IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 54 / 07–0178
Filed July 25, 2008
STATE OF IOWA,
Appellant,
vs.
ROBERT GLEE HELMERS,
Appellee.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Story County, Lawrence E.
Jahn, District Associate Judge.
State appeals district court’s ruling to bifurcate trial. AFFIRMED
IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; CASE REMANDED.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kevin Cmelik and Laura M.
Roan, Assistant Attorneys General, and Stephen H. Holmes, County
Attorney, for appellant.
William T. Talbot of Newbrough, Johnston, Brewer, Maddux &
Howell, L.L.P. Ames, for appellee. 2
STREIT, Justice.
Robert Helmers was charged with stalking a woman while subject
to a no-contact order. The existence of a no-contact order elevates the
crime of stalking from an aggravated misdemeanor to a class “D” felony.
Helmers moved to bifurcate the trial so that evidence of the no-contact
order would not be presented to the jury unless it first found him guilty
of stalking. The district court granted Helmers’ motion, and the State
sought interlocutory appeal. We find the district court abused its
discretion in bifurcating the trial because the probative value of the no-
contact order is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice. We also conclude the district court appropriately postponed
ruling on the admissibility of Helmers’ other alleged prior bad acts
toward the woman because specific misconduct was not presented to the
court to review.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings.
Rosemary Swenson and Helmers had a relationship, which she
apparently ended. At some point, Helmers began to bother Swenson who
reported Helmers’ conduct to the police. In April 2005, Helmers was
charged with harassment, a simple misdemeanor, for giving Swenson
“the finger” at the local Wal-Mart store. In June, the State also charged
Helmers with stalking Swenson, an aggravated misdemeanor. Helmers
pled guilty to harassment in September 2005, and the stalking charge
was dropped. Helmers was placed on probation, and a no-contact order
was issued.
A year later, Helmers was arrested again for stalking Swenson.
This time the stalking charge was a class “D” felony because Helmers
allegedly committed stalking while subject to the restrictions of a
protective order. See Iowa Code § 708.11(3)(b)(1) (2005). Helmers filed 3
several motions to exclude evidence and asked for his trial to be
bifurcated. Helmers sought to exclude from trial evidence of the no-
contact order, evidence of the harassment conviction, as well as evidence
of his “unproven” conduct prior to the filing of charges in 2005. He
argued the State should only be allowed to present evidence of the no-
contact order if the jury first finds him guilty of stalking.
The district court granted Helmers’ motion to bifurcate the trial
and further held the State may not present any evidence of Helmers’
prior conviction for harassment or the existence of the no-contact order.
The district court declined to rule before trial on the admissibility of
Helmers’ alleged prior conduct.
We granted the State’s request for discretionary review on the
ruling to bifurcate the trial. We also granted Helmers’ cross-appeal on
the ruling regarding his past conduct. For the reasons that follow, we
reverse the decision to bifurcate the trial and affirm the decision to
postpone ruling on the admissibility of the prior conduct.
II. Scope of Review.
We review decisions on bifurcation for abuse of discretion. See
Briner v. Hyslop, 337 N.W.2d 858, 870 (Iowa 1983). Similarly, we
generally review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. Vasconez v.
Mills, 651 N.W.2d 48, 55 (Iowa 2002). But see State v. Musser, 721
N.W.2d 734, 751 (Iowa 2006) (stating the standard of review for
admission of alleged hearsay evidence is for correction of errors at law).
“A court abuses its discretion when it exercised its discretion on ‘grounds
or for reasons clearly untenable or to an extent clearly unreasonable.’ ”
In re J.A.L., 694 N.W.2d 748, 751 (Iowa 2005) (quoting State v. Maghee,
573 N.W.2d 1, 5 (Iowa 1997)). 4
III. Merits.
A. Whether it was an abuse of discretion to bifurcate the trial.
A person commits stalking when all of the following occur:
a. The person purposefully engages in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to fear bodily injury to, or the death of, that specific person or a member of the specific person’s immediate family. b. The person has knowledge or should have knowledge that the specific person will be placed in reasonable fear of bodily injury to, or the death of, that specific person or a member of the specific person’s immediate family by the course of conduct. c. The person’s course of conduct induces fear in the specific person of bodily injury to, or the death of, the specific person or a member of the specific person’s immediate family.
Iowa Code § 708.11(2). “ ‘Course of conduct’ means repeatedly
maintaining a visual or physical proximity to a person without legitimate
purpose or repeatedly conveying oral or written threats, threats implied
by conduct, or a combination thereof, directed at or toward a person.”
Id. § 708.11(1)(b).
A person who satisfies these three elements commits an
aggravated misdemeanor. Id. § 708.11(3)(c). The crime is elevated to a
class “D” felony if “[t]he person commits stalking while subject to
restrictions contained in a criminal or civil protective order or injunction,
or any other court order which prohibits contact between the person and
the victim.” Id. § 708.11(3)(b)(1).
The State contends it is not appropriate to bifurcate elements of a
single offense. Thus, we must first determine whether the existence of a
no-contact order is an element of stalking. In State v. Beecher, 616
N.W.2d 532 (Iowa 2000), we said the existence of a no-contact order is
“simply a sentencing enhancement” and not an element of stalking. 5
Beecher, 616 N.W.2d at 538. This holding is not valid in light of
Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed 2d
435 (2000). There, the Supreme Court effectively eliminated the
distinction between “elements” and “sentencing factors,” calling the
distinction “novel and elusive.” Id. at 494, 120 S. Ct. at 2365, 147
L. Ed. 2d at 457. The Court held “[o]ther than the fact of a prior
conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the
prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 490, 120 S. Ct. at 2362–63, 147 L.
Ed. 2d at 455. Thus, the existence of a no-contact order is an element of
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 54 / 07–0178
Filed July 25, 2008
STATE OF IOWA,
Appellant,
vs.
ROBERT GLEE HELMERS,
Appellee.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Story County, Lawrence E.
Jahn, District Associate Judge.
State appeals district court’s ruling to bifurcate trial. AFFIRMED
IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; CASE REMANDED.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kevin Cmelik and Laura M.
Roan, Assistant Attorneys General, and Stephen H. Holmes, County
Attorney, for appellant.
William T. Talbot of Newbrough, Johnston, Brewer, Maddux &
Howell, L.L.P. Ames, for appellee. 2
STREIT, Justice.
Robert Helmers was charged with stalking a woman while subject
to a no-contact order. The existence of a no-contact order elevates the
crime of stalking from an aggravated misdemeanor to a class “D” felony.
Helmers moved to bifurcate the trial so that evidence of the no-contact
order would not be presented to the jury unless it first found him guilty
of stalking. The district court granted Helmers’ motion, and the State
sought interlocutory appeal. We find the district court abused its
discretion in bifurcating the trial because the probative value of the no-
contact order is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice. We also conclude the district court appropriately postponed
ruling on the admissibility of Helmers’ other alleged prior bad acts
toward the woman because specific misconduct was not presented to the
court to review.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings.
Rosemary Swenson and Helmers had a relationship, which she
apparently ended. At some point, Helmers began to bother Swenson who
reported Helmers’ conduct to the police. In April 2005, Helmers was
charged with harassment, a simple misdemeanor, for giving Swenson
“the finger” at the local Wal-Mart store. In June, the State also charged
Helmers with stalking Swenson, an aggravated misdemeanor. Helmers
pled guilty to harassment in September 2005, and the stalking charge
was dropped. Helmers was placed on probation, and a no-contact order
was issued.
A year later, Helmers was arrested again for stalking Swenson.
This time the stalking charge was a class “D” felony because Helmers
allegedly committed stalking while subject to the restrictions of a
protective order. See Iowa Code § 708.11(3)(b)(1) (2005). Helmers filed 3
several motions to exclude evidence and asked for his trial to be
bifurcated. Helmers sought to exclude from trial evidence of the no-
contact order, evidence of the harassment conviction, as well as evidence
of his “unproven” conduct prior to the filing of charges in 2005. He
argued the State should only be allowed to present evidence of the no-
contact order if the jury first finds him guilty of stalking.
The district court granted Helmers’ motion to bifurcate the trial
and further held the State may not present any evidence of Helmers’
prior conviction for harassment or the existence of the no-contact order.
The district court declined to rule before trial on the admissibility of
Helmers’ alleged prior conduct.
We granted the State’s request for discretionary review on the
ruling to bifurcate the trial. We also granted Helmers’ cross-appeal on
the ruling regarding his past conduct. For the reasons that follow, we
reverse the decision to bifurcate the trial and affirm the decision to
postpone ruling on the admissibility of the prior conduct.
II. Scope of Review.
We review decisions on bifurcation for abuse of discretion. See
Briner v. Hyslop, 337 N.W.2d 858, 870 (Iowa 1983). Similarly, we
generally review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. Vasconez v.
Mills, 651 N.W.2d 48, 55 (Iowa 2002). But see State v. Musser, 721
N.W.2d 734, 751 (Iowa 2006) (stating the standard of review for
admission of alleged hearsay evidence is for correction of errors at law).
“A court abuses its discretion when it exercised its discretion on ‘grounds
or for reasons clearly untenable or to an extent clearly unreasonable.’ ”
In re J.A.L., 694 N.W.2d 748, 751 (Iowa 2005) (quoting State v. Maghee,
573 N.W.2d 1, 5 (Iowa 1997)). 4
III. Merits.
A. Whether it was an abuse of discretion to bifurcate the trial.
A person commits stalking when all of the following occur:
a. The person purposefully engages in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to fear bodily injury to, or the death of, that specific person or a member of the specific person’s immediate family. b. The person has knowledge or should have knowledge that the specific person will be placed in reasonable fear of bodily injury to, or the death of, that specific person or a member of the specific person’s immediate family by the course of conduct. c. The person’s course of conduct induces fear in the specific person of bodily injury to, or the death of, the specific person or a member of the specific person’s immediate family.
Iowa Code § 708.11(2). “ ‘Course of conduct’ means repeatedly
maintaining a visual or physical proximity to a person without legitimate
purpose or repeatedly conveying oral or written threats, threats implied
by conduct, or a combination thereof, directed at or toward a person.”
Id. § 708.11(1)(b).
A person who satisfies these three elements commits an
aggravated misdemeanor. Id. § 708.11(3)(c). The crime is elevated to a
class “D” felony if “[t]he person commits stalking while subject to
restrictions contained in a criminal or civil protective order or injunction,
or any other court order which prohibits contact between the person and
the victim.” Id. § 708.11(3)(b)(1).
The State contends it is not appropriate to bifurcate elements of a
single offense. Thus, we must first determine whether the existence of a
no-contact order is an element of stalking. In State v. Beecher, 616
N.W.2d 532 (Iowa 2000), we said the existence of a no-contact order is
“simply a sentencing enhancement” and not an element of stalking. 5
Beecher, 616 N.W.2d at 538. This holding is not valid in light of
Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed 2d
435 (2000). There, the Supreme Court effectively eliminated the
distinction between “elements” and “sentencing factors,” calling the
distinction “novel and elusive.” Id. at 494, 120 S. Ct. at 2365, 147
L. Ed. 2d at 457. The Court held “[o]ther than the fact of a prior
conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the
prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 490, 120 S. Ct. at 2362–63, 147 L.
Ed. 2d at 455. Thus, the existence of a no-contact order is an element of
the crime for which Helmers was charged.
Apprendi, however, did not address bifurcating elements of a single
offense. Our rules of criminal procedure do not address this issue either.
Rule 2.6(1) only provides the district court with discretion to bifurcate
multiple offenses. Rule 2.19(9) requires a prior conviction be submitted
to the jury after conviction of the primary or current offense if the prior
conviction subjects the defendant to an increased sentence. A no-
contact order is not a prior conviction although, as in this case, it may
stem from one. For purposes of this case, we need not decide whether it
is ever appropriate to bifurcate elements of a single offense. Assuming
arguendo courts have inherent authority to do so, we find the district
court abused its discretion in granting Helmers’ request to bifurcate the
trial.
According to the court’s ruling, the fact finder would have to find
the State proved the first three elements of stalking beyond a reasonable
doubt before hearing any evidence regarding the existence of the no-
contact order. The court reasoned this was necessary because “the jury
might infer, from the existence of the no-contact order, that [Helmers] 6
was guilty on a prior occasion of stalking or other proscribed acts against
the accuser and thus is more likely to have committed the act for which
he is being tried.” Although acknowledging the no-contact order was
relevant to the stalking charge, the court found “the probative value of
such evidence would, in this case, be outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice.” We disagree.
The district court’s refusal to allow the State to use the no-contact
order to prove stalking was clearly unreasonable. Certainly evidence is
not admissible if it is only relevant to show a defendant “is a bad person
and worthy of conviction.” State v. Delaney, 526 N.W.2d 170, 175 (Iowa
Ct. App. 1994) (citing State v. Cott, 283 N.W.2d 324, 326 (Iowa 1979)).
However, “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts” may be admissible
“for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or
accident.” Iowa R. Evid. 5.404(b). Here, the no-contact order was more
than just a basis to enhance punishment. It was a key piece of evidence
to prove one of the elements of stalking—i.e., Helmers “ha[d] knowledge
or should have [had] knowledge that [Swenson] [would] be placed in
reasonable fear of bodily injury . . . by [his] course of conduct.” Iowa
Code § 708.11(2); see Iowa R. Evid. 5.401 (defining relevant evidence as
“evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is
of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less
probable than it would be without the evidence”). “ ‘A stalker should
know that his actions are unappreciated if he was served with a court
order or if he was told by the victim that she no longer wishes to be
contacted.’ ” State v. Neuzil, 589 N.W.2d 708, 712 (Iowa 1999) (quoting
Christine B. Gregson, Comment, California’s Antistalking Statute: The
Pivotal Role of Intent, 28 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. 221, 245 (1998)); see 7
also State v. Taylor, 689 N.W.2d 116, 123 n.4 (Iowa 2004) (stating the
defendant’s awareness of a no-contact order, “which was sought by his
wife and prohibited him from having contact with his wife and children,
is highly probative of whether he knew his actions would be insulting or
offensive to his wife”). Thus, we agree with the district court this
evidence was relevant for purposes other than proving Helmers’
character.
However, we disagree with the district court’s rule 5.403 balancing
analysis. Under rule 5.403, relevant evidence “may be excluded if its
probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice . . . .” “Unfair prejudice arises when the evidence would cause
the jury to base its decision on something other than the proven facts
and applicable law, such as sympathy for one party or a desire to punish
a party.” Taylor, 689 N.W.2d at 124. When making the determination
whether unfair prejudice generated by the evidence of defendant’s prior
misconduct substantially outweighs the probative value of the evidence,
we consider:
the need for the evidence in light of the issues and the other evidence available to the prosecution, whether there is clear proof the defendant committed the prior bad acts, the strength or weakness of the evidence on the relevant issue, and the degree to which the fact finder will be prompted to decide the case on an improper basis.
Id.
As we have already indicated, the evidence at issue here is likely
the best evidence to prove Helmers knew or should have known Swenson
would be placed in reasonable fear of bodily injury or death with his
course of conduct. Thus, it is highly probative in the stalking trial. The
likelihood the jury will use the evidence improperly can be lessened with
a jury instruction on the limited use of the no-contact order. Delaney, 8
526 N.W.2d at 176 (citing State v. Conner, 314 N.W.2d 427, 429 (Iowa
1982)). We find the district court acted unreasonably by denying the
State the use of this evidence.
B. Whether it was an abuse of discretion to deny Helmers’
motion in limine regarding prior bad acts. Helmers complains the
district court should have held his alleged prior bad acts were not
admissible at trial. He claims his first stalking charge in 2005 was based
on a series of “unproven” misconduct. He argues, “if the alleged and
unproven conduct comes before the jury and [he] is convicted, he will
have been convicted twice for the same conduct and then punished twice
for the same conduct”, in violation of the Fifth Amendment’s Double
Jeopardy Clause. We find this argument wholly without merit.
Before going any further, we must first explain the record lacks
reference to specific instances of alleged prior bad acts. In his motion in
limine, Helmers simply claimed any alleged misconduct that occurred
prior to the State charging him with harassment and stalking in 2005 is
inadmissible because that conduct was part of his guilty plea.
The Fifth Amendment provides no person “shall be subject for the
same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.” U.S. Const.
amend. V. This clause protects against the following: “(1) a second
prosecution for the same offense after acquittal; (2) a second prosecution
for the same offense after conviction; and (3) multiple punishments for
the same offense.” State v. McKettrick, 480 N.W.2d 52, 56 (Iowa 1992)
(citing North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 717, 89 S. Ct. 2072, 2076,
23 L. Ed. 2d 656, 664–65 (1969)). The Double Jeopardy Clause applies
to state criminal proceedings through the Fourteenth Amendment. State
v. Dixon, 534 N.W.2d 435, 439 (Iowa 1995) (citing Benton v. Maryland,
395 U.S. 784, 794, 89 S. Ct. 2056, 2062, 23 L. Ed. 2d 707, 716 (1969)). 9
Assuming for the sake of argument Helmers has already been in
“jeopardy” for the prior misdeeds he seeks to exclude, the current charge
is not based on the same conduct. He pled guilty to harassment in 2005.
The current stalking charge stems from conduct that allegedly occurred
between April 2006 and July 2006. He has never been put in “jeopardy”
for this conduct. The State is not trying to convict him for conduct that
allegedly occurred in 2005 or earlier. Instead, it merely seeks to use the
evidence to prove Helmers’ conduct in 2006 would place a reasonable
person in fear. Evidence of previous interactions between Swenson and
Helmers may be helpful to demonstrate the escalation of Helmers’
behavior over time. See State v. Evans, 671 N.W.2d 720, 726 (Iowa
2003). Isolated instances of unwelcome conduct may not appear to a
fact finder to be frightening. However, that view may change once the
pattern of conduct and the victim’s previous attempts to stop it are
revealed.
The district court rightly rejected Helmers’ double jeopardy
argument and appropriately postponed ruling on the admissibility of
Helmers’ alleged misconduct in 2005. Ruling in the abstract would not
have been appropriate. Once the specific instances of misconduct the
State wishes to admit are known, the district court may evaluate each
instance for relevance and potential unfair prejudice. We note the State
also has the burden of presenting “clear proof” Helmers committed the
acts in question. State v. Johnson, 224 N.W.2d 617, 620 (Iowa 1974).
IV. Conclusion.
The district court abused its discretion when it granted Helmers’
motion to bifurcate his trial on stalking. The court did not abuse its
discretion when it declined to rule on the admissibility of Helmers’
unknown alleged prior misconduct. 10
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
All justices concur except Baker, J., who takes no part.