STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL
FIRST CIRCUIT
2022 KA 1008
VERSUS
DARRYL BRAGGS, JR.
Judgment Rendered: MAR 0 5 2023
On Appeal from the Eighteenth Judicial District Court In and for the Parish of West Baton Rouge State of Louisiana Docket No. 211014 Honorable Tonya S. Lurry, Judge Presiding
Mary Constance Hanes Counsel for Defendant/ Appellant New Orleans, Louisiana Darryl Braggs, Jr.
Antonio " Tony" Clayton Counsel for Appellee District Attorney State of Louisiana Plaquemine, Louisiana Terri Russo Lacy Assistant District Attorney Port Allen, Louisiana
BEFORE: McCLENDON, HOLDRIDGE, AND GREENE, 33.
rl kdf• d B. tbhG,YS McCLENDON, J.
The defendant, Darryl Braggs, Jr., was charged by amended grand jury indictment
with one count of second degree murder while engaged in the perpetration of an assault by
drive- by shooting ( count I), a violation of LSA- R. S. 14: 30. 1( A)( 1) or ( A)( 2), and one count
of aggravated criminal damage to property (count III), a violation of LSA- R.S. 14: 55. 1, 2 He
moved to suppress the use of his statements, but the motion was denied. Following a
jury trial, the defendant was found guilty as charged on both counts by unanimous
verdicts. On the charge of second degree murder, he was sentenced to life imprisonment
at hard labor without benefit of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence. On the
charge of aggravated criminal damage to property, he was sentenced to a concurrent term
of twelve years at hard labor and was fined $ 10, 000. The defendant now appeals
challenging the denial of his motion to suppress and a ruling of the trial court allowing
the State to use evidence of other crimes, wrongs, and acts committed by the defendant.
For the following reasons, we affirm the convictions and sentences.
FACTS
On November 22, 2020, at approximately 9: 30 p. m., a home in Gonzales was
struck by twenty-four or more bullets. At the time of the shooting, the home owner,
Glenda Barker, as well as her grandson and her grandson' s girlfriend, were at home.
Barker's grandson was outside smoking a cigarette on the patio when the shooting started
and was able to see a black four -door car in the road. Additionally, a neighbor heard the
gunshots and saw a blue or black vehicle leave the scene after the shooting. No shots
were fired from Barker' s home.
The body of the victim, Jaleel Leonard, was recovered from Barker's driveway. He
was wearing vinyl gloves and had a Glock 43 . 9 mm handgun on his person. The police
recovered twenty- seven shell casings fired from an AR -15 rifle and five shell casings fired
from a . 9 mm weapon in the area of the driveway.
1 Count II charged Kameron Webb as a principal to second degree murder.
z Prior to trial, the defendant failed to object to lack of rearraignment, if any, or to the denial of an opportunity to enter a plea to the amended indictment. Accordingly, he is considered to have pled not guilty on all counts. See LSA- C. Cr. P. art. 555.
2 Dr. Christopher Tape testified concerning the autopsy of Leonard. He stated
Leonard died from blood loss from a " penetrating distant gunshot wound" to his right
back, and that the letters " YNW" were tattooed on his arm. Subsequent investigation
revealed the letters were the initials of a gang called " Young and Wreckless."
Leonard' s grandmother advised the police that the defendant was the last person
with whom she saw Leonard. She also advised the police that the defendant had picked
up Leonard in a vehicle consistent in description with the vehicle seen at the crime scene.
Additionally, cell phone records placed the cell phones of the defendant and Leonard in
the area of the crime approximately three minutes before the incident was reported.
In two recorded interviews, the defendant placed himself at the crime scene with
Leonard. Following the first interview, the defendant called Dequan Johnson and
essentially instructed him to destroy a cellphone which belonged to the grandmother of
a YNW gang member. During the second interview, the defendant stated that Leonard
exited the vehicle and " just start[ ed] shooting." The defendant confessed that he fired
twice and that he "[ thought he] hit [ Leonard]." Shortly thereafter, the defendant was
asked directly whether one of the rounds he fired " hit [ Leonard,]" and the defendant
responded, "[ h] ad to be." The defendant was also asked whether he saw anyone in the
home " shooting back." He stated that he remembered seeing two flashes, but " it could
have been anything."
MOTION TO SUPPRESS STATEMENTS
In assignment of error number 1, the defendant contends the trial court abused its
discretion in denying his motion to suppress his December 8, 2010 and December 10, 2020
statements. He argues his statement that he fired two shots and might have hit Leonard
was induced by promises made to him by detectives on December 8, 2020.
Before a confession can be introduced into evidence, it must be affirmatively shown
that it was free and voluntary and not made under the influence of fear, duress, intimidation,
menaces, threats, inducements, or promises. LSA- R. S. 15: 451. Confessions obtained by
any direct or implied promises, however slight, or by the exertion of any improper influence, Nevertheless, the are involuntary and inadmissible as a matter of constitutional law.
voluntariness of a confession is determined by the totality of the circumstances, with the
3 ultimate focus on whether the statement was the product of an essentially free and
unconstrained choice or the result of an overborne will. State v. Hills, 2022- 0549 ( La. App.
1 Cir. 11/ 4/ 22), 2022 WL 16707743, * 4. It must also be established that an accused who
makes a confession during custodial interrogation was first advised of his Miranda rights.
See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 ( 1966). A confession
of guilt induced by a government promise of immunity is " coerced" and may not be used
against the accused. State v. Turner, 2016- 1841 ( La. 12/ 5/ 18), 263 So. 3d 337, 399, cert.
enied, U. S. _,__, 140 S. Ct. 555, 205 L. Ed. 2d 355 ( 2019).
Since the general admissibility of a confession is a question for the trial court, its
conclusions on the credibility and weight of the testimony are accorded great weight and
will not be overturned unless they are not supported by the evidence. However, a trial
court's legal findings are subject to a de nava standard of review. The trial court must
consider the totality of the circumstances in determining whether a confession is admissible.
The direct testimony of the interviewing police officer can be sufficient to prove a
defendant's statement was freely and voluntarily given. Hills, 2022 WL 16707743 at * 4.
The burden of proof is generally on the defendant to prove the grounds recited in a
motion to suppress evidence. See LSA- C. Cr.P. art. 703( D). However, this is not the case
with the motion is to suppress a confession. Rather, with respect to a motion to suppress
a confession, the burden of proof is with the State to prove the confession' s admissibility.
See LSA-C. Cr. P. art. 703( D). The State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the
confession was made freely and voluntarily. Therefore, if the defendant alleges police
misconduct in eliciting a confession, the State must specifically rebut those allegations.
Hills, 2022 WL 16707743 at * 4.
In his December 8, 2020 recorded interview, the defendant conceded he drove
Leonard and two other men to the crime scene, but denied knowing they would fire guns
there and denied knowing who shot Leonard. In his December 10, 2020 recorded interview,
the defendant stated he " shot two times" and one of the rounds had to have hit Leonard.
The State gave notice it would request a pretrial determination of the admissibility
of inculpatory statements made by the defendant to law enforcement officers in his recorded
0 interviews. Thereafter, the defendant moved to suppress the confessions/ admissions,
alleging they were involuntary because they were induced by promises.
At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the State introduced into evidence
Miranda rights forms and transcripts of the defendant's statements. The defense made
no challenge to the defendant's waiver of his Miranda rights prior to making the
statements.
West Baton Rouge Parish Sheriff`s Department Detective Christopher Bouquet
testified at the hearing on the motion to suppress. He conducted the initial questioning of
the defendant on December 8, 2020. West Baton Rouge Parish Sheriffs Department
Detectives Chris Conaway and Kevin Cyrus also participated in the interview.
The following colloquy occurred during the December 8, 2020 interview:
Bouquet: I know it' s an accident. Of course it was an accident. This is your boy.
Conway: Months. We're talking months here.
Bouquet: If that much. Matter of fact, I'm — honestly, I'm not going to lie. Youll probably do a few months, they're going [ to] give you time served, put you on probation for a few years. I don't see a home arrest in it. I don' t see that. My thing is this. Okay? Amongst everything else, I know it's an accident. I' m telling you it's an accident.
When it goes down to trial, I' m going to be the one to say, yeah, it' s an accident. I' m the one that's going [ to] do that. You need to tell me, explain to me how it was an accident.
Detective Bouquet stated he was not promising the defendant anything, but rather
explaining to him the possibilities of what could happen based on the detective's belief that
Leonard was shot accidentally. Detective Bouquet testified, " I was explaining to him how I
felt about the situation. I wasn't making any promises at all." The State asked Detective
Bouquet if he ever told the defendant he was going to go home. Detective Bouquet
answered negatively. The State asked Detective Bouquet if he felt he had the authority to
speak such language." Detective Bouquet again answered negatively and explained:
Bouquet: Because I don' t handle trial matters. I don' t handle sentencing, or I don't handle any form of that. I'm simply there to identify stuff, make arrests, and bring it all to the district attorney's office.
State: So you weren't promising him nothing in exchange for something that you wanted him to tell you?
Bouquet: Correct.
5 The defendant did not tell Detective Bouquet anything following the colloquy.
According to Detective Bouquet, the fact that Detective Cyrus was African- American
helped the defendant better relate to him. Indeed, while being questioned by Detective
Cyrus on December 8, 2020, the defendant repeatedly stated he felt more comfortable with
him. Detective Cyrus told the defendant, " I' m telling you, we have a warrant for your arrest.
You [ are] going [ to] get booked here today. The question is how long you stay here. You
going — You [ are] going [ to] get booked. You want me to lie to you?" The defendant
answered negatively.
The State pointed out that Detective Cyrus directly told the defendant he would be
booked after the interview. Further, in response to questioning by the State, Detective
Bouquet indicated the defendant's inculpatory statement came after Detective Cyrus'
statement. Thereafter, after asking Detective Cyrus if he could smoke another cigarette,
the defendant stated, " I just, I want to talk to you though." Detective Cyrus replied, "[ t] hat's
fine bro. You know, I mean, these guys are the ones working the case." Detective Cyrus
advised the defendant that he and his vehicle were seen by a witness because he stopped
under a light. Detective Cyrus also told the defendant that cell phone records placed
Leonard' s phone in the defendant's vehicle following the incident and provided the location
of the defendant's vehicle after he fled from the scene.
The trial court denied the motion to suppress the December 8, 2020 and December
10, 2020 statements. The court held the statements were given knowingly, freely, and
voluntarily and after advice of the Miranda warnings. The court found the defendant's
inculpatory statements were elicited from the evidence presented to him by Detective Cyrus
rather than from any statements made by Detectives Bouquet and Conway. The court
noted the defendant's rapport with Detective Cyrus and the incriminating evidence with
which he confronted the defendant. The court did not believe Detective Bouquet lied to the
defendant when he told him he believed it was an accident that the defendant killed
Leonard.
We find no reason to disturb the ruling of the trial court. The trial court's conclusions
on the credibility and weight of the testimony are supported by the evidence of the rapport
Detective Cyrus developed with the defendant and the incriminating evidence Detective
9 Cyrus presented to him prior to the confession. The State proved beyond a reasonable
doubt that the confession was made freely and voluntarily and specifically rebutted the
allegations of police misconduct in eliciting the confession. See Hills, 2022 WL 16707743
at * 4. Considering the totality of the circumstances, the confession was the product of the
essentially free and unconstrained choice of the defendant rather than his overborne will.
See Hills, 2022 WL 16707743 at * 6 (" a confession is not rendered inadmissible because
officers ` exhort or adjure' an accused to tell the truth, provided the exhortation is not
accompanied by an inducement in the nature of a threat or which implies a promise of
reward.").
This assignment of error is without merit.
OTHER CRIMES EVIDENCE
In assignment of error number 2, the defendant contends the trial court abused its
discretion in allowing the State to introduce LSA- C. E. art. 404( B) evidence to show that he
was a member of a gang and as such would have knowledge of certain facts, including that
a crime was going to be committed, when he drove Leonard and two other men to the
crime scene. He argues that, although " he would have had an idea what the gang members
were doing[,]" he merely socialized with members of YNW, including Leonard, and enjoyed
the gang's non -criminal activities.
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts committed by the defendant is generally
inadmissible because of the substantial risk of grave prejudice to the defendant. It is well
settled that courts may not admit evidence of other crimes to show the defendant as a man
of bad character who has acted in conformity with his bad character. However, evidence
of other crimes, wrongs, or acts may be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of
motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake or
accident, or when it relates to conduct that constitutes an integral part of the act or
transaction that is the subject of the present proceeding. State v. Calloway, 2018- 1396
La. App. 1 Or. 4/ 12/ 19), 276 So. 3d 133, 147, writ denied, 2019- 00869 ( La. 1/ 20/ 21), 308
So. 3d 1164, citing LSA-C. E. art. 404( B)( 1). Even when the other crimes evidence is offered
for a purpose allowed under Article 404( B)( 1), the evidence is not admissible unless it tends
to prove a material fact at issue or to rebut a defendant's defense. The State bears the
7 burden of proving that the defendant committed the other crimes, wrongs, or acts. State
v. Calloway, 276 So. 3d at 147.
Other crimes evidence is admissible under the integral act exception ( formerly known
as resgestae) when the evidence relates to conduct that constitutes an integral part of the
act or transaction that is the subject of the present proceeding. Thus, evidence of other
crimes forms part of the res gestae when said crimes are related and intertwined with the
charged offense to such an extent that the State could not have accurately presented its
case without reference to the other crime. The res gestae doctrine in Louisiana is broad
and includes not only spontaneous utterances and declarations made before or after the
commission of the crime, but also testimony of witnesses and police officers pertaining to
what they heard or observed before, during, or after the commission of the crime, if a
continuous chain of events is evident under the circumstances. Integral act evidence in
Louisiana incorporates a rule of narrative completeness without which the State's case would
lose its narrative momentum and cohesiveness. State v. Calloway, 276 So. 3d at 147.
Relevant evidence is evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact
that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable
than it would be without the evidence. LSA- C. E. art. 401. All relevant evidence is admissible
except as otherwise provided by positive law. Evidence which is not relevant is not
admissible. LSA-C. E. art. 402. Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative
value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues,
or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or waste of time. LSA- C. E. art.
403. A trial court's determination regarding the relevancy and admissibility of evidence will
not be overturned on appeal absent a clear abuse of discretion. Calloway, 276 So. 3d at
147- 48.
Louisiana Revised Statutes 15: 1404( A) defines a " criminal street gang" as " any
ongoing organization, association, or group of three or more persons, whether formal or
informal, which has as one of its primary activities the commission of one or more of the
criminal acts enumerated in [ LSA- R. S. 15: 1404( B)( 1)-( 13)] or which has a common name
or common identifying sign or symbol, whose members individually or collectively engage
in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity." Louisiana Revised Statutes 15: 1404( B) defines " pattern of criminal gang activity" as " the commission or attempted
commission of two or more of the following offenses, provided that the offenses occurred
within a three-year period, and the offenses are committed on separate occasions or by two
or more persons[.]" Louisiana Revised Statutes 15: 1404( B) includes among its enumerated
offenses: first or second degree murder; illegal use of weapons or dangerous
instrumentalities; assault by drive- by shooting; and aggravated criminal damage to
property. LSA- R. S. 15: 1404( B)( 3), ( B)( 5), ( B)( 9) & ( B)( 11).
Prior to trial, the State gave notice of its intent to use evidence at trial of other crimes,
wrongs, and acts committed by the defendant. The State set forth that it intended to prove
the defendant was a member of the criminal street gang YNW and weapons used in the
instant offense corresponded to weapons used or possessed by known YNW gang members.
Following a hearing, the trial court found the evidence admissible and granted the notice of
intent. Thereafter, this Court reversed the ruling. State v. Braggs, 2022- 0074 ( La. App. 1
Cir. 1/ 25/ 22), 2022 WL 215161 ( Wolfe, J., dissenting). Subsequently, the Louisiana
Supreme Court reversed this Court and reinstated the ruling of the trial court. State v.
Braggs, 2022- 00185 ( La. 1/ 26/ 22), 332 So. 3d 666.
Louisiana State Police Trooper Alexander Nezgodinsky testified at the 404( 6)( 1)
hearing. The defense stipulated he was an expert in criminal gang activity and to the
existence of a gang called " YNW." Trooper Nezgodinsky first learned about YNW in 2018
while working with criminal intelligence. YNW broke off from the " Never Broke Again" gang
and operated on the west side of the Mississippi River in Point Coupee and West Baton
Rouge Parishes. Trooper Nezgodinsky was particularly concerned with YNW due to its
extreme violence and the fact that many of its members were in their late teens.
Trooper Nezgodinsky provided a Louisiana State Police form based upon FBI criteria
to local agencies to document groups of individuals as street gangs or as organized crime.
He identified street gang/ organized crime forms prepared for Darryl Braggs, Jr., the
defendant, Tyzontae Davis, Kameron Webb, Dequan Johnson, and Leonard, the victim.
Following months of investigation, Trooper Nezgodinsky learned that Johnson was the leader of YNW, Davis was the gun supplier of YNW and had a reputation for being one of
the more violent members, and Leonard was known to commit burglaries, particularly car
9 burglaries. Additionally, Trooper Nezgodinsky testified that Xavier Joseph, known as " Big
Billy," was reputed to supply narcotics to YNW.
Trooper Nezgodinsky identified a photograph depicting the defendant standing next
to Johnson and Leonard. The men were wearing the same clothes they wore in a music
video. Webb also appeared with the men in the video. In another video, the defendant
appeared with 3ohnson, Leonard, Webb, and Davis.
According to Trooper Nezgodinsky, through community input, he concluded that the
defendant was associated with YNW. Trooper Nezgodinsky noted multiple videos
established a connection between the defendant and YNW, with the defendant in the videos
and carrying a gun. Trooper Nezgodinsky stated that between making the " shoots of the
videos," the defendant, Johnson, and Leonard posted on Facebook. Trooper Nezgodinsky
testified:
So it's just [the] totality of [the defendant's] behavior, if I may, on video and off video, through the law enforcement that documented his activities, not necessarily criminally, but he's always associated or in [ the] presence of other members of the gang that were arrested. The community confirmed not specifically I was asking about [ the defendant], but they confirmed that he's associated, where he hangs out, the houses, the vehicles they drive and the people he' s constantly associated with.3
The State introduced into evidence a jail log identifying the defendant's PIN number
and a recording of a telephone call he made from jail. In the jail call, the defendant tells
Johnson, another member of YNW, "[ w] hoever got 3950, man, get rid of that phone. That's
how they got me." Trooper Nezgodinsky explained the significance of the call as follows:
T]hat's the first call [ the defendant] makes after doing an interview, and he calls the leader of the group and he tells him to destroy the evidence that got the defendant] arrested. [ The defendant] didn't call his mama. He didn't call his significant other. He calls [ Johnson]. I think, based on my training and being a cop for 18 years, that's significant.
3 Additionally, Trooper Nezgodinsky testified a Louisiana court had determined that Jaquan Battley was a member of YNW. Battley had no prior criminal record, but was subsequently convicted of second degree murder. According to Trooper Nezgodinsky, " Free JJ" was a video, documentary, and song based on the killing of " Sir James" by Battley. The defendant appeared in " Free JJ." Trooper Nezgodinsky stated, in addition to community input and the defendant's involvement in gang videos, he determined the defendant was involved with YNW on the basis of the defendant's knowledge, specifically "[ the defendant] knows the gang, how they operate, the crimes they commit. He' s involved in it."
10 According to Trooper Nezgodinsky, the defendant was part of YNW. He noted, "[ the
defendant] was the driver when they pulled up at the house. He took his mama' s car. He
had knowledge." Trooper Nezgodinsky testified:
The defendant] basically says that he was there, and he accidentally shot his buddy. To me, he has the knowledge because this gang does not operate without knowledge or knowing. He knew why he was there. He knew what Leonard] specializes in. He knew who are the people involved in the vehicle, the other two back passengers, but based on his gang lifestyle and love for the gang, he's not going to be a rat or a snitch. They don't snitch on each other. They don't go and do stuff out of the blue. This was organized, planned activity that went sideways. He didn' t mean to shoot and kill anybody. He didn' t mean to kill, let's say [ Leonard]. They reacted and they started shooting, and that's what happened. But he had knowledge, how they operate. He' s part of this lifestyle.
Trooper Nezgodinsky also cited the ballistics evidence as relevant to the defendant's
knowledge and association with YNW. Trooper Nezgodinsky noted four individuals were
present in the vehicle when the incident occurred. The defendant was the driver and fired
five rounds from a . 9 mm handgun. The shell casings collected on the scene and the bullet
that killed Leonard matched the . 9 mm found in the custody of Davis, a member of YNW.
Additionally, two AR -15 style rifles were used in the incident. The rifle that matched 17 shell
casings at the crime scene was recovered in the possession of Webb. The other rifle, a . 223
caliber, was used to commit a homicide in New Roads in 2021. Johnson and Davis were
both indicted in connection with that homicide.
In a post -hearing memorandum, the State the argued that Article 404( 6) evidence
showed: the defendant's affiliation with YNW; his knowledge of the criminal activity
committed in the instant case; his preparation and plan to commit the murder, or at the
very least, the drive- by shooting in the instant case; and his motive as an affiliate of YNW.
Additionally, the State argued the defendant's jailhouse call to the leader of YNW, Dequan
Johnson, a/ k/ a " Quarterbaby," made immediately following the defendant's December 8,
2020 interview, informing Johnson the defendant had been caught with evidence of cell
location and advising Johnson to get rid of the cellphone was further evidence of the
defendant's membership in, and affiliation with, YNW.
There was no clear abuse of discretion in the ruling on the admissibility of the
evidence concerning the defendant's association with YNW. To the extent, if any, that
being a member of a gang was other crimes evidence or evidence of bad acts, such
11 evidence was properly allowed at trial. See State v. Lawson, 2018-0382 ( La. App. 1 Cir.
11/ 8/ 18), 2018 WL 5876815, * 8, writ denied, 2018- 2048 ( La. 5/ 20/ 19), 271 So. 3d 1272.
The State' s theory was that the defendant committed second- degree murder under LSA-
R. S. 14: 30. 1( A)( 1), by killing Leonard with the specific intent to kill or to inflict great
bodily harm, or, in the alternative, that the defendant was a principal to second degree
murder by assault by drive- by shooting under LSA- R. S. 14: 30. 1( A)( 2). As used in LSA-
R. S. 14: 30. 1( A)( 2), the term " drive- by shooting" means the discharge of a firearm from
a motor vehicle on a public street or highway with the intent either to kill, cause harm to,
or frighten another person. LSA- R. S 14: 37. 1( C). Although the defendant conceded he
drove himself and three people to the crime scene, and his passengers fired shots on a
nearby house, the defendant claimed he was surprised when the shooting began.
Evidence of the defendant's association with Leonard and other known gang members
by appearing in photographs and videos with them, by carrying weapons around them,
by posting messages in social media with them, and by advising them to destroy evidence
was not impermissible other crimes evidence to show bad character or a criminal
disposition; rather, it had independent relevance to the issues of preparation, plan, and
knowledge. An expert on gang activity testified that gangs " don't go and do stuff out of
the blue" and that the assault was " organized, planned activity." Accordingly, the prejudicial
effect of the challenged evidence, if any, was outweighed by its probative value. See State
v. Lawson, 2018 WL 5876815 at * 8 (" the State used the FabBoys associations to show
motive of why Hart was killed. The evidence of the FabBoys group and its affiliations was,
therefore, relevant and properly admissible under [ LSA-C. E.] art. 404( B)."}.
Moreover, even if the other crimes evidence was inadmissible, the admission of such
evidence was harmless error. See LSA-C. Cr.P. art. 921. The erroneous admission of other
crimes evidence is a trial error subject to harmless -error analysis on appeal. State v. Swan,
2018- 0320 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 12/ 17/ 18), 2018 WL 6599023, * 13, writ denied, 2019- 0151 ( La.
5/ 20/ 19), 271 So. 3d 1270. The test for determining whether an error is harmless is whether
the verdict actually rendered in this case " was surely unattributable to the error." Sullivan
v. Louisiana, 508 U. S. 275, 279, 113 S. Ct. 2078, 2081, 124 L. Ed. 2d 182 ( 1993). The
defendant confessed to shooting Leonard during the perpetration of an assault by drive- by
12 shooting. Even under the defendant's theory that when he shot Leonard from the car he
had no intent to shoot him, he fired from the car with the intent to kill, cause harm to, or
frighten another person. Accordingly, error, if any, in allowing the other crimes evidence
to be presented to the jury was harmless. LSA- C. Cr. P. art. 921, Sullivan, 508 U. S. at 279,
113 S.Ct. at 2081; Swan, 2018 WL 6599023 at * 13.
This assignment of error is without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the
convictions and sentences are affirmed.
CONVICTIONS AND SENTENCES AFFIRMED.