Judgment rendered June 29, 2022. Application for rehearing may be filed within the delay allowed by Art. 922, La. C. Cr. P.
No. 54,577-KA
COURT OF APPEAL SECOND CIRCUIT STATE OF LOUISIANA
*****
STATE OF LOUISIANA Appellee
versus
CHARLES KENNELL Appellant
Appealed from the Fifth Judicial District Court for the Parish of Franklin, Louisiana Trial Court No. 2019-139F
Honorable John Clay Hamilton, Judge
LOUISIANA APPELLATE PROJECT Counsel for Appellant By: Peggy J. Sullivan
PENNY WISE DOUCIERE Counsel for Appellee District Attorney
CAROLINE HEMPHILL AMANDA MICHELE WILKINS Assistant District Attorneys
Before MOORE, COX, and THOMPSON, JJ. COX, J.
This case arises out of the Fifth Judicial District Court, Franklin
Parish, Louisiana. Charles Kennell (“Kennell”) was charged with one count
of second degree murder in violation of La. R.S. 14:30.1, and one count of
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of La. R.S. 14:95.1.
After a jury trial, a unanimous guilty verdict for both charges was returned,
and Kennell was subsequently sentenced to mandatory life imprisonment at
hard labor for second degree murder and 20 years at hard labor for
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and ordered to pay the
mandatory minimum fine of $1,000; each sentence was to be served
concurrently and without benefit of probation, parole, or suspension of
sentence.
Kennell now appeals, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence for
his second degree murder charge and the trial court’s denial of the proffered
testimony. For the following reasons, we affirm Kennell’s convictions and
sentences. We also order that the trial court minutes be amended to reflect
the sentencing as imposed in the record.
FACTS
On March 21, 2019, Kennell was indicted by a grand jury on one
count of second degree murder, and one count of possession of a firearm by
a convicted felon, for the murder of Quintail Credit (“Credit”) on February
20, 2019.1 Kennell filed a motion to suppress his statements from his
interview with Franklin Parish Sheriff’s Office investigators on February 20,
2019. At the hearing on January 5, 2021, the State introduced the video and
1 On April 2, 2019, Kennell was arraigned and entered a plea of not guilty. transcript of the interview, and the trial court heard testimony from Deputy
Sheriff Chief Investigator Todd Daniel Roberts (“Major Roberts”) and
Deputy Sheriff Captain Kevin Bass (“Cpt. Bass”).
Major Roberts testified that after officers received a tip about
Kennell’s location, he found him at 270 Willow Street, a few blocks away
from the crime scene. When he arrived, Precious Jones (“Jones”), Kennell’s
girlfriend, told him that the only people inside were her child and a friend;
however, after she let him search the home, she stated that her boyfriend was
also there. Jones opened the bathroom door and revealed Kennell sitting on
the toilet with no clothes on. Major Roberts told Kennell that he was not
under arrest at that time, but handcuffed and Mirandized him while he and
the other officers searched the home where he found a plastic bag with wet
clothes underneath a pile of baby’s clothing. After his identity was
confirmed identity with the ID found in the bag, Kennell was taken to the
Sheriff’s Office where he was given a rights form.
The State then presented a video of Kennell’s interview and Major
Roberts identified himself and Cpt. Bass in the video. He stated that Kennell
initially denied any involvement in the incident and requested a lawyer.
Kennell then asked if he was under arrest, and Major Roberts told him that
he was under arrest for second degree murder. Kennell asked for a lawyer
again and Major Roberts and Cpt. Bass ceased questioning and left the
room. Kennell was allowed to speak with Jones and after he was done, he
expressed that he wanted to talk with both officers again. Major Roberts
stated he Mirandized Kennell again, and Kennell voluntarily admitted that
he shot Credit and stated that he did so because it looked as if Credit was
grabbing or reaching for a gun. Major Roberts testified that Kennell was not 2 promised or given any incentive to talk about the incident and no one used
any physical violence against him.
Cpt. Bass2 testified that after he explained Kennell’s charges, he asked
Kennell if Credit had a weapon. He replied that Kennell’s only answer was
that he saw Credit reach toward his waist, and the motion made Kennell
believe that Credit had a gun. Cpt. Bass stated that he helped search the
crime scene, but no weapon was ever recovered. Finally, Cpt. Bass
reiterated that no threats, promises, or inducements were made to elicit a
statement from Kennell.
The trial court dismissed the motion to suppress finding that Kennell’s
statements were freely and voluntarily given, in part, because Kennell was
not harassed, beaten, threatened, or cajoled into speaking with the officers.
The trial court noted that after Kennell requested a lawyer, the interview
stopped and only continued when Kennell stated he wanted to talk. The trial
court then denied Kennell’s motion for change of venue, and trial
commenced on July 19, 2021, where the following testimony and evidence
was presented to the jury:
First, Michael Credit (“Mr. Credit”), Credit’s father, testified that
around noon on February 20, 2019, he went to Mathis Credit’s3 home near
145 Washington Street and talked to Credit for approximately 15 to 20
minutes. While they spoke, he stayed in his vehicle, a white Yukon, and
Credit leaned into the window. Mr. Credit stated that at some point, he
noticed a man, whom he later identified as Kennell, walk up the street, slow
2 Cpt. Bass testified that he was the Deputy Sheriff Investigator for Franklin Parish Sheriff’s Office. 3 Mathis Credit is Mr. Credit’s brother. 3 his pace, and continuously look over at him and Credit. He stated that after
Kennell passed his vehicle, he walked some distance, turned around, and
hollered, “What’s up?” and Credit responded in the same way. Mr. Credit
stated that because he didn’t know Kennell and was unsure whether Credit
knew him, he started “fooling around” with his radio.
He stated that he heard Credit say, “What’s up, man?” before he
yelled that Kennell had a gun. Mr. Credit explained that when he looked up,
he heard two gunshots, and from his rearview mirror, saw Credit run behind
his vehicle and attempt to run toward Mathis’ home before he fell face down
into a ditch. Mr. Credit stated that after he exited the vehicle, he saw
Kennell standing over Credit, firing approximately “four or five” shots into
Credit’s back before fleeing. After the State introduced surveillance video
from Shaw’s Corner store, which was near the area, Mr. Credit confirmed
that Kennell was the man seen in the video. He then testified that, to his
knowledge, Credit did not normally carry a weapon, that he was unarmed,
and that no one removed a weapon from the area. He also stated that he did
not hear Credit make any threats or see him make any threatening gestures.
Next, Cpt. Bass testified that he was the lead investigator for the case.
He stated that when he arrived at the scene, he found Credit’s body face
down in a ditch and began to photograph and search the area for evidence.
Cpt. Bass stated that he found fired shell casings in the middle of the street,
just east of Mr. Credit’s vehicle, in a linear path as if the person who fired
them had been moving. He stated that he also found an unfired casing near
Credit’s body, and all other casings he found were in the yard of the house
on 145 Washington Street. After the State introduced photographs of the
bullets found at the scene, Cpt. Bass stated that, based on his experience, he 4 could determine that the bullets were .40 caliber. He also noted that he
never found any other weapon or any different shell casings.
After the introduction of the surveillance video from Shaw’s Corner
store, Cpt. Bass identified Kennell and explained that as Kennell walked
north, he could be seen looking back constantly in the direction of Mr.
Credit’s vehicle. Kennell could then be seen crossing the street and
approaching the vehicle, where shortly after he made a gesture before
retrieving a gun, firing it, and running south, which was consistent with the
linear pattern of the shell casings he found. Cpt. Bass then identified
Kennell’s clothing from the video, which consisted of a dark-colored shirt,
cap, and jeans with patches on the knees and thighs, and stated that
Kennell’s gun had an attachment on the bottom.
Cpt. Bass then testified that during the investigation, he was informed
that a black male in a blue truck picked Kennell up and that the owner of the
truck lived on Willow Street in a brick home. He stated that although they
never saw a blue truck on Willow Street, he did see a brick home with shell
casings in the driveway that matched the casings found at the scene. After
Jones let him inside, he and Major Roberts told him he found Kennell, and
they identified him as the man seen in the surveillance video. He stated that
during the search, officers also found a set of wet clothing that matched the
ones seen in the video.
He stated that after Kennell was arrested, he spoke with Prezel Martin
(“Martin”), who lived a street over from the scene of the crime, before he
went to a trailer home east of Martin’s home. He stated that the officers
pulled back the tin paneling of the home and found a Glock Model 22, .40
caliber Glock, which was similar to the gun on the surveillance video. At 5 this time, the State then presented a video collected from the Ring camera of
Keiona Wesby’s, Martin’s neighbor, home. Cpt. Bass testified that in this
video, seven gunshots are heard before Kennell is seen running across
Martin’s yard. He noted that the number of gunshots heard and the pauses
between each were significant because it confirmed the number of shells he
found at the scene.4
Outside of the presence of the jury, Cpt. Bass testified as to the origin
of the .40 caliber Glock used in this case. He stated that this particular
weapon was stolen from New Orleans and noted that Kennell was also from
New Orleans. On cross-examination, Cpt. Bass confirmed that the only
witness to the incident was Mr. Credit and that the only video evidence of
the incident came from Shaw’s surveillance video and Kieona Wesby’s Ring
camera.
Next, Troy Kendall Stracener (“Stracener”), an expert in firearm
analysis, testified that he worked for the North Louisiana Crime Lab in West
Monroe. He stated that he examined the recovered .40 caliber Glock, the six
fired .40 caliber cartridge cases,5 three bullets, and five cartridge cases. The
State then submitted, and Stracener identified, four of the fired .40 caliber
cartridge cases into evidence. Stracener explained the process he used to
determine whether the cartridges and bullets were fired from the .40 caliber
Glock. He stated that he performed four test fires of the weapon in question,
and compared those test fires to the submitted evidence.
4 Cpt. Bass explained that the pauses between fires likely meant that there was a misfire and that Kennell would have had to rack the gun back and release it in order to fire again. 5 He noted that of the six fired .40 caliber cartridge cases, one cartridge had a firing pin impression that indicated that it had been misfired. 6 In comparing them, he explained that he looks for the same individual
markings on the fired cartridge cases and the bullets to determine if they
were fired from the same weapon; if the same markings from the submitted
evidence and the test fires were not present, he could then determine that
bullets and cartridges were not fired from that weapon. Stracener stated that
after comparing the six fired .40 caliber cartridge cases to the test fires, he
found that the cartridges were fired from the same .40 caliber Glock. He
stated that although the test fire bullets did not have sufficient
reproducibility to make a comparison to the evidence bullets, he determined
that the two bullets recovered from Credit’s body had the same class
characteristics6 as the test fire bullets. Stracener stated that in his opinion,
the only firearm that the fired cartridges could have been shot from was the
.40 caliber Glock.
Martin testified that on February 20, 2019, he was standing in his
backyard around midday “messing around” when he heard gunshots. A few
moments after he heard the gunshots, he saw a man with a gun run through
6 Stracener clarified that bullet class characteristics determine the caliber, type of rifling present, and the twist present on the bullet. He stated that fired cartridge cases determine:
[F]iring pin impression, shape, size, individual markings, you have markings on the breech face, certain markings on the breech face as far as ejector and extractor marks. Those would be considered class characteristics.
The individual characteristics are the microscopic markings, individual markings that are left when that bullet goes down the barrel and the barrel leaves those markings on a bullet, or when the fired cartridge case when the cartridge is actually fired well the force pushes it back against the breech of the firearm itself and that breech leaves those individual markings, or the firing pin will leave individual markings. But in this case[,] the bullets did not reproduce, there were not enough–there was insufficient individual markings for me to say that they were reproducible, thus all I can say is that they are [the] same class.
7 his yard, jump his fence, and run to the other side of his house toward a
nearby trailer home. The State then presented the video from the Ring
camera. After identifying the man in the video as the one he saw on the day
in question, Martin testified that he saw the man run through a nearby
spillway, pull back the tin paneling of the trailer home, and throw the gun
underneath the home. Martin admitted that although he could not provide
officers with a physical description of the man, he stated that he remembered
the gun the man carried and stated that it was automatic, black, and had a
laser attachment.
Next, Jennifer Forsyth (“Dr. Forsyth”), an expert in forensic
pathology, who performed Credit’s autopsy, testified that his cause of death
was multiple gunshot wounds. She explained that during her examination
she documented three gunshot entrance wounds: (1) on the right temple
region of Credit’s head that exited on the left side of his forehead; (2) on the
right buttock, where the bullet was found next to his femur; and (3) on the
posterior of Credit’s right thigh. Dr. Forsyth stated that although she could
not determine which wound was inflicted first, she could confirm that the
wounds entered through Credit’s back, the projectiles were recovered
anterior to those entrances, and each contributed to Credit’s death.
Finally, Brittain Vercegeay (“Vercegeay”), Kennell’s probation
officer, testified that at the time of the incident, Kennell was on probation for
three years following his sentence for simple robbery and possession of
stolen property on December 20, 2017, and that Kennell was not scheduled
to complete his full term until January 2021. He stated that he was unaware
that Kennell was in Franklin Parish because Kennell did not have permission
to leave New Orleans where he was sentenced. 8 Next, the State introduced pictures of the bullets found at the scene
and Major Roberts testified that one of the markers in the picture identified a
spent .40 caliber hull and the other was a .40 caliber bullet that had been
fired but did not discharge because the firing pin struck the primer. He
explained that this meant that the person who fired the gun would have had
to eject the bullet, where it would have fallen on the ground, in order to fire
the gun again. Major Roberts then reiterated his testimony from the motion
to suppress and explained that during his investigation, he was given a tip
that the person responsible for the shooting was a man named Charles and
that he left the scene in a blue truck and headed toward Willow Street. He
stated that he was initially looking for a blue truck at a brick home, but
stopped at 270 Willow Street because he saw shell casings in the driveway
that matched the ones found at the scene.
Major Roberts explained that Jones allowed him and the other officers
to search the home where he eventually found Kennell and a bag of wet
clothes that matched the clothing seen on the surveillance video. He
testified that after Kennell was arrested, and during his interview, he
admitted that he shot Credit, fled the scene, and dropped his gun before he
swam across a creek and fled to the house on 270 Willow Street. Kennell
stated that he was walking to a friend’s home when he saw Credit, and
because of a prior altercation he had with Credit and two other men, he
wanted to let Credit know that he was not afraid of him. Kennell stated that
he shot Credit because Credit made a grabbing motion under his shirt as if
he had a gun. On cross-examination, Major Roberts testified that, based on
the location of the bullets and misfired cartridges, he would have logically
9 concluded that the person who shot Credit stood over his body and fired
down at him.
Defense counsel then moved for a proffer of proof, and the jury was
removed; at the conclusion of the proffer, the trial court denied the
admissibility of the testimony defense counsel sought to introduce. The jury
then returned a unanimous verdict of guilty for both counts. On September
14, 2021, the trial court, after reviewing Kennell’s PSI, sentenced him to
mandatory life imprisonment at hard labor for second degree murder and 20
years at hard labor for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and
ordered him to pay the mandatory minimum fine of $1,000, each to be
served concurrently and without the benefit of probation, parole, or
suspension of sentence. Kennell now appeals.
DISCUSSION
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first assignment of error, Kennell argues that the evidence
presented at trial was insufficient to support his conviction for second degree
murder. He argues that the State failed to negate the possibility that he acted
in self-defense because the surveillance footage the State partially relied on
was visually limited and did not show the entirety of his encounter with
Credit. Specifically, Kennell contends that he only fired his gun because
Credit lifted his shirt, and made a grabbing motion as if he were going to
retrieve a gun; however, Credit’s actions were concealed by Mr. Credit’s
vehicle.
Alternatively, Kennell argues that, at most, he should have been
convicted of manslaughter, claiming that he acted in sudden passion and/or
heat of blood, the basis for which is discussed in greater detail in his second 10 assignment of error. Kennell argues that he and Credit had been involved in
a previous altercation, during which Credit allegedly stated that he would
kill Kennell the next time he saw him. He contends that this statement,
coupled with Credit purportedly making a grabbing motion under his shirt
served as the catalyst for the shooting.
The standard of appellate review for a sufficiency of the evidence
claim is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979);
State v. Tate, 01-1658 (La. 5/20/03), 851 So. 2d 921, cert. denied, 541 U.S.
905, 124 S. Ct. 1604, 158 L. Ed. 2d 248 (2004); State v. Steines, 51,698 (La.
App. 2 Cir. 11/15/17), 245 So. 3d 224, writ denied, 17-2174 (La. 10/8/18),
253 So. 3d 797. This standard, now codified in La. C. Cr. P. art. 821, does
not afford appellate courts with a means to substitute its own appreciation of
the evidence for that of the fact finder. Steines, supra.
The Jackson standard is applicable to cases involving both direct and
circumstantial evidence. An appellate court reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence in such cases must resolve any conflict in the direct evidence by
viewing that evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution. When
the direct evidence is thus viewed, the facts established by the direct
evidence must be sufficient for a rational trier of fact to conclude beyond a
reasonable doubt that defendant was guilty of every essential element of the
crime. State v. Sutton, 436 So. 2d 471 (La. 1983).
Circumstantial evidence consists of proof of collateral facts and
circumstances from which the existence of the main fact may be inferred 11 according to reason and common experience. State v. Broome, 49,004 (La.
App. 2 Cir. 4/9/14), 136 So. 3d 979, writ denied, 14-0990 (La. 1/16/15), 157
So. 3d 1127. If a case rests essentially upon circumstantial evidence, that
evidence must exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. La. R.S.
15:438; Broome, supra; State v. Gipson, 45,121 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/14/10),
34 So. 3d 1090, writ denied, 10-1019 (La. 11/24/10), 50 So. 3d 827.
Appellate courts neither assess the credibility of witnesses nor
reweigh evidence. State v. Smith, 94-3116 (La. 10/16/95), 661 So. 2d 442.
Rather, the reviewing court affords great deference to the jury’s decision to
accept or reject the testimony of a witness in whole or in part. State v.
Gilliam, 36,118 (La. App. 2 Cir. 8/30/03), 827 So. 2d 508, writ denied, 02-
3090 (La. 11/14/03), 858 So. 2d 422. Where there is conflicting testimony
concerning factual matters, the resolution of which depends upon a
determination of the credibility of the witnesses, the matter is one of the
weight of the evidence, not its sufficiency. State v. Allen, 36, 180 (La. App.
2 Cir. 9/18/02), 828 So. 2d 622, writ denied, 02-2595 (La. 6/27/03), 847 So.
2d 1255.
In the absence of internal contradiction or irreconcilable conflict with
physical evidence, one witness’s testimony, if believed by the trier of fact, is
sufficient support for a requisite factual conclusion. State v. Elkins, 48,972
(La. App. 2 Cir. 4/9/14), 138 So. 3d 769, writ denied, 14-0992 (La. 12/8/14),
152 So. 3d 438; State v. Wiltcher, 41,981 (La. App. 2 Cir. 05/09/07), 956 So.
2d 769. When a defendant challenges both the sufficiency of the evidence,
and other trial errors, the reviewing court first reviews sufficiency, as a
failure to satisfy the sufficiency standard will moot trial errors. State v.
McGee, 51,977 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/3/19), 316 So. 3d 1196. 12 In the present case, Kennell was convicted of second degree murder in
violation of La. R.S. 14:30.1, which is defined, in pertinent part, as “the
killing of a human being: (1) When the offender has a specific intent to kill
or inflict great bodily harm[.]” Regarding Kennell’s claim that he should
have been convicted of the lesser offense of manslaughter, La. R.S. 14:31(A)
provides, in pertinent part, that:
(1) A homicide which would be murder under either Article 30 (first degree murder) or Article 30.1 (second degree murder), but the offense is committed in sudden passion or heat of blood immediately caused by provocation sufficient to deprive an average person of his self-control and cool reflection. Provocation shall not reduce a homicide to manslaughter if the jury finds that the offender’s blood had actually cooled, or that an average person’s blood had actually cooled, at the time the offense was committed; or
(2) A homicide committed, without any intent to cause death or great bodily harm.
Accordingly, for murder to be reduced to manslaughter, the following must
be proved: (1) the homicide was committed “in sudden passion or heat of
blood”; (2) that sudden passion or heat of blood was immediately caused by
provocation sufficient to deprive an average person of his self-control and
cool reflection; (3) the defendant’s blood did not cool between the
provocation and the killing; and (4) an average person’s blood would not
have cooled between the provocation and the killing. McGee, supra; State v.
Efferson, 52,306 (La. App. 2 Cir. 11/14/18), 259 So. 3d 1153.
A defendant who claims provocation, as a means of reducing murder
to manslaughter, bears the burden of proving these elements by a
preponderance of the evidence; additionally, provocation and the time for
cooling are questions for the jury to determine according to the standard of
the average or ordinary person. State v. Leger, 05-0011 (La. 7/10/06), 936
13 So. 2d 108, cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1221, 127 S. Ct. 1279, 167 L. Ed. 2d 100
(2007); McGee, supra.
However, when self-defense is raised, the State must prove, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that the homicide was not perpetrated in self-defense.
State v. Allen, 50,703 (La. App. 2 Cir. 8/10/16), 200 So. 3d 376, writ denied,
16-1734 (La. 9/6/17), 224 So. 3d 981. The aggressor or person who creates
a difficulty cannot claim self-defense unless he withdraws from the conflict
in good faith and in such a manner that his adversary knows or should know
that he desires to withdraw and discontinue the conflict. La. R.S. 14:21.
Not every act of a defendant will make him or her an aggressor. It is the
character of the act coupled with the intent of the defendant that determines
whether the defendant is the aggressor. McGee, supra; See, State v. Spivey,
38,243 (La. App. 2 Cir. 5/12/04), 874 So. 2d 352.
Here, we find that there was sufficient evidence to support Kennell’s
conviction for second degree murder; namely, the surveillance video from
the corner store, the Ring video from a nearby residence, as well as the
testimony from Mr. Credit and Major Roberts sufficiently established that
Kennell had the specific intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm on Credit.
First, the surveillance video from the corner store showed Kennell, who was
walking in the opposite direction of where Credit stood, slow down, notice
Credit, and without provocation, actively turn around and approach Credit;
thereafter, Kennell is shown pulling out a firearm and firing it multiple times
as he chased Credit.
Mr. Credit testified that he heard Credit yell that Kennell had a gun
and then attempt to run as Kennell fired two shots. He stated that after he
saw Credit fall face down into a ditch, he witnessed Kennell stand over 14 Credit’s body and fire approximately “four or five” shots into Credit’s back.
Moreover, Cpt. Bass testified that the video from the Ring camera was
significant because several shots can be heard around the time in which the
incident occurred. He explained that based on the number of shells and
spent casings found at the scene and the pauses heard in the Ring video, the
shooter would have had to take the time to “rack [the gun] back and release
it again” in order to shoot again.
In viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
we find that any rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable
doubt that the State proved the essential elements of second degree murder
in this case.
In this case, Kennell admitted that he shot and killed Credit; however,
he maintains that his actions were justified because he shot Credit in self-
defense. We disagree and find that the record shows that the State’s
evidence sufficiently negated the possibility that Kennell acted in self-
defense when he shot Credit, who was unarmed, multiple times. Although
Kennell argues that Credit acted as if he was grabbing a gun, this statement
is uncorroborated; however, even if we assume that Credit did make this
motion, we cannot say that Kennell was subsequently justified in pursuing
and shooting Credit multiple times. Specifically, we note that the
surveillance footage established that after Kennel pulled out a gun, Credit
fled from him and Kennell is thereafter seen chasing Credit and firing the
gun multiple times.
Mr. Credit testified that at no point did Credit have a weapon and
importantly stated that he saw Credit run away from Kennell before he fell
face down into a ditch. He stated that while Credit was still down, Kennell 15 stood over him and fired multiple gunshots into Credit’s back before fleeing
the scene. Major Roberts stated that, based on his view of the scene and the
position of the bullets, it appeared as if the shooter was positioned over the
body and, finally Dr. Forsyth confirmed that Credit was shot three times in
the back. Given the aforementioned testimony, we find that Credit
attempted to withdraw and disengage from any contact with Kennell, such
that Kennell’s actions could not be seen as an act of self-defense.
Kennell’s alternate argument that he should have been convicted of
manslaughter is also without merit primarily because the only evidence that
supports a verdict of manslaughter is Kennell’s self-serving and
uncorroborated statement that Credit acted as if he were reaching for a gun
when Kennell shot him. Although discussed in further detail in Kennell’s
second assignment of error, we note that there is no evidence to establish
that Credit acted in any manner that would have reasonably provoked
Kennell. Kennell argues that Credit previously threatened to kill him during
an altercation; we note that this incident occurred two months prior to the
present incident such that Kennell had an ample cooling off period.
Witnesses also testified that Credit was unarmed, and there was no
corroborating testimony that Credit made any threatening gestures toward
Kennell.
Accordingly, we find that the jury acted within its discretion in
finding that Kennell was guilty as charged rather than guilty of
manslaughter.
Admissibility of Proffered Testimony
In his second assignment of error, Kennell argues the trial court erred
in precluding the introduction of testimonial evidence regarding a previous 16 altercation with the victim. Kennell asserts that testimony from defense
witness, Bre Andria Robinson, would have supported his assertion that
Credit had previously threatened him and established Credit’s bad character;
and because the trial court ruled the evidence inadmissible, it unfairly
restricted his ability to present his self-defense claim.
The foundation for the admissibility of such evidence is La. C.E. art.
404, which provides, in pertinent part:
A. Character evidence generally. Evidence of a person’s character or a trait of his character, such as a moral quality, is not admissible in a civil or criminal proceeding for the purpose of proving he acted in conformity therewith on a particular occasion, except: ... (2) Character of victim. (a) Except as provided in Article 412, evidence of a pertinent trait of character, such as a moral quality, of the victim of the crime offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the character evidence; provide that in the absence of a hostile demonstration or an overt act on the part of the victim at the time of the offense charged, evidence of his dangerous character is not admissible.
B. Other crimes, wrongs, or acts. (1) Except as provided in Article 412, evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. ... (2) In the absence of a hostile demonstration or overt act on the part of the victim at the time of the offense charged, evidence of the victim’s prior threats against the accused or the accused’s state of mind as to the victim’s dangerous character is not admissible.
Although evidence of a person’s character or trait of his character is
generally inadmissible to prove that he acted in conformity therewith on a
particular occasion, it may be introduced to support a self-defense plea. See
La. C.E. art. 404(A)(1)(a). In such circumstances, a defendant is entitled to
introduce evidence of the decedent’s prior threats or violent character “for
two distinct purposes: (1) to show defendant’s reasonable apprehension of
17 danger which would justify his conduct; and (2) to help determine who was
the aggressor in the conflict.” State v. Burton, 19-01079 (La. 6/30/21), 320
So. 3d 1117, citing State v. Lee, 331 So. 2d 455, 460 (La. 1975).
However, victim character evidence is admissible only if the accused
first produces evidence that the victim made a hostile demonstration or an
overt act against the accused at the time of the incident. Burton, supra; State
v. Johnson, 41,428 (La. App. 2 Cir. 9/27/06), 940 So. 2d 711. An overt act
is “any act of the victim which manifests in the mind of a reasonable person
a present intention on his part to kill or do great bodily harm.” La. C. E. art.
404; Johnson, supra. Moreover, evidence tending to establish an overt act
must be “appreciable.” Id. When appreciable evidence of the overt act is
presented, the trial court cannot infringe on the fact-finding function of the
jury by disbelieving the defense testimony and thereby deny the accused a
defense permitted to him by law. Id.; State v. Lee, supra. Thus, the
threshold inquiry is whether the defendant presented evidence of a “hostile
demonstration or an overt act on the part of the victim.”
In brief, Kennell notes that the Louisiana Supreme Court in State v.
Williams, 19-00490 (La. 4/3/20),---So. 3d---,2020 WL 1671569, reiterated
that a “trial court is not entitled to exercise a credibility determination to
refuse the defendant the right to have the jury determine the merits of [his]
plea of self-defense.” In Williams, supra, the trial court prohibited the
defendant from introducing evidence of the victim’s prior threats because
the only evidence before the court establishing an overt act by the victim
was the eyewitness testimony which the trial court determined lacked
credibility because he provided contradictory statements on several
occasions prior to trial. The Court found that the defendant presented 18 sufficient evidence of an overt act to warrant admission of character
evidence and that while “the evidence of an overt act is almost certainly
worthy of disbelief by a jury. . . it still qualifies as appreciable within the
meaning of the article as interpreted by the jurisprudence.” Williams, supra.
Likewise, in Burton, supra, the Court found that the trial court erred
in excluding evidence of the victim’s dangerous character and in making a
credibility determination to exclude the admission of the evidence, in part,
because the defendant presented sufficient evidence of an overt act by the
victim; namely, that the defendant claimed that he was justified in shooting
the victim because the victim charged at him with a knife, and a witness
further corroborated the defendant’s testimony. The Court found that such
evidence was relevant to the issue of whether the homicide was justifiable.
In the present case, Kennell alleged that Credit made a grabbing
motion underneath his shirt as if reaching for a gun, and this action
constituted an overt act on the part of Credit. Moreover, he asserts that
Robinson’s testimony would have confirmed his belief that Credit was
reaching for a gun when he purportedly made the grabbing motion and was
justified in shooting him. We disagree and reiterate that the threshold
inquiry for the introduction of such evidence is whether the defendant
presented evidence of a “hostile demonstration or an overt act on the part of
the victim” and note that a defendant’s unsupported, self-serving testimony
which is sufficiently contradicted by other evidence does not constitute
“appreciable evidence” of an overt act or hostile demonstration on the part
of the victim. See State v. Hardeman, 467 So. 2d 1163 (La. App. 2 Cir.
1985).
19 Kennell maintains that there is no evidence to contradict his statement
because Mr. Credit, the only witness to the incident, was “fooling around”
with his radio, he could not testify as to any movements Credit made;
moreover, Mr. Credit’s vehicle blocked Credit such that the surveillance
footage could not show any movements he made. He further contends that
Robinson’s testimony formed the basis for finding that he was reasonably
afraid of Credit and consequently justified in shooting him. The only
evidence purporting to show an overt act by Credit at the time of the incident
is Kennell’s own self-serving statement to Major Roberts and Cpt. Bass that
Credit made a grabbing motion as if he were reaching for a gun.
Absent Kennell’s own self-serving statement to Major Roberts and
Cpt. Bass that Credit made a grabbing motion under his shirt, there is no
other evidence corroborating this purported movement. Mr. Credit
specifically testified that although he was “fooling around” with his radio
when Kennell pulled out his gun, he never heard Credit make any threats, he
was unarmed, and did not normally carry a gun. Likewise, Major Roberts
testified that no other weapon was recovered at the scene or found on
Credit’s person. Notably, according to Kennell’s statements and the
surveillance footage, he never saw Credit with a gun, and although Credit
attempted to flee the scene, Kennell chased after Credit and fired his gun at
him multiple times. Accordingly, we find that Kennell’s self-serving
statements alone do not constitute appreciable evidence of an overt act under
La. C.E. art. 404(B)(2) to warrant the introduction of Robinson’s testimony.
Even if Kennell met his burden, Robinson’s testimony does not
purport to establish that Kennell acted out of a reasonable fear that Credit
would hurt him. During proffer, Robinson testified that on December 15, 20 2018, Jones held a birthday party for her child at Pizza Hut where she,
Fredrick Cooks, and Kennell were in attendance. Robinson stated that she
heard Fredrick make a phone call and shortly after, Credit and another man,
Cedric Cooks, arrived. She stated that although Fredrick, Cedric, and Credit
argued with Kennell, she never heard any party make any threats.
Moreover, she testified that after a manager asked the men to leave, Cedric
hit Kennell, and she provided a statement to officers attesting to this fact.
Although Kennell argues that this testimony shows his fear of Credit,
we find that Robinson’s statements directly contradict this assertion as she
specifically testified that she never heard anyone make any threats and that
she only heard Credit yell that he “didn’t bring them up here to fight; I didn’t
mean for this to go down like this.” Robinson also testified that it was
Cedric rather than Credit who hit Kennell, and notably, Major Roberts also
testified that Kennell stated that he believed it was Cedric who hit him rather
than Credit. Kennell’s actions on the day in question undermine his
contention that Robinson’s testimony established that he was afraid of
Credit. Specifically, Kennell noticed Credit and without provocation,
approached him to, according to Major Robert’s testimony, show that he was
not afraid of Credit, and then proceeded to pursue and shoot Credit multiple
times.
Because there is no evidence that Credit fought or threatened Kennell,
we find that Kennell drawing his gun on Credit some two months after the
altercation at the Pizza Hut is insufficient to establish that Credit had any
dangerous characteristics and could not serve as a hostile demonstration or
overt act toward Kennell where the only established act by Credit was being
present during an altercation two months prior to the instant offense and 21 allegedly reaching under his shirt. Accordingly, the trial judge did not err in
concluding there was no “appreciable evidence” of an overt act to justify the
admission of the testimonial evidence. Therefore, this assignment of error is
without merit.
Error Patent Review
Review of the record reveals that the trial court imposed both
sentences without the benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence.
However, the minutes fail to note the restrictions of benefits.
We hereby order that the trial court minutes be amended to reflect the
sentencing as imposed in the record. See State v. Shelton, 50,851 (La. App.
2 Cir. 9/28/16), 207 So. 3d 549.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Kennell’s conviction and sentence are
affirmed.
AFFIRMED, ORDERED TO CORRECT MINUTES.