STATE OF LOUISIANA COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT
06-1451
STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS
JASON LEE SHORT
********** APPEAL FROM THE SEVENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT PARISH OF CONCORDIA, DOCKET NO. 05-0736 HONORABLE LEO BOOTHE, DISTRICT JUDGE **********
SYLVIA R. COOKS JUDGE
**********
Court composed of Sylvia R. Cooks, John D. Saunders and Michael G. Sullivan, Judges.
AFFIRMED.
J. Rodney Messina 256 East Boulevard Baton Rouge, LA 70802 (225) 343-9422 COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT: Jason Lee Short
Bradley R. Burget, Assistant District Attorney Seventh Judicial District 4001 Carter Street, Suite 9 Vidalia, LA 71373 (318) 336-5526 COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE: State of Louisiana COOKS, Judge.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In the early morning hours of April 5, 2005, Jason Lee Short and Joseph
Loncar allegedly left Short’s residence to rob a crack dealer. En route, they spotted
the victim, Richard Cupstid, walking down Roundtree Road in Concordia Parish.
Cupstid was struck by Short’s vehicle. He was then beaten and robbed. Short and
Loncar then got back in the vehicle and exited Roundtree Road onto U.S. Highway
84/65. Within minutes, they re-entered Roundtree Road and headed back to Short’s
residence, where they again saw the victim. Cupstid was then shot in the head at
close range and left on the side of the roadway. Cupstid died as a result of his
injuries.
On June 1, 2005, the State filed an indictment charging the Defendant, Jason
Lee Short, with second degree murder, in violation of La.R.S. 14:30.1. A jury trial
was held and Defendant was found guilty of second degree murder. Defendant was
subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment without benefit of probation, parole, or
suspension of sentence.
Defendant is now before the court asserting three assignments of error.
Defendant contends the trial court erred in denying his objection to the hearsay
statements made by an unavailable co-perpetrator, the trial court erred in denying his
motion for mistrial, and the trial court erred in allowing Investigator Jimmy Darden
to testify as an expert without being tendered as such.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1
In his first assignment of error, Defendant contends the trial court erred in
denying his objection to the hearsay statements made by the unavailable co-
perpetrator Joseph Loncar. These statements were introduced into evidence via the
-1- testimony of Angela Mapp and Keysha Freeman, which Defendant argues is in direct
violation of his Sixth Amendment right.
On May 22, 2006, Defendant filed a Motion in Limine, seeking to prohibit the
State from eliciting testimony from several named witnesses regarding statements
Joseph Loncar made to them about the events on the night of April 5, 2005. At a
hearing, the trial court granted the motion “to the extent that any direct criminal
activity will be excluded.” The trial court later clarified that if, during their
testimony, witnesses testified regarding what Loncar said the Defendant did, that
testimony would not be admissible.
At trial, Loncar exercised his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-
incrimination and was declared unavailable to testify. The State later called Keysha
Freeman and Angela Mapp to testify. Freeman was questioned as follows:
Q. Did Mr. Loncar make any statements to you?
A. He told me - -
Q. Just, did he make some statements to you?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did he indicate to you that he had robbed somebody?
Q. Did he indicate to you that he robbed somebody with a gun?
A. I’m not sure if he robbed him with a gun, but I remember hearing him saying something about pistol whipping.
Q. Did he pistol whip somebody?
A. He said that a pistol whipping took place.
Q. Now, did he tell you how this occurred whether he was in a vehicle or not?
-2- Q. Did he tell you whether he was the driver of the vehicle or passenger of the vehicle?
A. He said he was on the passenger side.
Q. Did he tell you that someone may have been run over?
Q. Did he tell you whether or not this occurred before or after the robbery?
....
Q. Did Mr. Loncar indicate whether or not the running over of somebody occurred prior to the robbery or after the robbery?
A. I believe it was after.
Q. After?
Q. According to what Mr. Loncar told you?
Q. Did Mr. Loncar tell you whether or not he shot anyone?
A. No, sir.
Q. He didn’t tell you anything or he told you he did not shoot someone?
A. He told me he did not shoot anyone.
Q. The only information you have is what Mr. Loncar told you?
Angela Mapp was then questioned as follows:
Q. Did Mr. Loncar eventually tell you why he wanted you to come to Vidalia and pick him up?
A. Yes, sir, he did.
Q. Did he tell you whether or not he was involved in a robbery?
A. Yes, he did.
-3- Q. Did he tell you that he robbed a person?
Q. Did he indicate to you whether or not he used a gun in the crime that he committed of robbery?
Q. Did he tell you whether or not he beat the person that he robbed?
Q. Did he tell you that there was a vehicle used in this crime?
Q. Did he tell you whether or not he was the driver or the passenger of this vehicle.
A. He said he was in the passenger’s side.
Q. Did he tell you whether or not somebody was shot?
Q. Did he indicate whether or not he shot that person?
A. He said he did not shoot this person.
Q. Did he indicate whether or not the robbery and the beating that he inflicted on this person occurred before or after this person was run over?
A. He said before.
Q. He said a robbery occurred?
A. A robbery occurred -- well, a beating, a robbery and then the boy got run over.
Q. And the shooting occurred after that?
Defendant asserts for any statement Loncar made to be admissible at trial, the
statement must qualify as an exception to the hearsay rule set out in La.Code Evid.
art. 804(B). Defendant argues none of the exceptions in Article 804(B) were met.
-4- Defendant additionally asserts the statements made by Loncar were not statements
against interest, as alleged by the State, because they were statements against the
interests of the Defendant and not those of Loncar. The Defendant then asserts the
statements made by Loncar were testimonial in nature; thus, falling under the purview
of Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354 (2004).
Louisiana Code of Evidence Article 804 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
B. Hearsay exceptions. The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable as a witness:
(3) Statement against interest. A statement which was at the time of its making so far contrary to the declarant’s pecuniary or proprietary interest, or so far tended to subject him to civil or criminal liability, or to render invalid a claim by him against another, that a reasonable man in his position would not have made the statement unless he believed it to be true. A statement tending to expose the declarant to criminal liability and offered to exculpate the accused is not admissible unless corroborating circumstances clearly indicate the trustworthiness of the statement.
In State v. Burns, 32,904, pp. 8-9 (La.App. 2 Cir. 2/1/00), 750 So.2d 505, 511,
the second circuit discussed statements against interest as follows:
The Louisiana Supreme Court has recognized an exception to the hearsay rule for statements made against the declarant’s own penal interest. State v. Gilmore, 332 So.2d 789 (La.1976). Third-party testimony concerning such statements is allowed when the declarant himself is unavailable to testify. State v. Hudson, 361 So.2d 858 (La.1978). In order for such statements to be admissible, however, there must be indications that the statements are truly reliable. State v. Rushing, 464 So.2d 268 (La.1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1153, 106 S.Ct. 2258, 90 L.Ed.2d 703 (1986). In Rushing, the court stated that the assumption is that a person would not normally admit to the commission of a crime if it were not true, but unless the statement is truly against the declarant’s penal interest, its reliability is suspect.
In State v. Lucky, 96-1687 (La. 4/13/99), 750 So.2d 801, the Louisiana
Supreme Court stated:
Moreover, the hearsay exception for declarations against penal interest “does not allow admission of
-5- non-self-inculpatory statements by accomplices, even if they are made within a broader narrative that is generally self-inculpatory.” Williamson v. United States, 512 U.S. 594, 600-01, 114 S.Ct. 2431, 129 L.Ed.2d 476 (1994). Accordingly, only the self-inculpatory parts of an accomplice’s confession should be admitted.
Loncar was considered unavailable, pursuant to La.Code Evid. art. 804(A)(1),
because he invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and
refused to testify. State v. Alexander, 03-167 (La.App. 3 Cir. 9/10/03), 854 So.2d
456. The statements made by Loncar to Freeman and Mapp were against his interest,
as he indicated he was involved in the beating and robbing of Cupstid and was
present when Cupstid was run over and shot. The statements made by Loncar were
statements against his interest and Loncar was unavailable to testify, thus Loncar’s
statements to Freeman and Mapp were admissible under Article 804(B)(3) as
statements against interest.
Defendant also asserts the testimony of Freeman and Mapp was inadmissible
because it fell under the purview of Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct.
1354 (2004), which bars the use of testimonial out-of-court statements at trial unless
the witness is unavailable and the defendant had an opportunity to cross-examine that
witness. In Crawford, the Supreme Court stated that its ruling applied to testimonial
evidence, which applied, at a minimum, to prior testimony at a preliminary hearing,
before a grand jury, or at a former trial, and to police interrogations.
The statements made by Loncar to Freeman and Mapp are not considered
testimony at a preliminary hearing, before a grand jury, or at a former trial nor
statements made during police interrogation. As noted in State v. Miller, 95
Conn.App. 362, 896 A.2d 844 (2006), cert. denied, 279 Conn. 907, 901 A.2d 1228
(2006), the statements at issue are the sort of remarks to an acquaintance that the
Crawford court proclaimed to be nontestimonial. The court in Miller, went on to
-6- state that “[t]he courts of this land, both federal and state, are in agreement that
statements made to friends in unofficial settings do not constitute testimonial
hearsay.” Id. at 384 (citations omitted). Accordingly, we find that the statements
made by Loncar to Freeman and Mapp are non-testimonial, and their admission did
not violate the ruling in Crawford. Therefore, this assignment of error lacks merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2
In his second assignment of error, Defendant contends the trial court erred
when it denied his motion for mistrial when the victim’s father made accusations in
the form of an outburst that consequently disrupted the court proceedings.
The following occurred during the testimony of Bobby Beard:
Q. Any conversations or any statements by these two individuals?
A. When they walked in, Joe said, “You’re a crazy mother f_ _ _er,” or something like that and Jason said, “I’m a real mother f_ _ _er, boy,” and went on. I just kept laying on the couch.
UNIDENTIFIED SPEAKER:
I’m sure he knows what he was.
THE COURT:
All right. Sir -- you have to remove this gentleman.
MR. MESSINA:
Your Honor, can we approach?
Surely.
He’s really an animal.
Sir.
-7- UNIDENTIFIED SPEAKER:
(Inaudible)
All right. Remove that gentleman too. There will be no demonstrations made. Remove the gentleman in the checkered shirt, not to come back in. The other gentleman either and anybody else that wants to leave. We’ll have no outbursts in the courtroom. I want both those gentlemen held.
Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, totally disregard anything that is not evidence that has nothing to do with this trial. The Court will deal with that in another venue. Carry on, Mr. Burget.
Defense counsel subsequently moved for a mistrial. The parties then stipulated
that the victim’s father was the man who made the initial outburst. Then, Defendant’s
father responded with his own outburst. The trial court offered to poll the jury, if the
parties agreed. The parties did not ask for the jury to be polled; thus, the trial court
denied the motion.
“Upon motion of a defendant, a mistrial shall be ordered, and in a jury case the jury dismissed, when prejudicial conduct inside or outside the courtroom makes it impossible for the defendant to obtain a fair trial.” La.C.Cr.P. art. 775. Mistrial is a drastic remedy, and is warranted only when the defendant has suffered substantial prejudice such that he cannot receive a fair trial. State v. Bates, 495 So.2d 1262 (La.1986); State v. Wingo, 457 So.2d 1159 (La.1984). The determination of whether actual prejudice has occurred, and thus whether a mistrial is warranted, lies within the sound discretion of the trial judge, and this decision will not be overturned on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion. State v. Sanders, 93-0001 (La.11/30/94), 648 So.2d 1272; Wingo, 457 So.2d at 1166.
State v. Wessinger, 98-1234, p. 24 (La. 5/28/99), 736 So.2d 162, 183, cert. denied,
528 U.S. 1050, 120 S.Ct. 589 (1999), superceded by statute on other grounds.
Defendant argues the unexpected outburst prejudiced him and the trial court’s
instruction to ignore the outburst did not undo that prejudice. He also alleges the
statements made by the victim’s father indicated how he felt about Defendant and
-8- implied his opinion regarding Defendant’s guilt.
In Wessinger, 736 So.2d 162, the defendant argued the trial court erred when
it declined to declare a mistrial when the victim’s mother broke out into tears after the
victim’s sweater was introduced into evidence and when there was an outburst in the
courtroom after the tape of the victim’s 911 call was played for the jury. Upon
hearing the tape of his daughter’s last moments, the victim’s father shouted out “son
of a bitch.” Id. at 183. The defendant then moved for a mistrial, which was denied.
The supreme court found the trial court had not abused its vast discretion in denying
the mistrial. Additionally, the defendant did not demonstrate how these outbursts
could have prejudiced him to such a degree that a mistrial was warranted. The court
then stated the following: “Again, we must credit the jurors with the good sense and
fair-mindedness to see these outbursts for what they were, the natural and irrelevant
expression of human emotion, and not let the outbursts influence their decision on
defendant’s penalty.” Id.
Based on the supreme court’s decision in Wessinger and the fact the trial court
instructed the jury to disregard the outbursts, we find the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying Defendant’s motion for mistrial. Accordingly, this assignment
of error lacks merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3
In his third assignment of error, Defendant contends the trial court erred in
allowing the State to permit Investigator Jimmy Darden to testify as an expert without
being tendered as such.
In brief to this court, Defendant argues Darden offered testimony without being
tendered as an expert witness. Specifically, Darden testified it was “physically
impossible” for the evidence to corroborate Defendant’s testimony. Darden also
-9- testified as to the victim’s state of mind and he testified as to what he believed
occurred on the night in question. Defendant asserts that each of these statements are
Darden’s opinion.
Defendant cites La.Code Evid. art. 701, which states that if a witness is not
testifying as an expert, his testimony is limited to opinions that are rationally based
on the perception of the witness and are helpful to a clear understanding of his
testimony or the determination of a fact at issue. Defendant argues Darden should not
have been allowed to testify regarding the Defendant’s credibility or to the placement
of the body. Additionally, he urges Darden was not eligible to testify as to the
sequence of events because those facts were unknown. Defendant then asserts that
Darden testified as to the order of events stating, “[h]e was hit by the vehicle first.”
Additionally, Darden testified about whether Defendant was truthful. Defendant
states that pursuant to La.Code Evid. art. 704 an expert witness shall not express an
opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the accused. Defendant further argues since
Darden was not qualified as an expert, yet was treated as one by the Court, his
opinions concerning the guilt or innocence of the Defendant should not be allowed.
By testifying as to what he believed to have happened on the night in question,
“Darden approaches that exact opinion through his assessment of the scene and of
Short’s credibility.”
Lastly, Defendant argues Darden could not extrinsically attack his credibility
pursuant to La.Code Evid. art. 607, since Darden went beyond the inconsistent
statements made by the Defendant and focused on “other aspects of Short’s statement
to which Darden was not privy to as a lay witness.”
Physical Impossibility
During his testimony, Darden testified as follows: “That’s where the damage
-10- is done. There’s no way that he’s going to strike him and put all the evidence in this
ditch. It’s physically impossible. I have, we, there’s no one that will concur with
that.” We note that defense counsel did not object to Darden’s testimony. Thus,
Defendant waived his right to seek review of the issue based on his lack of
contemporaneous objection. La. Code Crim.P. art. 841. Therefore, the issue is not
properly before this court.
Sequence of Events
The Defendant asserts Darden improperly testified as to the order of events and
quotes the following: “He was hit by the vehicle first.” At trial, Darden was asked
the following:
Q. Through your investigations, interviews with other suspects, did you make a determination of whether the robbery occurred first or rather the striking of Mr. Cupstid occurred first, through what you discerned through witnesses and conversation, statements?
A. He was hit by the vehicle first.
There was no objection following this testimony. Accordingly, Defendant waived his
right to seek review of the issue based on his lack of contemporaneous objection
under La.Code Crim.P. art. 841, and the issue is not properly before the court.
State of Mind
Defendant asserts that Darden testified as to the state of mind of the victim.
The page numbers cited by the Defendant in regard to this testimony are incorrect,
and our review of the record does not indicate that Darden testified as to the victim’s
state of mind.
Credibility
Defendant next asserts that Darden should not have been allowed to testify
regarding Defendant’s credibility. Darden did discuss Defendant’s truthfulness
several times during his testimony. The trial court sustained Defendant’s objections
-11- concerning his truthfulness, stating “I think he can testify to what he saw and that sort
of thing. But I’m not going to allow him to give a conclusion about the truthfulness
of something of that particular one focused question.”
Defendant also cites particular pages of the trial transcript in support of this
claim; however, there is no testimony on the referenced pages wherein Darden
commented on his credibility. Defendant has not properly pointed out what
additional testimony he wants this court to review; therefore, we decline to further
address his complaints. Uniform Rules–Courts of Appeal, Rule 2-12.4.
Events that Occurred
Defendant contends Darden was improperly allowed to testify as to what he
believed occurred on the night in question. When Darden began to testify as to what
he thought occurred on that night, defense counsel objected on the basis that Darden’s
testimony called for speculation. The State then asserted that Darden was talking
about what he thought happened. The objection was overruled.
Louisiana Code of Evidence Article 701 discusses the admissibility of opinion
testimony from lay witnesses, as follows:
If the witness is not testifying as an expert, his testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are:
(1) Rationally based on the perception of the witness; and
(2) Helpful to a clear understanding of his testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.
Based on Article 701, it was permissible for Darden to give his opinion as a lay
witness, if his opinion was based on his perceptions of the scene and was helpful to
a clear understanding of his testimony or a fact at issue. “A law officer may testify
as to matters within his personal knowledge acquired through experience without first
being qualified as an expert.” State v. Gibson, 97-108, p. 5 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/30/97),
-12- 693 So.2d 286, 291, citing State v. Lowery, 609 So.2d 1125, 1128 (La.App. 2
Cir.1992), writ denied, 617 So.2d 905 (La.1993). Defendant’s objection at trial was
based solely on the fact that Darden was testifying as to “the way he thinks it
happened” and not on the basis that he was testifying as an expert and had not been
qualified as such. Defendant did not object on the grounds that Darden failed to set
forth what personal observations he based his testimony. Darden was the
investigating officer, and therefore, we find that his “thoughts” and conclusions
resulted from his observations and evidence gathered at the scene. Accordingly, this
assignment lacks merit.
DECREE
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s conviction is affirmed.
-13-