NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL
FIRST CIRCUIT
NO. 2021 KA 0418
VERSUS
JONATHAN RAY HARBIN
Judgment Rendered. DEC 2 2 2021
Appealed from the 21st Judicial District Court In and for the Parish of Livingston State of Louisiana Case No. 31736
The Honorable Donald Fendalson, Ad Hoc Judge Presiding'
Jacob Longman Counsel for Defendant/Appellant Kathryn J. Burke Jonathan Harbin Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Scott M. Perriloux Counsel for Appellee
District Attorney State of Louisiana Brett Sommer Brad J. Cascio Zachary Daniels Assistant District Attorneys Livingston, Louisiana
BEFORE: McCLENDON, WELCH, AND THERIOT, JJ.
1 The Honorable Elizabeth P. Wolfe was the presiding judge in this case. However, Judge Wolfe was elected to the Louisiana First Circuit Court of Appeal on July 11, 2020. The Honorable Donald Fendalson was the ad hoc judge that presided over the defendant' s guilty plea and sentencing on July 28, 2020.
JkA/ THERIOT, J.
The defendant, Jonathan Ray Harbin, was charged by bill of information
with two counts of sexual battery, violations of La. R.S. 14: 43. 1, and initially pled
not guilty.' The defendant filed a motion to quash based on the delay in the
commencement of trial. After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion to quash.
The defendant subsequently withdrew his previous not guilty pleas and pled guilty
as charged pursuant to State v. Crosby, 338 So. 2d 584 ( La. 1976), reserving the
right to appeal the trial court' s denial of his motion to quash. The trial court
sentenced the defendant to ten years imprisonment at hard labor without the benefit
of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence on each count, to be served
consecutively. The defendant now appeals, assigning error to the trial court' s
ruling on his motion to quash. For the following reasons, we affirm the
convictions and sentences. 3
BACKGROUND
The defendant concedes that he failed to appear at a proceeding on June 18,
2015, pursuant to actual notice. However, he maintains that on July 16, 2015, the
State had notice of his location at the Idaho State Penitentiary in Ada County,
Idaho, triggering the period of limitation under Louisiana Code of Criminal
Procedure article 578, which requires the State to bring a defendant to trial within
two years from the institution of prosecution, to commence to run anew. The
defendant argues the State made inadequate efforts to obtain custody of him
because it was unaware of the process and its exclusive authority to initiate
extradition by filing the necessary forms. Quoting State v. Bobo, 2003- 2362 ( La.
2 The defendant' s name in the original bill of information included the suffix, " JR." The State
subsequently amended the bill of information to remove the suffix from the defendant' s name. 3 The defendant pled guilty after the trial court denied his motion to quash, so the facts were not developed in this case. The bill of information alleges that on or about July 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012, the defendant committed two counts of sexual battery against A.H. The facts of the offenses are not relevant to the instant appeal.
2 4/ 30/ 04), 872 So.2d 1052, 1059, he contends that problems encountered by the State " in extradition or those caused by its own mismanagement cannot be charged
to the defendant."
The defendant further argues that the hold placed on him by the State was
insufficient to meet " the State' s heavy burden of exercising due diligence in taking appropriate steps to secure his presence for trial." He contends that the State failed
to produce documentation that the State of Idaho made him unavailable and never
attempted to request his presence in accordance with Louisiana Code of Criminal
Procedure articles 275 and 278. He maintains that the State, by its own admission,
knew where he was by July 27, 2015, that the two- year period under Louisiana
Code of Criminal Procedure article 578 began to run anew while he was
incarcerated in Idaho, and that the two-year period elapsed on July 27, 2017.
Using the factors set forth in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530, 92 S. Ct.
21829 2192, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 ( 1972), the defendant alternatively argues that the trial
court erred in determining that his constitutional right to a speedy trial was not
violated. Specifically, the defendant contends, " it is indisputable that the case
against [ him] is outside of the fundamentally guaranteed right to a speedy trial."
He argues that the length of delay factor under Barker heavily weighs in his favor.
Further noting that both Louisiana and Idaho have codified the Uniform Criminal
Extradition Act and that the State knew his whereabouts, he argues that the reason
for the delay falls directly on the State. The defendant further contends that
although he could not assert his speedy trial rights while incarcerated, he told his
public defender about his wish to do so; and in turn, his public defender told him
he would need to be extradited. Citing Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure
article 535A(4), the defendant argues he affirmatively and timely asserted his right
to a speedy trial, as a motion to quash can be raised at any time if the time
limitation has elapsed. As for the final Barker factor, the defendant argues that
3 the prejudice against him is insurmountable due to the length of the delay, the
complexity of the facts and the law pertaining to his case, and the possibilities of
evidence spoiling and memories fading.'
Regarding the statutory time limitation, the State argues that it carried its
burden of showing that the time delay was suspended due to preliminary pleas filed
by the defense counsel, including a motion for preliminary examination that was
never ruled on, largely due to the defendant' s incarceration in another state. The
State further argues that the time delay remained suspended until at least May 28,
2019, when the defendant' s new counsel enrolled and arguably abandoned the
motion. Regarding the Barker factors, the State notes that the delay in this case
was one year and four months beyond the two- year statutory delay for
commencement of trial. The State argues the defendant contributed to the length of
the delay by repeatedly failing to appear. The State further notes the defendant
failed to assert his speedy trial rights, as he chose not to do so in December of 2018
when he appeared. Finally, the State argues the defendant failed to show any
prejudice in this case. 5
In the instant case, the delay between the institution of prosecution and the
filing of the motion to quash was five years, five months, and fifteen days.
Specifically, the following timeline is reflected in the record:
On February 2, 2015, the State filed the bill of information.
On February 25, 2015, the defendant was arraigned and pled not guilty.
4 At the hearing on the motion to quash, defense counsel did not make a constitution -based argument, specifically noting that the claim was statutory. By orally articulating a specific ground for the motion to quash at the hearing, defense counsel limited the defendant' s written motion to that specific ground. See State v. James, 2018- 0440 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 11/ 28/ 18), 2018 WL 6258680, at * 3. Thus, arguably the defendant is precluded from asserting on appeal that the State violated his constitutional speedy trial right. However, as the defendant did raise his constitutional speedy trial rights in his written motion, out of an abundance of caution, we will review his claim on appeal.
5 In his reply brief, the defendant claims the State conflated the two distinct bases for asserting the right to a speedy trial by applying a Barker analysis to his statutory claim. However, as noted above, the State' s brief presents separate analyses to address constitutional and statutory speedy trial rights.
11 On April 23, 2015, the defendant appeared, and the trial court ordered the matter set for a pretrial conference on June 18, 2015.
On June 18, 2015, the defendant failed to appear, and the trial court ordered an attachment without bond.
On December 6, 2018, the defendant appeared in court for a pretrial conference. On motion of the defense, the trial court
ordered the matter reset for motions on January 7, 2019.
On January 7, 2019, the defendant failed to appear. The trial court issued an attachment staying execution until March 11, 2019.
On March 11, 2019, the defendant appeared, and the trial court ordered the matter set for trial on July 29, 2019.
On July 29, 2019, the defendant failed to appear. The trial court issued an attachment staying execution until September 26, 2019.
On September 26, 2019, the defendant appeared, and the trial court ordered the matter set for a pretrial conference on November 4, 2019. 6 The trial court further ordered the matter set for trial on December 16, 2019.
On December 16, 2019, the defendant appeared, and on motion of the defense, the trial court ordered the matter continued until January 16, 2020.
On January 16, 2020, the defendant failed to appear, and the trial court ordered the matter set for trial on April 27, 2020.
On April 27, 2020, the case was continued due to the
Governor' s orders regarding the COVID- 19 pandemic.
On July 17, 2020, the defendant filed a motion to quash.
On July 27, 2020, after a hearing, the trial court denied the motion to quash.
On July 28, 2020, the defendant withdrew his former pleas and pled guilty pursuant to Crosby.
At the hearing on the motion to quash, defense counsel argued that the State
failed to bring the defendant to trial within two years from the institution of
6 The minutes indicate that the defendant was not required to appear for the pretrial conference on November 4, 2019.
5 prosecution, as statutorily required by Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure
article 578. In response, the State initially discussed the Barker factors to be
considered in relation to the constitutional right to a speedy trial. Relying on State
v. Manuel, 1998- 2175 ( La. App. 4th Cir. 10/ 14/ 98), 720 So. 2d 395, 397, the State
argued that it undertook efforts during the two-year prescriptive period by placing
a hold request with the Idaho Department of Corrections (" Idaho DOC"), resulting
in an interruption under Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 579A( 2).
The State further noted that the Idaho DOC did not file its release until the
defendant fully served his sentence. In response, defense counsel reiterated that his
argument was based on the statutory time delay, noting that the Barker analysis is
separate. Defense counsel further argued that a " feeble attempt" by the State is
inadequate, as extradition must be formally undertaken.
In denying the motion to quash, the trial court noted that the defendant failed
to appear multiple times and concluded that the State did everything within its
power, including the detainer sent to the Idaho DOC. The trial court further
considered the Barker factors. In that regard, the trial court specifically found that
the length of and reason for the delay was due to the defendant' s incarceration, that
the defendant was not greatly prejudiced by the delay, and that the defendant failed
to assert his speedy trial rights in a timely manner.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
In his sole assignment of error, the defendant argues that the trial court
abused its discretion in denying his motion to quash, as the two-year limitation for
commencement of trial had elapsed under Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure
article 578.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Because the complementary role of trial courts and appellate courts demands
that deference be given to a trial court' s discretionary decision, an appellate court
2 is allowed to reverse a trial court judgment on a motion to quash only if that
finding represents an abuse of the trial court' s discretion. State v. Love, 2000- 3347
La. 5/ 23/ 03), 847 So. 2d 1198, 1206. However, a trial court' s legal findings are
subject to a de novo standard of review. See State v. Smith, 1999- 0606, 1999-
2094, 1999- 2015, 1999- 2019 ( La. 7/ 6/ 00), 766 So. 2d 501, 504.
DISCUSSION
Statutory Speedy Trial Right
Herein, the defendant was charged with two counts of sexual battery, which
are non -capital, relative felonies. La. R.S. 14: 43. 1 C( 1). Generally, the State has
two years from the institution of prosecution? to begin trial of a non -capital felony.
La. C. Cr.P. art. 578A( 2). That period may be enlarged as the result of suspension
under Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 580, or interruption under
Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 579.
Article 579 provides:
A. The period of limitation established by Article 578 shall be interrupted if:
1) The defendant at any time, with the purpose to avoid detection, apprehension, or prosecution, flees from the state, is outside the state, or is absent from his usual place of abode within the state; or
2) The defendant cannot be tried because of insanity or because his presence for trial cannot be obtained by legal process, or for any other cause beyond the control of the state; or
3) The defendant fails to appear at any proceeding pursuant to actual notice, proof ofwhich appears of record.
B. The periods of limitation established by Article 578 shall
commence to run anew from the date the cause of interruption no longer exists.
C. If the defendant fails to appear in court pursuant to any provision of this Article and the defendant is subsequently arrested, the
7 " Institution of prosecution" includes the finding of an indictment, or, as in this case, the filing of a bill of information, or affidavit; which is designed to serve as the basis of a trial. See La. CUT. art. 934( 7); State v. Smith, 2014- 1084 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 3/ 6/ 15), 2015 WL 996192, at 3, writ denied, 2015- 0671 ( La. 3/ 14/ 16), 189 So. 3d 1067.
7 periods of limitations established by Article 578 of this Code shall not commence to run anew until the defendant appears in person in open court where the case on the original charge is pending, or the district attorney prosecuting the original charge has notice of the defendant' s custodial location. For purposes of this Paragraph, notice" shall mean either of the following:
1) Filing in the court record by either the defendant or his counsel advising the court of his incarceration with a copy provided to the district attorney and certification of notice provided to the district attorney.
2) Following the seventy- two hour hearing provided by Article 230. 1 of this Code, actual notice of arrest is provided to the district attorney and filed in the record of the proceeding of which the warrant against the defendant was issued. [ Emphasis added].
Once the cause of the interruption disappears, the time limit begins anew. See La.
C. Cr.P. art. 579B.
Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 580, concerning the
suspension of the time limitations, states that "[ w] hen a defendant files a motion to
quash or other preliminary plea, the running of the periods of limitation established
by Article 578 shall be suspended until the ruling of the court thereon; but in no
case shall the State have less than one year after the ruling to commence the trial."
The prescriptive period is merely suspended until the district court rules on the
filing of preliminary pleas; the relevant period is not counted, and the running of
the time limit resumes when the court rules on the motions. A preliminary plea is
any pleading or motion filed by the defense that has the effect of delaying trial,
including properly filed motions to quash, motions to suppress, or motions for a
continuance, as well as applications for discovery and bills of particulars. State v.
Brooks, 2002- 0792 ( La. 2/ 14/ 03), 838 So. 2d 778, 782 ( per curiam); Smith, 2015
WL 996192, at * 4.
A motion to quash is the proper vehicle to assert that the time limitation for
the commencement of trial has expired. La. C. Cr.P. art. 532( 7). When a defendant
has brought an apparently meritorious motion to quash based on prescription, the
E:i State bears a heavy burden to demonstrate either an interruption or a suspension of
time such that prescription will not have tolled. State v. Reed, 2016- 1201 ( La.
App. 1st Cir. 4/ 12/ 17), 218 So. 3d 729, 731. As the Louisiana Supreme Court held
in Bobo, 872 So. 2d at 1055- 56 ( quoting State v. Chadbourne, 98- 1998 ( La.
1/ 8/ 99), 728 So. 2d 832 ( per curiam)), that burden ordinarily " requires the State to
exercise due diligence in discovering the whereabouts of the defendant as well as
taking appropriate steps to secure his presence for trial once it has found him."
However, if a defendant fails to appear for trial after receiving actual notice of that
date, proof of which is evident from the record, Louisiana Code of Criminal
Procedure article 579A( 3) does not impose on the State the affirmative duty to
search for him. State v. Romar, 2007- 2140 ( La. 7/ 1/ 08), 985 So. 2d 722, 726 ( per
curiam).
In Romar, the Louisiana Supreme Court resolved a split among the circuits
in affirmatively holding that the burden under Article 579A( 3) falls " not on the
state to show that defendant had placed himself outside of its control to secure his
presence at trial but on defendant and his sureties to avoid the consequences of his
failure to appear in court after receiving notice..." Romar, 985 So. 2d at 727.
Further, on May 23, 2013, the legislature enacted Subpart C of Article 579, which
became effective on August 1, 2013, before charges were instituted in this case.
See 2013 La. Acts, No. 6, § 1. Under Subpart C, if the defendant fails to appear
pursuant to any provision of Article 579 and is subsequently arrested, the period of
limitation shall not commence to run anew until the defendant appears in open
court or the district attorney has notice of the defendant' s custodial location.
Subpart C defines notice as follows: ( 1) filing in the court record by either the
defendant or his counsel advising the court of his incarceration with a copy
provided to the district attorney and certification of notice provided to the district
attorney; or ( 2) following the seventy-two hour hearing provided by Louisiana
E Code of Criminal Procedure article 230. 1, actual notice of arrest is provided to the
district attorney and filed in the record of the proceeding of which the warrant
against the defendant was issued. La. C. Cr.P. art. 579C.
As the State instituted prosecution by filing a bill of information on February
2, 2015, the State had until February 2, 2017 to commence the defendant' s trial.
As of July 17, 2020, the date the defendant filed the motion to quash the bill of
information, trial had not commenced. Thus, as the two- year prescriptive period
for commencement of trial was exceeded, the defendant' s motion, on its face, had
merit. See La. C. Cr.P. art. 578A( 2). Accordingly, the State had the burden to show
that an interruption or suspension of the time limit tolled the running of the two-
year period. See Reed, 218 So. 3d at 731.
Initially, we note the record reflects that the defendant filed a motion for
preliminary examination on March 3, 2015. However, the record does not contain
a ruling thereon. We agree with the State' s contention that the motion for
preliminary examination would serve to suspend the time limitation until the trial
court ruled on or dismissed the motion. See La. C. Cr.P. art. 580A; see also State v.
Richter, 51, 259 ( La. App. 2d Cir. 8/ 9/ 17), 243 So. 3d 1193, 1195- 96 (" the
prescriptive period was suspended ... and did not end because the record does not
reflect that either [ the defendant] or his defense counsel ever indicated that they
were no longer pursuing, and the record does not reflect that the court ever ruled,
on the motion for preliminary examination."); State v. Broussard, 2018- 677 ( La.
App. 3d Cir. 3/ 13/ 19), 269 So. 3d 1094, 1104- 05 (" the suspension of the two- year
trial limitation continues until the motions ... are disposed of by a final ruling ... or
former withdrawal ... and dismissal ... at which time the time period for trial shall
recommence."). In this case, as the record does not reflect a ruling on the motion
for preliminary examination or an indication that the defendant or his counsel were
10 no longer pursuing the motion, the two-year time limitation for commencement of
trial was suspended and never resumed.
Further, the record reflects that despite being present in court on April 23,
2015, when the trial court ordered the matter set for a pretrial conference on June
18, 2015, the defendant did not appear for the pretrial conference. The defendant
concedes he received actual notice of the June 18, 2015 proceeding but failed to
appear. He was subsequently taken into custody in Idaho.' Based on the
defendant' s failure to appear, the two-year period within which the State was
required to bring the defendant to trial was interrupted. See La. C. Cr.P. art.
579A( 3) & C. In the event of such an interruption, Article 579 does not require the
State to search for a defendant who has failed to appear. Romar, 985 So. 2d at
726. Rather, the limitations period begins to run anew only when the defendant
appears in person in open court or the State receives notice of his custodial
location, as defined in Subpart C of Article 579.
The State concedes that the Livingston Parish Sherriff s Office (" LPSO")
became aware of the defendant' s incarceration in Idaho by July 27, 2015. Further,
the State conceded in its response to the defendant' s motion to quash that it
discovered that the defendant was incarcerated in Idaho shortly after he failed to
appear. On November 4, 2015, the LPSO sent a detainer letter to the Idaho DOC,
requesting notification of the defendant' s release and further noting that the LPSO
would make arrangements for transport. Based on the record, the State contends
that the LPSO did not receive a response from that request until November 13,
S The defendant notes that at the time of his failure to appear, he was incarcerated in Idaho. The record specifically reflects that on April 12, 2013, the defendant entered a guilty plea in Idaho. On June 21, 2013, he was sentenced, and on June 24, 2013, he was committed to the custody of the Idaho DOC. As of January 10, 2014, the Idaho sentence was suspended, and he was placed on probation. On December 19, 2014, he waived extradition from Missouri and was returned to Louisiana. On October 30, 2015, he admitted to violating his probation in Idaho. On November 2, 2015, his probation in Idaho was revoked, and he was taken into the custody of the Idaho DOC for a period not to exceed fifteen years, with the first three years of said term to be fixed. He was given credit for five hundred sixty-three days served.
11 2018. The State further notes, "[ t]he defendant was then rapidly returned to
Louisiana to appear in court December 6, 2018." The State concedes that a
Governor' s warrant was not sought for extradition.
Nonetheless, the burden under Article 579A( 3) falls on the defendant and his
sureties to avoid the consequences of his failure to appear in court after receiving
notice, and one of those consequences is the interruption of the time limits placed
on trial. Romar, 985 So. 2d at 727. The 2013 addition of Subpart C to Article 579
eliminates any doubt as to when an interruption of the time period ends and places
the burden on a defendant who is subsequently arrested to take affirmative steps to
end the interruption. State v. Stewart, 2015- 0135 ( La. App. 4th Cir. 9/ 9/ 15), 176
So. 3d 465, 472, affd, 2015- 1845, 2015- 1846 ( La. 5/ 12/ 17), 219 So. 3d 306. In
using the mandatory term " shall" in defining " notice," the legislature denoted a
mandatory duty. Stewart, 176 So. 3d at 473. Thus, absent an open court appearance
by the defendant or actual notice of arrest being provided to the district attorney
and filed in the record, the defendant or his counsel must file notice of
incarceration into the court record and provide certification of notice to the district
attorney. La. C. Cr.P. art. 579C; see also Stewart, 176 So. 3d at 473. (" Had the
legislature intended any other construction, it could simply have eliminated the
phrase ` by either the defendant or his counsel."').
Herein, the record does not contain any indication that the defendant or his
counsel filed anything to confirm his incarceration in Idaho. Accordingly, it does
not appear that the defendant took any affirmative steps to recommence the time
limitation of Article 578 within the meaning of Article 579C( 1). Further, the record
contains no indication that actual notice of arrest was provided to the State or filed
in the record as notice is defined in Article 579C( 2). Thus, based on the record
before us, the cause of interruption no longer existed when the defendant appeared
on December 6, 2018, and prescription began to run anew from that date, giving
12 the State at least until December 6, 2020 to commence trial. Accordingly, the
motion to quash filed by the defendant on July 17, 2020 was premature.
Considering the suspension and interruption reflected in the record, we find that
the statutory time limitation set forth in Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure
article 578 did not expire before the defendant pled guilty.
Constitutional Speedy Trial Right
A defendant' s Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial is a fundamental
right imposed on the states by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment of the United States Constitution. Klopfer v. North Carolina, 386
U.S. 213, 222- 23, 87 S. Ct. 988, 993, 18 L.Ed.2d 1 ( 1967); see also La. Const. art.
1, § 16. The right to a speedy trial attaches when an individual becomes an
accused, whether by formal indictment or bill of information or by arrest and
actual restraint. State v. Odom, 2003- 1772 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 4/ 2/ 04), 878 So. 2d
582, 593, writ denied, 2004- 1105 ( La. 10/ 8/ 04), 883 So. 2d 1026. The underlying
purpose of this constitutional right is to protect a defendant' s interest in preventing
oppressive pretrial incarceration, minimizing anxiety and concern, and limiting the
possibility that the defense will be impaired. Barker, 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S. Ct. at
2193.
The United States Supreme Court identified four factors to determine
whether a particular defendant had been deprived of his right to a speedy trial,
namely: ( 1) the length of delay; ( 2) the reason for the delay; ( 3) the defendant' s
assertion of his right; and ( 4) prejudice to the defendant. Barker, 407 U.S. at 530,
92 S. Ct. at 2192. Under the rules established in Barker, none of the factors are
regarded " as either a necessary or sufficient condition to the finding of a
deprivation of the right of speedy trial." Barker, 407 U.S. at 533, 92 S. Ct. at 2193.
Instead, they are related factors that must be considered together with other
relevant circumstances " in a difficult and sensitive balancing process." Id.
13 Until there is some delay that is presumptively prejudicial, it is not necessary
to inquire into the remaining factors of the balancing test. See Barker, 407 U.S. at
530, 92 S. Ct. at 2192. However, when a court finds that the delay was
presumptively prejudicial, the court must then consider the other three factors.
State v. Elzy, 2009- 2263 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 5/ 7/ 10), 2010 WL 1838321, at * 7, writ
denied, 2010- 1281 ( La. 2/ 8/ 11), 57 So. 3d 328. Barring extraordinary
circumstances, courts should be reluctant to rule that a defendant has been denied a
speedy trial. State v. Thomas, 2010- 1637 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 5/ 6/ 11), 2011 WL
2616833, at * 2. Further, when calculating the time delay in a constitutional speedy
claim, when defendants are not incarcerated or subjected to other substantial
restrictions on their liberty, a court should not weigh that time towards a claim
under the Speedy Trial Clause. State v. Mathews, 2013- 0525 ( La. 11/ 15/ 13), 129
So. 3d 1217, 1219 ( per curiam) ( quoting United States v. Loud Hawk, 474 U.S.
302, 312, 106 S. Ct. 648, 654, 88 L.Ed. 2d 640 ( 1986)).
As noted, in this case the delay between the institution of prosecution and
the filing of the motion to quash was five years, five months, and fifteen days. The
defendant was not incarcerated for the instant offenses during any of the time
delay. As further noted, in denying the motion to quash, the trial court found that
the defendant was the reason for the delay in this case due to his incarceration in
Idaho and subsequent failures to appear. The trial court further noted that the
defendant did not timely assert his speedy trial rights.
Assuming for purposes of this analysis that the over five-year delay in this
case was presumptively prejudicial, we will examine the reasons for the delay, the
second Barker factor. As noted, the defendant failed to appear on June 18, 2015,
despite being present in court when the trial court ordered the matter set for said
date. After his release from imprisonment in Idaho, the defendant appeared on
December 6, 2018. Prior to filing his motion to quash on July 17, 2020, the
14 defendant failed to appear on three additional dates, January 7, 2019, July 29,
2019, and January 16, 2020, despite being present in court when the trial court
ordered the matter set for those dates.
Specifically, when the defendant appeared on December 6, 2018, at the
defendant' s request, the court reset the matter for a motions hearing on January 7,
2019, on which date the defendant failed to appear. The court took notice that the
victim was present on that date and issued an attachment staying execution until
March 11, 2019. The record reflects that on March 11, 2019, the defendant
appeared, and the trial court set the matter for trial on July 29, 2019, without
objection. The defendant failed to appear on July 29, 2019, but on motion of his
retained counsel, the court reset the matter for a pretrial conference on September
26, 2019. The record shows that the defendant appeared on September 26, 2019,
and that the matter was reset for trial on December 16, 2019, by the trial court
without objection. The defendant appeared for the reset trial date on December 16,
2019; however, the record shows that the matter was again continued, on motion of
the defense, to January 16, 2020, when the defendant again failed to appear. The
matter was subsequently continued due to the COVID- 19 pandemic. Herein, the
record shows the defendant was an active party to the delay, as well as the trial
court and the State.
As to the third Barker factor, the assertion of his speedy trial right, we note
that the Barker balancing test allows a court to weigh the frequency and force of
the objections as opposed to attaching significant weight to a purely pro forma
objection. Barker, 407 U.S. at 529, 92 S. Ct. 2191. The " failure to assert the right
will make it difficult for a defendant to prove that he was denied a speedy trial."
Barker, 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S. Ct. 2193. While the defendant now claims that he
attempted to assert his speedy trial rights while incarcerated, the record is devoid
of any indication as such. Further, as detailed above, the defendant repeatedly
15 delayed the trial after his release from incarceration. Based on the record before us,
it appears the defendant made no formal speedy trial claim before filing his motion
to quash. Given the lack of frequency and force in the defendant' s assertion of his
speedy trial claim, the assertion by way of the filing of the motion to quash is not
entitled to significant weight. See Barker 407 U.S. at 535- 36, 92 S. Ct. 2194- 95;
Love, 847 So. 2d at 1212.
Regarding the final Barker factor, actual prejudice to the accused, to the
extent that the defendant may have suffered prejudice based on a loss of evidence
or a witness, we note that the State may have suffered prejudice as well on the
basis of a loss of evidence. We further observe that the delay in the present case
does not necessarily inure solely to the detriment of the defendant because " time
can tilt the case against either side ... [ and] one cannot generally be sure which
side] it has prejudiced more severely." Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647,
655, 112 S. Ct. 2686, 2693, 120 L.Ed.2d 520 ( 1992). Moreover, the defendant
failed to provide specific details as to how his defense was affected by the delay.
See State v. Dyer, 2006- 0619 ( La. 7/ 11/ 06), 933 So. 2d 788, 792 ( per curiam), cert.
denied sub nom.; Thomas v. Louisiana, 549 U.S. 1122, 127 S. Ct. 945, 166
L.Ed.2d 722 ( 2007) ( where despite the defendants' claim that they had lost two
important witnesses, one of whom they claimed had died, the Court found the
defendants failed to show specific prejudice from the delay absent details as to why
those witnesses were material). Further, the record is devoid of any indication of a
bad faith effort by the State to secure a tactical advantage.
Based on our examination of the four Barker factors considered by courts in
determining whether the defendant' s constitutional right to a speedy trial has been
violated, we find no violation of the defendant' s constitutional right. Further, as
detailed above, based on the record, the statutory time limitation set forth in
Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 578 did not expire. For the above
101 reasons, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court' s ruling denying the
motion to quash.
CONVICTIONS AND SENTENCES AFFIRMED.
17 STATE OF LOUISIANA
2021 KA 0418
McClendon, J., concurring.
Given the specific facts and circumstances of this case, I concur in the result
reached by the majority.