings or orders is unnecessary. It is sufficient that a party, at the time the ruling or order of the court is made or sought, makes known to the court the action which he desires the court to take, or of his objections to the action of the court, and the grounds therefor.
To seek an appellate review of an alleged trial court error, a party must make a
contemporaneous objection and state the grounds for that objection. State v.
Williams, 20-46 (La. App. 5 Cir. 12/30/20), 308 So.3d 791, 838, writ denied, 21-
316 (La. 5/25/21), 316 So.3d 2. The record of the proceedings surrounding the
trial judge’s proposed informal instruction to the jury does not show that defense
counsel objected to the instruction. The defense counsel agreed to the trial judge’s
instruction. For this reason, the alleged error was not properly preserved for
review, as the defendant failed to object to the instruction and consented to it. See
State v. Rivera, 22-365 (La. App. 3 Cir. 11/9/22), 2022 WL 16831969, writ denied,
22-1707 (La. 3/14/23), 357 So.3d 825;7 La. C.Cr.P. art. 801(C).
7 In Rivera, the defendant alleged that the trial court erred by refusing to answer a jury question regarding the possibility of a hung jury. In addition to finding that the court’s instruction for the jury to continue deliberating did not rise to the level of an impermissible Allen charge, the third circuit found that the defendant’s assignment was not preserved for appellate review, as he not only failed to
23-KA-492 12 The defendant filed a motion for post-verdict judgment of acquittal based on
the alleged Allen charge. However, given that the defense counsel agreed to the
charge, this was insufficient to preserve the defendant’s argument on appeal. See
State v. Williams, 22-594 (La. App. 4 Cir. 5/8/23), 367 So.3d 785, 795, where the
fourth circuit found that the record did not contain an objection from defense
counsel as to the trial judge’s alleged Allen charge, although defense counsel first
raised it in a motion for new trial. The court found that the defense counsel did not
adequately preserve the assignment of error for review; however, it discussed the
merits of the assignment of error and ultimately found that the instruction was not
an Allen charge.
Further, even if adequately preserved for appellate review, we find that this
assignment of error is without merit for the following reasons.
The Allen charge stems from the United State Supreme Court’s decision in
Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492, 17 S.Ct. 154, 41 L.Ed. 528 (1896). State v.
Caston, 561 So.2d 941, 942 (La. App. 2 Cir. 1990). In Allen, the court approved a
charge to break a jury deadlock and achieve jury unanimity. Caston, supra. The
main focus of the original Allen charge was that the jury minority, regardless of
whether they were for conviction or acquittal, should reconsider the reasonableness
of their opinion because a majority of the jury did not share it. Id.
The Louisiana Supreme Court has banned the use of the Allen charge and
subsequent modifications. State v. Collor, 99-175 (La. App. 4 Cir. 4/26/00), 762
So.2d 96, 104, writ denied, 00-1487 (La. 3/9/01), 786 So.2d 116 (citing State v.
Nicholson, 315 So.2d 639 (La. 1975)). While the Supreme Court recognized the
authority of a trial court to give further instructions to a jury unable to agree upon a
contemporaneously object to the trial court’s “supplemental instructions,” but acquiesced to the supplemental instructions, citing to La. C.Cr.P. art. 801(C) which states in part “ A party may not assign as error the giving or failure to give a jury charge or any portion thereof unless an objection thereto is made before the jury retires or within such time as the court may reasonably cure the alleged error.” Rivera, 2022 WL 16831969, at *2.
23-KA-492 13 verdict, it found the Allen charge problematic for two reasons. First, the charge
emphasized that the jury had a duty to reach a verdict, implying that the trial judge
would not accept a mistrial. Second, when coupling the duty to reach a verdict
with an admonition by the trial judge that those in the minority should rethink their
position, there exists an almost overwhelming pressure to conform to the
majority’s view. Id. (citing State v. Campbell, 606 So.2d 38, 40 (La. App. 4 Cir.
1992)). Therefore, if a trial judge gives an Allen charge or any “coercive
modification” of the same, the trial court will have committed reversible error.
Collor, supra (citing Nicholson, supra).
A judge is not required to declare a mistrial at the initial sign of trouble.
State v. Anders, 06-589 (La. App. 3 Cir. 9/27/06), 941 So.2d 93, 101 (citing State
v. Lowenfield, 495 So.2d 1245 (La. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1153, 106 S.Ct.
2259, 90 L.Ed.2d 704 (1986)). It is within the trial court's discretion to urge jurors
to come to an agreement. Anders, supra (quoting State v. Governor, 331 So.2d
443 (La. 1976)).
In State v. Lavigne, 22-282 (La. App. 5 Cir. 5/24/23), 365 So.3d 919, 951,
writ not considered, 23-1119 (La. 10/10/23), 370 So.3d 1086, reconsideration
denied, 23-1119 (La. 1/10/24), 375 So.3d 967, this Court found that the trial
court’s charge regarding further deliberations did not include the elements that the
United States Supreme Court found problematic in Allen. In Lavigne, the jury sent
a note to the trial judge during deliberations stating it could not agree to a verdict
on count one but had a verdict for count three. After discussions with the State and
defense counsel, the parties agreed to the “informal Dynamite charge.” The trial
judge provided the following to the jurors:
Okay. Ladies and Gentlemen, the question is, “Cannot agree on verdict for Count 1. We do have a verdict for Count 3.” I’m going to please, please, please ask you Ladies and Gentlemen to be as patient with each other as you possibly can. Remember that this is a very serious matter. We’re going to abide by your decision, whatever it is.
23-KA-492 14 If you cannot decide this case, the next time you come back, I will accept that, but we would all be very grateful to you if you can continue to deliberate and we’re asking you to please try once more. Okay.
Id. at 948-49.
This Court found that the instruction did not imply that the trial judge would
not accept a mistrial, stating, “It is well-settled that utilizing the phrase ‘I am going
to urge you to come to an agreement’ is not palpable abuse.” Id. at 951 (citing
Governor, 331 So.2d at 453).8 This Court also found that the trial court’s
instruction did not attempt to coerce the jury members holding the minority
viewpoint to accept the majority position. It also found that the trial court
emphasized the importance of patience and reminded the jury of the seriousness of
the matter. This Court found that it was unlikely that the jurors interpreted the
judge’s request as an implication that the court would not accept a mistrial. Id. at
952 (citing Eugene, 866 So.2d at 991; State v. Wilson, 01-625 (La. App. 3 Cir.
12/28/01), 806 So.2d 854, 858, writ denied, 02-323 (La. 9/13/02), 827 So.2d 1121
(where the court held that the charge given by the trial court did not rise to the
level of an Allen charge or a modified Allen charge when the trial court did not
imply to the jurors that it would not accept a mistrial or attempt to coerce the jury
members holding the minority viewpoint to accept the majority position)).
In this case, the trial court’s instruction, which is nearly identical to the
charge given in Lavigne, supra, did not constitute an improper Allen charge. In the
instant matter, the jury informed the court that it was unable to reach a unanimous
verdict on either charge. The trial judge discussed giving an informal charge with
the State and defense counsel, and both parties agreed. The instruction included
8 This Court also cited to State v. Dudoussat, 47 La. Ann. 977, 17 So. 685 (1895) which stated “It is safe to state as a settled proposition that when the Court is informed by a jury that they cannot agree, it is not error for the Court to impress upon them the importance of the case, urge them to come to an agreement, and send them back for further deliberation; for the question of the discharge of the jury because of inability to agree on a verdict is within the sound discretion of the trial judge, and the exercise of that discretion will not be set aside in the absence of palpable abuse.” Lavigne, 365 So.3d at 951-52.
23-KA-492 15 language that patience and understanding were necessary for the deliberation
process and to remember that this was a serious matter. The court also stated that
it would abide by the jury’s decision, whatever it may be. The trial judge also
noted in the instruction that if the jury could not decide the case the next time they
came back, the trial judge would accept it; however, she would be grateful if they
reached a decision and asked the jury to try once more. After she found that the
jury understood the instruction, the trial judge reiterated that if the jury could not
reach a verdict, the court would accept it.
As in this Court’s previous decision in Lavigne, supra, we find that the
instruction in the instant matter did not imply that the trial judge would not accept
a mistrial, as the instruction and a further statement by the judge stated she would
accept if the jury came back because it could not reach a verdict. Additionally, the
language of the instruction did not attempt to coerce the jurors who held the
minority viewpoint to accept the majority position. The trial court emphasized that
the jurors should be patient with each other and not mad at each other and stressed
the seriousness of the matter. The trial judge stated that the court would accept a
mistrial if the jurors could not agree on the verdict.9 Thus, the trial judge’s
instruction to the jury did not meet the elements of an impermissible Allen charge.
Additionally, having found that the trial court did not issue an impermissible
Allen charge, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the defendant’s
motion for post-verdict judgment of acquittal.
9 See also Eugene, supra. In Eugene, the jury informed the court that it was unable to reach a verdict and sought the court’s guidance on how to proceed. Eugene, 866 So.2d at 991. The court reiterated some language from its jury charges that the jury “must discuss the evidence fully with an objective to reaching a verdict.” The trial judge asked the jurors to spend a little more time so that it could obtain the result of a just verdict. The trial judge stated only after that point if the jurors remained deadlocked, they could inform the court. The trial judge asked the jurors to “try to seek a fresh viewpoint, while not surrendering your own.” Id. at 990. This Court found that it was unlikely that the jurors interpreted the judge’s request that it spend “a little more time deliberating” as an implication that it would not accept a mistrial. This Court also pointed out the trial judge’s language as to not surrender their own viewpoint. Id. This Court found that the trial judge’s charge regarding further deliberations did not touch upon the elements that the United States Supreme Court found problematic in Allen. Id.
23-KA-492 16 ERROR PATENT DISCUSSION
We reviewed the record for errors patent according to La. C.Cr.P. art. 920;
State v. Oliveaux, 312 So.2d 337 (La. 1975); and State v. Weiland, 556 So.2d 175
(La. App. 5 Cir. 1990).
First, the trial court failed to observe the twenty-hour delay between denying
the defendant’s post-trial motions and imposing the defendant’s original sentence.
However, when sentenced as a habitual offender, the court set aside the original
sentence. Therefore, failing to observe the twenty-four-hour delay is harmless, and
no corrective action is needed. State v. McCloud, 04-1112 (La. App. 5 Cir.
3/29/05), 901 So.2d 498, 505, writ denied, 05-1450 (La. 1/13/06), 920 So.2d 235).
Second, the defendant’s enhanced sentence is illegally lenient. The
defendant shall serve at least two years of the sentence without the benefit of
parole, probation, or suspension of sentence. La. R.S. 14:81(H)(2). After the
defendant stipulated to being a third-felony offender, the trial court imposed an
enhanced sentence of twelve years imprisonment without the benefit of probation
or suspension of sentence. However, the trial court did not restrict parole. La. R.S.
15:529.1(G) requires that all multiple offender sentences are without the benefit of
probation or suspension of sentence, but it does not restrict parole. When a
defendant is sentenced as a multiple offender, it is the penalty provision for the
underlying offense that imposes a parole restriction. State v. Bruins, 407 So.2d
685, 687 (La. 1981); State v. Luckett, 17-432 (La. App. 5 Cir. 12/27/17), 236 So.3d
1278, 1280. For this reason, we vacate the defendant’s sentence, and remand this
matter to the trial court for resentencing to impose the defendant’s enhanced
sentence under the provisions of the underlying statute, La. R.S. 14:81(H)(2).
Next, the Uniform Commitment Order (UCO) provides that the defendant
was charged with attempted indecent behavior with a juvenile under the age of
thirteen on count one. However, the record reflects that the defendant was charged
23-KA-492 17 with indecent behavior of a juvenile under the age of thirteen and found guilty of
the lesser offense of attempted indecent behavior of a juvenile under the age of
thirteen. On remand, to maintain the record’s accuracy and completeness, the trial
court is ordered to correct the UCO. We order the Clerk of Court for the 24th
Judicial District Court to transmit the corrected UCO to the appropriate authorities
and the Department of Corrections’ legal department. See State v. Wallace, 22-597
(La. App. 5 Cir. 8/9/23), 370 So.3d 128, 139-40, writ not considered, 23-1366 (La.
3/19/24) (where this Court remanded the case for correction of the UCO which
incorrectly stated the defendant was charged with manslaughter when charged with
second-degree murder and found guilty of the lesser offense of manslaughter).
Finally, the trial court erred in setting the ability to pay the fines, fees, and
cost hearing upon the defendant’s release from the DOC. On March 29, 2023, the
trial court imposed fines and fees when imposing the defendant’s enhanced
sentence. The “Felony Schedule of Fines, Fees, and Sentencing Provisions &
Probation Requirements” form details the amount of the court fines and fees
imposed. The trial judge signed this form, which contains a handwritten note from
the trial judge stating, “Ability to pay hearing will be set upon release from DOC.”
La. C.Cr.P. art. 875.1 requires the court to conduct a hearing to determine
whether payment of any fine, fee, cost, restitution, or monetary obligation would
cause financial hardship to the defendant or his dependents. La. C.Cr.P. art.
875.1(C) discussed the determination of substantial financial hardship as follows:
(1) Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, prior to ordering the imposition or enforcement of any financial obligations as defined by this Article, the court shall conduct a hearing to determine whether payment in full of the aggregate amount of all the financial obligations to be imposed upon the defendant would cause substantial financial hardship to the defendant or his dependents. The court may consider, among other factors, whether any victim of the crime has incurred a substantial financial hardship as a result of the criminal act or acts and whether the defendant is employed. The court may delay the hearing to determine
23-KA-492 18 substantial financial hardship for a period not to exceed ninety days, in order to permit either party to submit relevant evidence.
(2) The defendant or the court may waive the judicial determination of a substantial financial hardship required by the provisions of this Paragraph. If the court waives the hearing on its own motion, the court shall provide reasons, entered upon the record, for its determination that the defendant is capable of paying the fines, fees, and penalties imposed without causing a substantial financial hardship.
(emphasis added). The statute requires a hearing regarding the defendant’s ability
to pay before imposing any financial obligation. While a delay is permissible, it
cannot be more than ninety days. In this case, the trial court delayed the hearing
until the defendant’s release from the Department of Corrections.
In State v. Smith, 23-263 (La. App. 5 Cir. 12/27/23), 379 So.3d 206, 214-15,
this Court found that the trial court’s order for a financial hardship hearing to be
held for payment of costs, fines, and fees one year after defendant’s release from
the Department of Corrections was a patent error. This Court stated that the trial
court’s order delaying the hearing exceeded the ninety days allowed by La. C.Cr.P.
art. 875.1 and pointed out that there was no waiver of the judicial determination of
financial hardship. This Court vacated the financial obligations imposed on the
defendant and remanded the case for compliance with La. C.Cr.P. art. 875.1. Id. at
215.
Accordingly, we vacate the financial obligations imposed on the defendant
and, on remand for resentencing, order the trial court to comply with La. C.Cr.P.
art. 875.1.
CONCLUSION
For the preceding reasons, we affirm the defendant’s conviction. We vacate
the defendant’s sentence and remand this matter to the trial court for resentencing
as instructed above.
CONVICTION AFFIRMED; REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING
23-KA-492 19 SUSAN M. CHEHARDY CURTIS B. PURSELL
CHIEF JUDGE CLERK OF COURT
SUSAN S. BUCHHOLZ FREDERICKA H. WICKER CHIEF DEPUTY CLERK JUDE G. GRAVOIS MARC E. JOHNSON STEPHEN J. WINDHORST LINDA M. WISEMAN JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR. FIRST DEPUTY CLERK SCOTT U. SCHLEGEL TIMOTHY S. MARCEL FIFTH CIRCUIT MELISSA C. LEDET JUDGES 101 DERBIGNY STREET (70053) DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL STAFF POST OFFICE BOX 489 GRETNA, LOUISIANA 70054 (504) 376-1400
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