State of Louisiana v. Gerald Manchip White

• Court: Louisiana Court of Appeal
• Decided: November 20, 2024
• Docket: 55,951-KA
• Status: Published

Opinion

Judgment rendered November 20, 2024. Application for rehearing may be filed within the delay allowed by Art. 922, La. C. Cr. P.

No. 55,951-KA

COURT OF APPEAL SECOND CIRCUIT STATE OF LOUISIANA

*****

STATE OF LOUISIANA Appellee

versus

GERALD MANCHIP WHITE Appellant

Appealed from the Twenty-Sixth Judicial District Court for the Parish of Bossier, Louisiana Trial Court No. 241,855

Honorable Charles A. Smith, Judge

IKERD LAW FIRM, LLC Counsel for Appellant By: Chad M. Ikerd

J. SCHUYLER MARVIN Counsel for Appellee District Attorney

RICHARD R. RAY DALE N. MONTGOMERY, II Assistant District Attorneys

Before PITMAN, COX, and THOMPSON, JJ. COX, J.

This criminal appeal arises out of the 26th Judicial District Court,

Bossier Parish, Louisiana. Gerald Manchip White was charged with three

counts of possession of a firearm or carrying a concealed weapon by a

convicted felon, in violation of La. R.S. 14:95.1. He was unanimously

convicted for attempted possession of a firearm or carrying a concealed

weapon by a convicted felon (responsive verdict for count one) and

possession of a firearm or carrying a concealed weapon by a convicted felon

(count three). The jury found him not guilty on count two. Mr. White now

appeals his convictions. For the following reasons, we affirm his convictions,

affirm in part and vacate in part his sentences, and remand with instructions.

FACTS

On October 29, 2021, Mr. White was arrested for being a felon in

possession of the following three guns, all found in his home: EIG model EI

.22 revolver (found in his wife’s dresser drawer); Smith & Wesson 9 mm

handgun (found in his daughter’s bedroom); and Taurus 9 mm handgun

(found in the living room couch). At the time the guns were found, Mr.

White was newly on probation from a February 11, 2020, conviction for

possession of Schedule II CDS. The following testimony was presented at a

jury trial on August 23, 2023:

Ayleen Cook testified that she is a probation and parole officer, and

although she was not Mr. White’s supervisor, she previously supervised Mr.

White. The bill of information and minutes from Mr. White’s previous

conviction for possession of Schedule II CDS were admitted into evidence.

Officer Cook testified that she spoke with Mr. White at his residence on

October 27, 2021, while looking for another parolee. She stated that Mr. White informed her that his home was broken into, and his son was shot with

the son’s gun during the altercation. Officer Cook testified that she asked Mr.

White if the gun was still in the home. He stated that it was in the home, and

she advised him that the gun could not be in the home. Mr. White stated that

he understood.

Officer Cook testified that she returned to Mr. White’s residence on

October 29, 2021, to look for the other parolee, who was found sleeping in a

vehicle in the driveway. Officer Cook testified that based on the previous

conversation with Mr. White about a gun in the home, she called for more

officers to do a residence check of the home for officer safety. She stated that

Mr. White, his wife, his son, and an unknown male and female were in the

home at the time of the search. She stated that officers woke up everyone in

the house, brought them into the living room, and searched the home. Officer

Cook testified that she searched the master bedroom and found an EIG EI .22

revolver in the top drawer of the dresser. Pictures of the gun in the drawer

were introduced into evidence.

Officer Cook testified that she found a second gun, a Taurus 9 mm, in

the living room couch. She stated that she searched a second bedroom, where

she found a third gun, a Smith & Wesson 9 mm with a drum magazine, under

the bed. Officer Cook stated that Mr. White was on parole at the time the

guns were found, the ten-year cleansing period had not passed, and Mr. White

was arrested for possession of the firearms.

Jordan White testified that he is Mr. White’s son and lived in the house

with his parents, sister, nephew, and grandmother.1 Jordan stated that he was

1 Jordan’s grandmother was not in the home at the time of the search. 2 asleep on the couch when officers arrived that morning to search the house.

He stated that officers took him outside when he opened the door to let them

inside. Jordan testified that he knew there was a gun in the couch because he

slept on the couch, and it was his gun. He stated that he bought the gun for

safety after the break-in and his gun was taken. Jordan stated that he did not

tell anyone in the house that he had a gun hidden in the couch. He testified

that when the gun was found in the couch, he told officers it was his gun.

Erin West testified that she is Mr. White’s daughter and lived in the

home at the time of the search. She stated that the gun found under her bed in

the back bedroom belonged to her boyfriend, who was with her the morning

of the search. She testified that he brought the gun with him, and it was only

in the home for the night. Ms. West stated that her family did not know that

her boyfriend brought a gun with him that night.

On cross-examination, Ms. West testified that she was not aware of any

other guns in the home. She stated that she did not see her father or brother in

the living room when officers brought her out of her bedroom and did not

know, at the time, why her father was arrested.

Kimberly White testified that she is married to Mr. White and lives in

the home with him and their two children. She stated that she owns a “25

revolver” that belonged to her father. She testified that she was still in the

bedroom when officers searched and found the gun. Mrs. White stated that

the revolver was found in her drawer. After reviewing a picture of the gun in

the drawer, Mrs. White identified her clothes in the drawer with the gun. She

testified that no one else knew she had the gun.

As to count one (the .22 revolver in the master bedroom), the jury

found Mr. White guilty of the responsive verdict of attempted possession of a 3 firearm or carrying a concealed weapon by a convicted felon. As to count

two (the Smith & Wesson 9 mm found in the back bedroom), the jury found

Mr. White not guilty. As to count three (the Taurus 9 mm found in the

couch), the jury found Mr. White guilty. The jury was polled regarding

counts one and three. The trial court confirmed that the verdicts were

unanimous. Mr. White filed a pro se motion for a new trial, which was

denied.

The trial court sentenced Mr. White to seven years at hard labor and

$500 for count one and 14 years at hard labor and $1,000 for count three. The

sentences were ordered to run concurrently. Mr. White filed a motion to

reconsider his sentences, and it was denied by the trial court. Mr. White now

appeals his convictions.

DISCUSSION

Mr. White argues that the State failed to prove that he was guilty of

both counts related to possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. He asserts

that the State did not prove that he had constructive possession, or attempted

possession, of either gun or that he had the requisite intent to possess a

firearm. Mr. White argues that “mere presence of a defendant in the area of

the contraband or other evidence seized alone does not prove that he

exercised dominion and control over the evidence and therefore had it in his

constructive possession.” State v. Johnson, 03-1228 (La. 4/14/04), 870 So. 2d

995. He asserts that his convictions for counts one and three should be

reversed.

The State argues that the jury’s guilty responsive verdict and guilty

verdict were supported by the evidence and should not be reversed as the

evidence presented at trial was more than sufficient to support the finding of 4 guilt against Mr. White on both charges. The State asserts that based on the

testimonies of Officer Cook, Jordan, and Mrs. White, Mr. White had

knowledge of firearms in his home; therefore, he had the requisite intent to

possess a firearm, and the elements of the offense were met. The State

requests the jury’s verdicts be affirmed.

The standard of appellate review for a sufficiency of the evidence claim

is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements

of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.

307, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); State v. Tate, 01-1658 (La.

5/20/03), 851 So. 2d 921, cert. denied, 541 U.S. 905, 124 S. Ct. 1604, 158 L.

Ed. 2d 248 (2004). This standard, now codified in La. C. Cr. P. art. 821, does

not afford the appellate court with a means to substitute its own appreciation

of the evidence for that of the fact finder. State v. Pigford, 05-0477 (La.

2/22/06), 922 So. 2d 517.

The Jackson standard is applicable to cases involving both direct and

circumstantial evidence. An appellate court reviewing the sufficiency of the

evidence in such cases must resolve any conflict in the direct evidence by

viewing that evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution. When

the direct evidence is thus viewed, the facts established by the direct evidence

must be sufficient for a rational trier of fact to conclude beyond a reasonable

doubt that the defendant was guilty of every essential element of the crime.

State v. Sutton, 436 So. 2d 471 (La. 1983).

Circumstantial evidence consists of proof of collateral facts and

circumstances from which the existence of the main fact may be inferred

according to reason and common experience. State v. Broome, 49,004 (La. 5 App. 2 Cir. 4/9/14), 136 So. 3d 979, writ denied, 14-0990 (La. 1/16/15), 157

So. 3d 1127. If a case rests essentially upon circumstantial evidence, that

evidence must exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. La. R.S.

15:438; Broome, supra.

Possession of a Firearm

To support a conviction for possession of a firearm by a convicted

felon, the State must prove the following elements beyond a reasonable

doubt: (1) the defendant was in possession of the firearm; (2) he was

previously convicted of an enumerated felony; (3) the 10-year statutory

period has not passed; and, (4) he had general intent to commit the offense.

La. R.S. 14:95.1; State v. Husband, 437 So. 2d 269 (La. 1983); State v. Hill,

53,286 (La. App. 2 Cir. 3/4/20), 293 So. 3d 104. The general intent to

commit the offense of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon may be

proved through the actual possession of the firearm or through the

constructive possession of the firearm. State v. Law, 45,435 (La. App. 2 Cir.

8/11/10), 46 So. 3d 764. For purposes of the offense of possession of a

firearm by a convicted felon, whether the proof is sufficient to establish

possession turns on the facts of each case. Id.

Constructive possession of a firearm occurs when the firearm is subject

to the defendant’s dominion and control. A defendant’s dominion and control

over a weapon constitutes constructive possession even if it is only temporary

and even if the control is shared. However, mere presence of a defendant in

the area of the contraband or other evidence seized alone does not prove that

he exercised dominion and control over the evidence and therefore had it in

his constructive possession. State v. Johnson, supra; State v. Hill, supra;

State v. Stephens, 49,680 (La. App. 2 Cir. 5/20/15), 165 So. 3d 1168. 6 Constructive possession entails an element of awareness or knowledge

that the firearm is there and the general intent to possess it. State v. Kennedy,

42,258 (La. App. 2 Cir. 8/15/07), 963 So. 2d 521. Such guilty knowledge

may be inferred from the circumstances of the transaction and proved by

direct or circumstantial evidence. State v. Johnson, supra.

In this case, possession of Schedule II CDS, Mr. White’s prior felony,

is listed as a prohibited offense in La. R.S. 14:95.1. Mr. White was convicted

of possessing the 9 mm Taurus that was found in the living room couch. The

jury heard testimony from the searching officer and Mr. White’s family.

Jordan testified at trial that the Taurus was his gun, and he brought it inside

when he slept. Jordan slept on the living room couch because he did not have

his own bedroom. He stated that no one else knew that the gun was in the

house. Officer Cook testified that she did not recall anyone claiming the

weapons as their own when Mr. White was arrested. Additionally, Mr. White

told Officer Cook when she initially came to the home searching for a parolee

two days prior that there was a gun still in the home. Officer Cook testified

that she told Mr. White he could not have guns in the home. Officer Cook, to

her credit, did not arrest Mr. White at that time and allowed him the

opportunity to remove all firearms from the home.

The jury was in the best position to weigh the testimony and determine

if Mr. White had constructive possession of the gun. We do not find the jury

to be manifestly erroneous in its decision. The gun was found in the living

room couch. Prior to the search, Mr. White admitted to a gun being in the

home. In this case, Mr. White’s knowledge of a weapon, plus a weapon

found in a common area of the home, was enough to show he had

constructive possession. We affirm this conviction. 7 Attempted Possession of a Firearm

Specific intent to commit a crime is an element of an attempted offense.

La. R.S. 14:27. Specific criminal intent is the state of mind that exists when

the offender actively desired the prescribed criminal consequences to follow

his act or failure to act. State v. Williams, 47,245 (La. App. 2 Cir. 8/22/12),

103 So. 3d 558. Specific intent may be inferred from the circumstances

surrounding the offense and the conduct of the defendant. La. R.S. 14:10(1);

State v. Draughn, 05-1825 (La. 1/17/07), 950 So. 2d 583, cert. denied, 552

U.S. 1012, 128 S. Ct. 537, 169 L. Ed. 2d 377 (2007). The determination of

whether the requisite intent is present is a question for the trier of fact. State

v. Huizar, 414 So. 2d 741 (La. 1982), State v. Williams, supra.

An attempt is a separate but lesser grade of the intended crime; and any

person may be convicted of an attempt to commit a crime, although it appears

on the trial that the crime intended or attempted was actually perpetrated by

such person in pursuance of such attempt. La. R.S. 14:27(C).

A conviction of an attempted offense must rest upon sufficient proof

that the offender actively desired to cause the prescribed criminal

consequences to follow his act or failure to act and that the offender

committed or omitted an act for the purpose and tending directly toward the

accomplishing of his object. La. R.S. 14:27; State v. Kennedy, supra.

Attempted possession of a firearm by a convicted felon is a responsive

verdict to a charge of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon under La.

R.S. 14:95.1. State v. Holloway, 54,523 (La. App. 2 Cir. 6/29/22), 342 So. 3d

1090, writ denied, 22-01090 (La. 9/20/22), 346 So. 3d 802. Because Mr.

White was convicted of attempted possession in this case, the State had the

8 burden of proving that he specifically intended to possess the weapon. See

State v. Kennedy, supra.

As stated above, a person may be convicted of attempt even though it

appears the crime was actually perpetrated in the attempt. Here, the jury

found that Mr. White attempted to possess the .22 in his bedroom. Mr. White

shared the room with his wife and she testified that the gun belonged to her.

The gun was found in Mrs. White’s drawer. The pictures show that Mr.

White did not have belongings in the drawer with the gun, but he had access

to the drawer as it was located at the entrance of his bedroom. Based on the

jury’s finding that Mr. White possessed the Taurus 9 mm in the living room

couch, the jury could also have found that he possessed the .22 in the drawer

in his bedroom. We find that a rational trier of fact could have found that the

evidence was sufficient under the Jackson standard to support a conviction of

either the charged offense, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, or the

responsive verdict, attempted possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. A

trier of fact has the prerogative to compromise and render a lesser verdict

whenever it could have convicted as charged. State v. Davillier, 46,625 (La.

App. 2 Cir. 11/2/11), 83 So. 3d 22. We affirm this conviction.

Errors Patent

Our review of the record for errors patent reveals two errors. First,

there is an error patent regarding the trial court’s imposition of the fines. La.

C. Cr. P. art. 875.1 became effective August 1, 2022, and although Mr. White

committed his offenses before Article 875.1 took effect, it is a procedural

statute that applies to all actions subsequent to its effective date. Therefore,

according to La. C. Cr. P. art. 875.1, Mr. White was entitled to a hearing prior

to the imposition of the fines. There is no evidence in the record that he or 9 the trial court waived the determination of financial hardship. Because the

hearing was not held, we vacate Mr. White’s fines and remand to the trial

court for the required hearing. See State v. Adams, 55,696 (La. App. 2 Cir.

5/22/24), 387 So. 3d 914.

Second, a review of the sentencing transcript reveals that the trial court

did not order that Mr. White’s sentences be served without the benefit of

probation, parole, or suspension of sentence. La. R.S. 14:27 and La. R.S.

14:95.1 statutorily mandate that the sentence be served without benefits, and

the trial court’s failure to declare that those sentences be served without

benefits is harmless and self-correcting.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Gerald White’s convictions. Mr.

White’s sentences are affirmed in part, as to his 7- and 14-years’

imprisonment at hard labor, and vacated in part, as to the imposition of fines.

We remand this case for a hearing pursuant to La. C. Cr. P. art. 875.1 to

determine Mr. White’s ability to pay any assessed fines.

CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED; SENTENCES AFFIRMED IN

PART AND VACATED IN PART; REMANDED WITH

INSTRUCTIONS.