STATE OF LOUISIANA COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT
18-523
STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS
RALPH JOHNSON
**********
APPEAL FROM THE THIRTY-THIRD JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT PARISH OF ALLEN, NO. CR-2014-1638 HONORABLE E. DAVID DESHOTELS, DISTRICT JUDGE
JOHN E. CONERY JUDGE
Court composed of Elizabeth A. Pickett, John E. Conery, and Candyce G. Perret, Judges.
AFFIRMED. Paula C. Marx Louisiana Appellate Project Post Office Box 82389 Lafayette, Louisiana 70598-2389 (337) 991-9757 COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT: Ralph Johnson
Herbert Todd Nesom District Attorney Joe Green Assistant District Attorney 33rd Judicial District Court Post Office Box 839 Oberlin, Louisiana 70655 (337) 639-2641 COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE: State of Louisiana
Ralph Johnson 116029, Walnut -1 Louisiana State Prison Angola, Louisiana 70712 DEFENDANT/APPELLANT IN PROPER PERSON: Ralph Johnson CONERY, Judge.
On May 28, 2014, Defendant Ralph Johnson was charged by grand jury
indictment with one count of second degree murder in violation of La.R.S. 14:30.1,
and one count of obstruction of justice in violation of La.R.S. 14:30.1(B)(1).
Defendant pled not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity to both charges.
After the appointment of a sanity commission and consideration of its report, the
trial court found Defendant competent to stand trial. The issue of sanity at the time
of the offense was reserved for trial. Defendant also raised the affirmative defense
of voluntary intoxication under La.R.S. 14:15(2). The jury found Defendant guilty
of second degree murder, and not guilty of obstruction of justice. The trial court
heard and denied Defendant’s motion for new trial and motion for post-verdict
judgment of acquittal. At the sentencing hearing held on March 27, 2018,
Defendant received the mandatory sentence of life imprisonment at hard labor to
be served without the benefit of probation, parole or suspension of sentence.
Defendant now appeals his conviction and sentence. For the following reasons, we
affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On April 7, 2014, police were dispatched to the Bowman Hicks apartments,
in response to a call that a black male was running around with a knife chasing
people and stabbing someone. Upon arrival, Officer Froehlich and Officer Frank
were pointed in the direction of Unit 56, the apartment of Ralph Johnson, who
witnesses identified as the person who committed the stabbing. The officers
arrested Ralph Johnson for aggravated battery for stabbing Michael Kirklin. When
officers were later informed the victim had died, Ralph Johnson was charged with
second degree murder. Nadia Whiting testified that, the night before the incident, she and Defendant
smoked PCP at her apartment, but noted that Defendant was not acting erratically.
However, according to Ms. Whiting, the next day, Defendant returned to her
apartment and was talking to “Leroy[1] about he wanted to cook some crack, but he
had some cocaine, but he didn’t have enough cocaine. And Leroy wasn’t gonna do
it and he was mad.” When Defendant’s request was denied, he became angry and
left. 2 Ms. Whiting testified that when Defendant returned to her apartment, he was
very angry and threatening to kill everyone who was at her apartment. He then
attempted to cut into the screen on Ms. Whiting’s front door with a knife, at which
point she called the police and he left.
Other residents of Bowman Hicks apartments testified that Defendant then
began threatening a group of teenage boys, who Defendant believed were mocking
him. Eye-witness accounts and video evidence show that when Michael Kirklin,
the victim, told Defendant to “chill out” Defendant then began to chase him,
wielding his knife and threatening him. The victim ran into the home of Laura
Kirklin, his grandmother, and Defendant followed him. Laura Kirklin testified
through perpetuated video testimony obtained prior to trial 3 that Defendant
attacked her and held a knife to her stomach. According to the testimony of
Cletoria Kirklin, the victim’s younger cousin, the victim rushed out of the
apartment and punched Defendant in an attempt to stop Defendant from attacking
his grandmother. Cletoria Kirklin further testified that the victim threw a chair at
1 “Leroy” is identified as “Leroy Hobson” in the Defendant’s post-arrest video interview. 2 There are conflicting reports throughout the record as to what set off Defendant’s anger. In his post-arrest interview, Defendant claims that that he was looking for Leroy to get his money back after the latter sold him some bad drugs. Further, the video taken by Terrance “T.J.” Merritt supports Defendant’s contention that he was trying to get his money back. 3 Laura Kirklin’s deposition was taken for use at trial as she had terminal cancer. She died just before trial. 2 Defendant, who then began chasing the victim, at which point the victim slipped
and fell. Defendant got on top of the victim and immediately began stabbing him.
According to Cletoria Kirklin’s testimony, Defendant stabbed the victim five or six
times. Lauranna Kirklin, another cousin of the victim, also testified that Defendant
stabbed the victim multiple times, then he stood up and ran to his house, dropping
the knife as he ran.
The State called a total of ten witnesses who presented eye-witness accounts
of the events on April 7, 2014. The State also submitted into evidence a cellphone
video taken by Jahiem Kirklin, a cousin of the victim, which depicted the actions
of Defendant prior to the murder. Another cellphone video was submitted into
evidence by the State from Terrance “T.J.” Merritt, a friend of the victim, which
clearly showed Defendant stabbing the victim.
The State also presented a video of Defendant’s post-arrest interview
statement to Detective West on April 7, 2014. Defendant’s account of events prior
to the stabbing matches most of the eye-witness testimony. According to the video
interview, Defendant stated that he had a knife because he was going after Leroy to
get his money back because Leroy sold him baking soda instead of crack.
Defendant also stated that when he was headed to Leroy’s apartment, a group of
teenage boys started to tease him, then the victim hit him with a chair. Defendant
stated that “Mike got in the way” 4 but claims that he does not remember what
happened. Later in the interview, when questioned about the knife, Defendant was
not able to recall whether he had a knife. According to Defendant’s statements in
the video interview, he did not remember anything about stabbing the victim,
4 The victim’s name was Michael Kirklin and is the “Mike” referenced in Defendant’s statement. 3 stating that he only remembered getting hit with a chair and then going to jail, but
nothing in between those two events.
Sanity Commission Proceedings
On June 11, 2014, Defendant entered pleas of not guilty and not guilty by
reason of insanity. The trial court appointed a sanity commission composed of Dr.
James Anderson and Dr. Garrett Ryder, who issued reports finding Defendant
competent to stand trial. On May 1, 2015, the trial court issued an amended order
directing Dr. Ryder and Dr. Anderson to supplement their initial evaluations with
their findings as to Defendant’s state of mind at the time of the offense. At the
hearing on the motion to determine mental capacity, the doctors found that
Defendant had the mental capacity and competency to proceed to trial and that he
was sane at the time of the offense, and they so testified at trial.
Trial and Post-Trial Proceedings
At trial, the State presented the testimony of multiple eye-witnesses, the
officers who came into contact with Defendant on the date of his arrest, and the
doctors appointed to the sanity commission. The defense presented testimony of a
detective, a deputy, and Mr. Carlos Robinson. The State recalled Dr. Anderson as
a rebuttal witness.
The jury returned a verdict of guilty of second degree murder and not guilty
on the charge of obstruction of justice. The trial judge ordered a pre-sentence
investigation (PSI) and set sentencing for March 27, 2018. On November 30, 2017,
Defendant filed a motion and order for new trial and/or motion for post-verdict
judgment granting acquittal. At a hearing on January 11, 2018, the trial court
denied Defendant’s motions. At the March 27, 2018 sentencing hearing, the trial
court considered the PSI, which indicated that Defendant was a fourth felony
offender. In accordance with La.R.S. 14:30.1, second degree murder, the trial 4 court sentenced Defendant to the mandatory sentence of life imprisonment at hard
labor to be served without the benefit of probation, parole or suspension of
sentence.
Defendant now timely appeals his conviction and sentence asserting two
assignments of error through counsel and two assignments of error through a pro se
brief filed by Defendant.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Defendant submits the following counselled assignments of error:
1. The evidence introduced at the trial of this case, when viewed under the Jackson v. Virginia, 433 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) standard, was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the elements of second degree murder. Ralph Johnson was under extreme mental and emotional disturbance at the time of this offense, which is of such severe nature that it is not possible to treat this offense as a second degree murder.
2. The trial court erred in denying defense challenge for cause of juror no. 23[,] Penny Bergeron[;] juror no. 206, Richard Nichols[;] and juror no. 112 Alexis Hamilton.
Defendant submits the following pro se assignments of error:
1. Johnson’s trial counsel violated client autonomy when he conceded guilt to specific intent murder during his closing argument to the jury.
2. The State exercised a peremptory challenge against an African- American juror in violation of Article I, § § 1, 2, 13, 16, 17 and 22 of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974 and the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.
LAW AND DISCUSSION
Errors Patent
In accordance with La.Code Crim.P. art. 920, all appeals are reviewed for
errors patent on the face of the record. After reviewing the record, we find there
are no errors patent.
5 Assignment of Error One: Sufficiency of the Evidence
Defendant asserts that the State failed to provide sufficient evidence to
convict him of second degree murder. Specifically, Defendant argues that the
State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he had the specific intent to
kill due to his defenses that he was either insane at the time of the offense or that
he was so intoxicated that he could not form specific intent. Alternatively,
Defendant argues he was provoked such that a responsive verdict of manslaughter
should be applicable, not second degree murder. Therefore, Defendant’s
conviction and sentence should be reversed.
The analysis for a sufficiency of the evidence claim is well-settled:
The standard of review in a sufficiency of the evidence claim is “whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found proof beyond a reasonable doubt of each of the essential elements of the crime charged.” State v. Leger, 05-11, p. 91 (La. 7/10/06), 936 So.2d 108, 170, cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1221, 127 S.Ct. 1279, 167 L.Ed.2d 100 (2007) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979), and State v. Captville, 448 So.2d 676 (La.1984)). The Jackson standard of review is now legislatively embodied in La.Code Crim.P. art. 821. It does not allow the appellate court “to substitute its own appreciation of the evidence for that of the fact- finder.” State v. Pigford, 05-477, p. 6 (La. 2/22/06), 922 So.2d 517, 521 (citing State v. Robertson, 96-1048 (La. 10/4/96), 680 So.2d 1165, and State v. Lubrano, 563 So.2d 847 (La.1990)). The appellate court’s function is not to assess the credibility of witnesses or to reweigh the evidence. State v. Smith, 94-3116 (La. 10/16/95), 661 So.2d 442.
The factfinder’s role is to weigh the credibility of witnesses. State v. Ryan, 07-504 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/7/07), 969 So.2d 1268. Thus, other than insuring the sufficiency evaluation standard of Jackson, “the appellate court should not second-guess the credibility determination of the trier of fact,” but rather, it should defer to the rational credibility and evidentiary determinations of the jury. Id. at 1270 (quoting State v. Lambert, 97-64, pp. 4-5 (La.App. 3 Cir. 9/30/98), 720 So.2d 724, 726–27). Our supreme court has stated:
However, an appellate court may impinge on the fact finder’s discretion and its role in determining the credibility of witnesses “only to the extent necessary to guarantee the fundamental due process of law.” State v. Mussall, 523 So.2d 1305, 1310 (La.1988). In determining 6 the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction, an appellate court must preserve “‘the factfinder’s role as weigher of the evidence’ by reviewing ‘all of the evidence ... in the light most favorable to the prosecution.’” McDaniel v. Brown, 558 U.S. 120, 134, 130 S.Ct. 665, 674, 175 L.Ed.2d 582 [(2010)] (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)). When so viewed by an appellate court, the relevant question is whether, on the evidence presented at trial, “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S.Ct. at 2789.
State v. Cofer, 16-871 pp. 3-4 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/5/17), 216 So.3d 313, 316–17, writ
denied, 17-1150 (La. 5/11/18), 241 So.3d 1014.
Louisiana Revised Statutes 14:30.1(A)(1) provides that, “Second degree
murder is the killing of a human being[,] [w]hen the offender has a specific intent
to kill or to inflict great bodily harm[.]” Specific intent is that state of mind that
“exists when the circumstances indicate that the offender actively desired the
prescribed criminal consequences to follow his act or failure to act.” La.R.S.
14:10(1).
Defendant pled not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity. Defendant
also argued the affirmative defense of intoxication to the jury, just as he does to
this court. Because neither of these defenses involved a claim that Defendant was
not the one who stabbed the victim, defense counsel also argues an alternative
defense that Defendant was provoked and, further, was not in full possession of his
faculties due to ingesting “bad drugs.” He claims that the responsive verdict of
manslaughter should have been entered instead.
There is no question that Defendant inflicted the stab wounds which resulted
in the death of Michael Kirklin on April 7, 2014. In fact, a cellphone video
introduced into evidence by the State and taken from Terrance “T.J.” Merritt’s
phone shows Defendant stabbing the victim. Therefore, on review, we must 7 determine whether there was sufficient evidence to show that any of Defendant’s
asserted defenses negate the specific intent required to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt a conviction for second degree murder.
Affirmative Defense 1: Insanity
The supreme court set out the standard for reviewing insanity on a
sufficiency claim in State v. Silman, 95-154, p. 7 (La. 11/27/95), 663 So.2d 27, 32
(citations omitted):
In Louisiana, a legal presumption exists that a defendant is sane at the time of the offenses. To rebut the presumption of sanity and avoid criminal responsibility, defendant has the burden of proving the affirmative defense of insanity by a preponderance of the evidence. Criminal responsibility is not negated by the mere existence of a mental disease or defect. To be exempted of criminal responsibility, defendant must show he suffered a mental disease or mental defect which prevented him from distinguishing between right and wrong with reference to the conduct in question. The determination of sanity is a factual matter. All the evidence, including expert and lay testimony, along with the defendant’s conduct and action, should be reserved for the fact finder to establish whether the defendant has proven by a preponderance of the evidence that he was insane at the time of the offense. Lay testimony pertaining to defendant’s actions, both before and after the crime, may provide the fact finder with a rational basis for rejecting unanimous medical opinion that the defendant was legally insane at the time of the offense.
In reviewing a claim for insufficiency of evidence in an action where an affirmative defense of insanity is raised, this court, applying the standard set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979), must determine whether under the facts and circumstances of the case, any rational fact finder, viewing the evidence most favorable to the prosecution, could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he was insane at the time of the offense.
Following Defendant’s plea of not guilty and not guilty by reason of
insanity, the trial court appointed a sanity commission to determine if Defendant
was competent to stand trial and whether Defendant was insane at the time of the
offense. The jury heard from Dr. Ryder and Dr. Anderson, both of whom were
8 accepted as experts in the field of forensic psychiatry. Both testified that
Defendant was competent to stand trial. Both testified that they did not find
Defendant to have any mental disease that would affect his ability to distinguish
right from wrong at the time of the offense. Specifically, Dr. Ryder testified that
Defendant’s behavior at the time of the offense showed linear, goal-oriented
thinking, consistent with a person who knew right from wrong and who was able to
control his actions.
Defendant argued that he was suffering from a concussion at the time of the
offense, claiming that the victim hit him in the head with a chair before Defendant
began stabbing him. According to the testimony of the State’s witnesses, there are
varying reports as to whether Defendant was hit with a chair, who may have hit
Defendant with a chair and where, and at what point during these events Defendant
was hit with a chair, if at all.
More to the point, the testimony of the interviewing detective, Detective
West, stated that Defendant did not complain of any head injuries during booking,
nor did he see any physical signs of injury on Defendant. Furthermore, Dr.
Anderson, expert forensic psychiatrist, testified that nothing in Defendant’s
behavior in his interview video would indicate to him that Defendant suffered a
concussion. Given the expert testimony that Defendant was not insane at the time
of the stabbing and the inability of Defendant to prove he was concussed from
being hit with a chair before he started stabbing the victim, there is sufficient
evidence for the jury to have found that Defendant had the requisite specific intent
at the time of the offense. Accordingly, Defendant’s insanity argument lacks merit.
9 Affirmative Defense 2: Intoxication
Defendant contends in brief that his actions on April 7, 2014, were the result
of an involuntary bad reaction to voluntarily ingested substances. Louisiana
Revised Statutes 14:15(2) lays out the voluntary intoxication defense:
The fact of an intoxicated or drugged condition of the offender at the time of the commission of the crime is immaterial, except as follows:
....
(2) Where the circumstances indicate that an intoxicated or drugged condition has precluded the presence of a specific criminal intent or of special knowledge required in a particular crime, this fact constitutes a defense to a prosecution for that crime.
The supreme court in State v. Mickelson, 12-2539, pp. 6-7 (La. 9/3/14), 149 So.3d
178, 183 (footnote omitted) (citations omitted), sets out the standard for proving an
intoxication defense:
Voluntary intoxication will not excuse a crime, but it is a defense to a specific intent offense if the circumstances demonstrate that intoxication precluded formation of the requisite intent. The defendant has the burden of proving his intoxication defense; thereafter, it falls to the state to negate that defense by showing beyond a reasonable doubt that specific intent was present despite the defendant’s alleged intoxication. Whether voluntary intoxication in a particular case is sufficient to preclude specific intent is a question to be resolved by the trier of fact.
“Because it is a state of mind, specific intent need not be proven as a fact,
but may be inferred from the circumstances and the defendant’s actions. Specific
intent may be formed in an instant.” Id. at 182. “[W]here the jury has heard all the
evidence and received the proper instructions from the trial judge regarding an
intoxication defense, its verdict should not be impinged upon absent an abuse of
the jury’s discretion.” State v. Smith, 95-1171, p. 4 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/24/96), 677
So.2d 458, 461 (citations omitted).
10 While Nadia Whiting testified Defendant did PCP with her the previous
night, there is no witness testimony corroborating Defendant’s claim in his post-
arrest video interview that he had done drugs on the day of the incident. Some of
the State’s witnesses did testify that Defendant was a known drug user, and they
believed Defendant to be high on the day of the incident. His demeanor on that
day was abnormal, and he was acting differently than he usually does when high
on drugs. Detective West testified that he believed Defendant was intoxicated, but
he did not find his behavior indicated any sort of mental disturbance. Furthermore,
Dr. Anderson noted that when Defendant’s blood was tested on April 13, 2014, six
days after his arrest, it was positive for cocaine metabolites and PCP.
However, the fact that Defendant was high is not sufficient to negate specific
intent. Defendant’s intoxication must be so severe that it precluded an ability to
form specific intent in order for his intoxication to be an affirmative defense.
La.R.S. 14:15(2); See Mickelson, 149 So.3d 178. Both Dr. Anderson and Dr.
Ryder testified that the cellphone videos of the events of April 7, 2014, depicted
Defendant’s actions to be the result of logical, calculated thinking. In particular,
both experts testified that Defendant’s decision to leave Ms. Whiting’s home and
get a knife from his own apartment to cut through her screen door and force his
way inside showed intentional thought. Defendant then began chasing the victim
with the knife, screaming, “come get it,” clearly evidencing an intent to kill the
victim. When the victim went inside his grandmother’s house, Defendant began
attacking the victim’s grandmother, who was on the porch. The victim then came
out of the house and intervened in an effort to protect his grandmother. When the
victim accidentally fell, the defendant then immediately pounced on the victim,
stabbing him several times, resulting in the victim’s death.
11 Based on our independent review of all of the evidence, we find that it was
reasonable for the jury to have concluded that Defendant did not prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that intoxication precluded him from forming the
specific intent to kill the victim. We find no abuse of the jury’s discretion in its
verdict of guilty of second degree murder.
Alternative Defense: Responsive Verdict of Manslaughter
Lastly, in his counselled brief, Defendant argues that if neither affirmative
defense is applicable, then Defendant should be found guilty of no more than the
responsive verdict of manslaughter. In this regard, La.R.S. 14:31(A)(1) provides
that manslaughter is “[a] homicide which would be murder under either Article 30
(first degree murder) or Article 30.1 (second degree murder), but the offense is
committed in sudden passion or heat of blood immediately caused by provocation
sufficient to deprive an average person of his self-control and cool reflection.”
Defendant asserts that he was provoked when he was being mocked by a
group of boys, including the victim. Defendant also asserts that he was provoked
when he was hit in the head with a chair by the victim. At closing arguments,
defense counsel argued that before being “hit with a chair,” Defendant and the
victim were only using their fists, and that it was being hit with the chair that sent
Defendant into a rage that was sufficient to deprive an average person of cool
reflection. Arguments of counsel are not evidence, and the jury was able to see the
video and hear all the evidence.
“In reviewing defendant’s claim, this court must determine whether a
rational trier of fact, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, could have found that the mitigatory factors were not established by a
preponderance of the evidence.” State v. Lombard, 486 So.2d 106, 111 (La.1986)
(citations omitted). 12 Defendant has provided no support for his contention that “being ridiculed”
would be a sufficient provocation “to deprive an average person of his self-control
and cool reflection” such that a second degree murder should be considered
manslaughter. Furthermore, Defendant’s alternative claim that he was provoked
when the victim hit him in the head with a chair is likewise without support based
on our review of all the evidence. Although someone randomly coming up to
Defendant and hitting him in the head with a chair might be sufficient provocation
to attack that person in self-defense, that is not what the witness testimony was in
this case. Nearly every eye-witness, regardless of whether they saw the victim hit
Defendant with a chair, agreed that Defendant had been chasing teenagers around
with a knife, threatening to kill someone prior to his confrontation with the victim.
He specifically threatened to kill the victim and chased the victim to his
grandmother’s home. Furthermore, the videos from Jahiem Kirklin and “T.J.”
Merritt clearly show Defendant waving a knife around in a threatening manner,
with Jahiem’s video showing Defendant chasing after the victim at his
grandmother Laura Kirklin’s apartment telling him to “come get it.”
Finally, Defendant can be seen on video shoving Laura Kirklin directly in
front of her own door with his left hand while holding the knife in his right hand
roughly fifteen seconds before he stabbed the victim to death. Defendant’s
argument essentially asks this court to ignore the fact that he was chasing the
victim with a deadly weapon threatening to kill him, then physically battering the
victim’s grandmother immediately before the victim confronted him, and then
jumping on top of the victim when the victim fell and was helpless, stabbing him
multiple times.
Our independent review of the record does not support that Defendant
proved the requisite mitigating factors by a preponderance of the evidence such 13 that the jury was clearly wrong in returning a verdict of second degree murder
instead of manslaughter. To the contrary, the evidence clearly indicates that
Defendant threatened the victim and stabbed the victim multiple times after
chasing and threatening to kill him. We find that there was sufficient evidence to
convict Defendant of second degree murder, and the jury was not clearly wrong in
rejecting the responsive verdict of manslaughter. Accordingly, this assignment of
error lacks merit.
Assignment of Error Two: Challenge for Cause
Defendant asserts that the trial court erred in denying defense counsel’s
challenge for cause of three jurors. Defendant argues that the trial court’s denials
amount to an abuse of discretion, therefore entitling him to a reversal of his
conviction and sentence.
Defendant contends that the challenges for cause were valid because each
juror showed some form of partiality. Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure
Article 797 governs the grounds on which either party may challenge a potential
juror for cause, and provides in pertinent part:
(2) The juror is not impartial, whatever the cause of his partiality. An opinion or impression as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant shall not of itself be sufficient ground of challenge to a juror, if he declares, and the court is satisfied, that he can render an impartial verdict according to the law and the evidence;
(3) The relationship, whether by blood, marriage, employment, friendship, or enmity between the juror and the defendant, the person injured by the offense, the district attorney, or defense counsel, is such that it is reasonable to conclude that it would influence the juror in arriving at a verdict;
(4) The juror will not accept the law as given to him by the court[.]
The supreme court recently addressed challenges for cause in State v. Turner,
16-1841, p. 37 (La. 12/05/18) 2018 WL 6423990, ___ So.3d ___, ___ and
explained that “[i]n ruling on a challenge for cause, the trial court is vested with 14 broad discretion and its ruling will be reversed only when the voir dire record as a
whole reveals an abuse of discretion.”
The trial judge’s refusal to excuse a prospective juror on the ground he is not impartial is not an abuse of discretion where, after further inquiry or instruction (frequently called “rehabilitation”), the prospective juror has demonstrated a willingness and ability to decide the case impartially according to the law and the evidence.
State v. Dotson, 16-473, p. 5 (La. 10/18/17), 234 So.3d 34, 39.
State v. Dorsey, 10-216, p. 24 (La. 9/7/11), 74 So.3d 603, 623, cert. denied,
566 U.S. 930, 132 S.Ct. 1859 (2012) (citations omitted) further provides:
Prejudice is presumed when a district court erroneously denies a challenge for cause and the defendant ultimately exhausts his peremptory challenges. Thus, to prove there has been an error warranting reversal of a conviction and sentence, a defendant need only show: 1) the trial court’s erroneous denial of the challenge for cause; and 2) the use of all peremptory challenges. In Louisiana, a defendant must also use one of his peremptory challenges curatively to remove the juror or waive any complaint on appeal.
At trial, the trial court denied defense counsel’s challenges for cause of three
jurors: Penny Bergeron, Richard Nichols, and Alexis Hamilton. Defense counsel
subsequently used a peremptory challenge to remove each juror.
PENNY BERGERON
Defendant challenged Mrs. Bergeron for cause claiming that she could not
be impartial because during voir dire she stated that her sister was raped and
murdered by someone who was intoxicated. Defense counsel argues that this case
is too close to her past experiences. When questioned by the trial court, Mrs.
Bergeron assured the trial court judge that she could put her past experiences aside
and be impartial. The trial court denied the challenge for cause and defense
counsel subsequently used a peremptory challenge to remove her.
The fact that a prospective juror may have painful memories associated with
the subject of a criminal trial is not in and of itself a basis for a challenge for cause.
15 Turner, 2018 WL 6423990, ___ So.3d ___; See also Dotson, 234 So.3d 34. Upon
review, we find that Mrs. Bergeron was rehabilitated when she assured the court
that she could put aside her past experiences and judge the case fairly and
impartially. The trial judge was in the best position to judge the credibility of the
juror in question and we find no abuse of discretion. See Turner, 2018 WL
6423990, ___ So.3d ___.
RICHARD NICHOLS
Defendant also seeks review of the trial court’s denial of a challenge for
cause regarding Mr. Richard Nichols. Defense counsel challenged Mr. Nichols for
cause because he indicated that he would give more credibility to law enforcement
officers’ statements, and because of his background and many years of experience
in law enforcement, which included an association with the District Attorney, Todd
Nesom. Mr. Nichols also expressed reservations regarding intoxication as a
defense, but ultimately stated that he would follow the law as given to him by the
court even if he disagreed with the defense. When questioned by the trial court,
Mr. Nichols firmly stated that he would decide based on evidence and that his law
enforcement background would not affect his decision. The trial court further
inquired about Mr. Nichol’s reservations as to the intoxication defense, to which he
replied that he would follow the law as given to him by the court regarding
intoxication as a defense, insanity as a defense, and regarding the credibility of law
enforcement witnesses. The trial court denied the challenge for cause, finding Mr.
Nichols’ responses to be indicative of a rehabilitated juror that could be fair and
impartial.
Defendant cites to State v. Madison, 345 So.2d 485 (La.1977), for the
premise that service of a member of law enforcement on a criminal jury must be
scrutinized and may warrant granting a challenge for cause. We find the present 16 case distinguishable from Madison, 345 So.2d 485, as Mr. Nichols indicated that
he could be fair and impartial despite his former law enforcement duties. The trial
court’s denial of a challenge for cause of a potential juror for past employment in
the field of law enforcement is not an abuse of discretion when the potential juror
can articulate to the court that he or she can distinguish those past duties from their
duty to be fair and impartial as a juror. See State v. Bolden, 95-749 (La.App. 3 Cir.
4/17/96), 680 So.2d 6, writ denied, 96-1272 (La. 11/22/96), 683 So.2d 286; State v.
Allen, 93-838 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/31/94), 638 So.2d 394. We find that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in denying the challenge for cause of Mr. Nichols.
ALEXIS HAMILTON
Defendant asserts that the trial court erred in denying his challenge for cause
of Ms. Alexis Hamilton. Ms. Hamilton stated that she could not accept a voluntary
intoxication defense because she believes that a person knows what he is doing
when he ingests the substance, basing this reasoning on her father’s conviction for
killing someone in a head-on collision while drunk driving. Defense counsel
argued that the opinions expressed by Ms. Hamilton illustrate her inability to be
impartial. Upon further inquiry by the trial court, Ms. Hamilton expressed her
ability to be open minded, and the trial court denied the challenge for cause.
Because the record as a whole supports the trial court’s finding that Ms.
Hamilton could be open minded to the intoxication defense, the trial court acted
within its great discretion in denying Defendant’s challenge for cause.
Accordingly, Defendant’s second assignment of error lacks merit.
Pro se Assignment of Error: Defense Counsel’s Violation of Client Autonomy
In his first pro se assignment of error, Defendant asserts that his trial counsel
violated Defendant’s right to autonomy when he conceded Defendant’s guilt
during closing arguments, contrary to the United States Supreme Court’s holding 17 in McCoy v. Louisiana, ___ U.S. ___, 138 S.Ct. 1500 (2018). Specifically,
Defendant alleges that his trial counsel “switched tactics” when he told the jury
that Defendant had the specific intent to kill the victim, but under the facts
presented, they should return a verdict of manslaughter, but only if they did not
accept the affirmative defenses first presented to them.
Defendant argues that because he pled not guilty by reason of insanity
coupled with an intoxication defense, his defense counsel violated McCoy, ___ U.S.
___, 138 S.Ct. 1500, by making an admission of specific intent when he presented
an alternative defense of manslaughter. In McCoy, ___ U.S. at ___, 138 S.Ct. at
1505, the Supreme Court found that an attorney cannot concede guilt for a client
who claims he is innocent of the crime:
We hold that a defendant has the right to insist that counsel refrain from admitting guilt, even when counsel’s experienced-based view is that confessing guilt offers the defendant the best chance to avoid the death penalty. Guaranteeing a defendant the right “to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence,” the Sixth Amendment so demands. With individual liberty—and, in capital cases, life—at stake, it is the defendant’s prerogative, not counsel’s, to decide on the objective of his defense: to admit guilt in the hope of gaining mercy at the sentencing stage, or to maintain his innocence, leaving it to the State to prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Following the holding and reasoning in McCoy, ___ U.S. ___, 138 S.Ct.
1500, the Louisiana Supreme Court in State v. Horn, 16-559 (La. 9/7/18), 251
So.3d 1069, held that the trial court’s allowance of counsel to concede the
defendant’s guilt over the objections of the defendant was considered a structural
error, which accorded the defendant a new trial without any need to show prejudice.
We find Defendant’s case is clearly distinguishable from McCoy and Horn.
In addition to slight factual differences in both McCoy and Horn, 5 both courts
5 The Horn and McCoy defendants pled “not guilty.” Furthermore, the defendants in the cases cited argued they had no involvement in the crimes, murder in McCoy and burglary in Horn. In this case, Defendant’s killing of the victim was captured on video and witnessed by several people. 18 noted that the defense counsel’s decision to admit guilt was actively made over the
explicit objection of the defendant. In the present case, Defendant offered no
objection to defense counsel’s alternative defense of manslaughter. Defendant’s
trial counsel stated in his closing argument:
[S]econd degree murder has responsive verdicts. And if you don’t want to go along with the justification defense, or the intoxication defense, or the insanity defense, you still have to look at all the elements for each one of those responsive verdicts . . . . But, the fact of the matter is Ralph Johnson was provoked. And that provocation led to, like I said, if you don’t want to go with the insanity plea or the intoxication plea, it led to him having the specific intent to kill. So, if our affirmative defenses are not to your satisfaction, at [worst] Ralph is guilty of manslaughter, not second degree murder.
Defendant asserts that these arguments by trial counsel amount to an
admission of Defendant’s guilt to the charge of second degree murder. We
disagree. We find that counsel’s arguments are not a specific admission of
Defendant’s specific intent, but are clearly presented as an alternative argument for
the jury to consider a responsive verdict of manslaughter. Defense counsel’s
argument thus properly addresses a statutorily provided responsive verdict to
second degree murder. See La.Code Crim.P. art. 814. Furthermore, nothing in the
record indicates Defendant ever objected to defense counsel’s alternative argument
asserting the responsive verdict of manslaughter. Defendant’s first pro se
assignment of error lacks merit.
Pro Se Assignment of Error 2: State’s Peremptory Challenge Based on Race Violates the Constitutions of the United States and Louisiana
In his second pro se assignment of error, Defendant argues that the trial
court erred in denying defense counsel’s challenge of racial discrimination in jury
selection under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712 (1986).
“On appeal, a trial court’s ruling on the issue of discriminatory intent must
be sustained unless it is clearly erroneous.” Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472,
19 477, 128 S.Ct. 1203, 1207 (2008) (citations omitted). During voir dire, the State
used its second peremptory challenge on Mr. Byron Jones and defense counsel
asked the record to reflect that Mr. Jones was African-American. After the State
used its fourth peremptory challenge to excuse Mr. Charles Allen, another African
American, defense counsel asked for race-neutral reasons for both men’s removal.
The trial court found, and Defendant does not challenge on appeal, that the
State gave a valid medical reason for removing Mr. Allen, as his glaucoma could
make viewing exhibits difficult. However, with regard to Mr. Byron Jones, the
State’s reason for challenging Mr. Jones was a belief that Mr. Jones was
disinterested and not paying attention. The trial court ruled that a race-neutral
reason was given. Defendant asserts the trial court’s decision to deny his Batson
challenge as to Mr. Jones was erroneous. In State v. Nelson, 10-1724, p. 9 (La.
3/13/12), 85 So.3d 21, 28-29, the supreme court noted:
The Court in Batson outlined a three-step test for determining whether a peremptory challenge was based on race. Under Batson and its progeny, the opponent of a peremptory strike must first establish a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination. Second, if a prima facie showing is made, the burden shifts to the proponent of the strike to articulate a race-neutral explanation for the challenge. Third, the trial court then must determine if the opponent of the strike has carried the ultimate burden of proving purposeful discrimination.
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to carry out the third
step of the Batson analysis by not determining whether the State was being
intentionally discriminatory when exercising its peremptory challenge of Mr. Jones.
Further, Defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to personally
evaluate the juror’s demeanor to determine if the juror exhibited the behavior that
is the claimed basis for the State’s strike.
Step three of the Batson inquiry involves an evaluation of the prosecutor’s credibility, and “the best evidence [of discriminatory intent] often will be the demeanor of the attorney who exercises the challenge[.]” In addition, race-neutral reasons for peremptory 20 challenges often invoke a juror’s demeanor (e.g., nervousness, inattention), making the trial court’s firsthand observations of even greater importance. In this situation, the trial court must evaluate not only whether the prosecutor’s demeanor belies a discriminatory intent, but also whether the juror’s demeanor can credibly be said to have exhibited the basis for the strike attributed to the juror by the prosecutor. We have recognized that these determinations of credibility and demeanor lie “‘peculiarly within a trial judge’s province,’” and we have stated that “in the absence of exceptional circumstances, we would defer to [the trial court][.]”
Snyder, 552 U.S. at 477 (citations omitted).
The remaining step of the Batson analysis was for the trial court to
“determine if the opponent of the strike has carried the ultimate burden of proving
purposeful discrimination.” Nelson, 85 So.3d at 29.
The State offered that its reason for removing Mr. Jones was that he was
inattentive. See Snyder, 552 U.S. 472. Although the trial court stated it had not
noticed Mr. Jones being inattentive, it nonetheless found the State had offered a
valid race-neutral reason for removing Mr. Jones from the jury. Because the State
gave a jurisprudentially-recognized, race-neutral reason for its peremptory
challenge of Mr. Jones, no further evaluation or explanation is needed from the
trial court unless the trial judge makes a finding that the prosecutor’s reasons were
not credible.
In State v. Sparks, 88-17, p. 48 (La. 5/11/11), 68 So.3d 435, 474, cert.
denied, 566 U.S. 908, 132 S.Ct. 1794 (2012), the supreme court stated the
following:
After the prosecutor articulated his reasons for the strike, the trial court simply noted and overruled the defendant’s objection.
At the second step of the Batson inquiry, the issue is the facial validity of the prosecutor’s explanation. Hernandez [v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 360, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 1866]; Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 768, 115 S.Ct. 1769[,] 1771, 131 L.Ed.2d 834 (1995) (per curiam). Unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the prosecutor’s explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race-neutral. Id.
21 The defendant contends that because the trial judge did not assess on the record the weight and credibility of the prosecutor’s explanation and articulate a reason for accepting the prosecution’s reason as race-neutral, the trial judge did not complete the third step of the Batson framework, resulting in an inability for there to be meaningful review. To the contrary, although the better practice is for the trial court to establish for the record its evaluation of the justification offered to rebut the inference of purposeful discrimination, the trial court here did not err in failing to rule expressly, when the reason given by the State was facially race- neutral, self-explanatory and related to the case. There was no discriminatory intent inherent in this explanation.
The State’s proffered explanation, that Mr. Jones was inattentive during voir
dire, is “facially race-neutral, self-explanatory and related to the case.” Id. In light
of Sparks, the trial court’s finding the State gave a race-neutral reason for striking
Mr. Jones was sufficient to satisfy the Batson analysis in this instance.
Accordingly, this assignment of error lacks merit.
CONCLUSION
Defendant’s conviction and sentence are affirmed.
AFFIRMED.