IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA No. 124 / 06-1080
Filed January 11, 2008
STATE OF IOWA,
Appellee,
vs.
JOHN THOMAS FINDERS,
Appellant.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Marshall County, Kim M.
Riley, District Associate Judge.
Sex offender challenges his conviction for violating Iowa’s two
thousand foot rule arguing the “grandfather” provision of the statute allows
him to move within the restricted zone. AFFIRMED.
Darrell G. Meyer, Marshalltown, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Robert P. Ewald, Assistant
Attorney General, and Jennifer Miller, County Attorney, for appellee. 2
STREIT, Justice.
John Finders was convicted of a sexual offense against a minor.
Subsequently, the Iowa legislature enacted a law prohibiting convicted sex
offenders, whose victims were minors, from living within two thousand feet
of a school or child care facility. Initially, Finders was exempt from the law
under the “grandfather” provision of the statute. After he moved to a new
home, he was convicted of violating the two thousand foot rule. Finders
appealed, arguing the grandfather provision should be interpreted to allow
convicted sex offenders to move within a restricted zone. Because we find
the grandfather provision exempts an individual from the two thousand foot
rule only as long as he maintains the residence he had prior to the
enactment of the law, we affirm.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings.
In 1999, John Finders was convicted of sexual exploitation by a
counselor in violation of Iowa Code section 709.15 (2005). His victim was
under the age of eighteen years. As a result of the conviction, Finders was
subject to the registration requirements found in Iowa Code chapter 692A.
Prior to July 1, 2002, Finders established a residence at 405 South Sixth
Street in Marshalltown, Iowa, and properly registered with the sheriff in
Marshall County. In 2005, Finders moved to 406 West Boone Street, which
is also in Marshalltown. He registered his change of address with the
sheriff.
In September 2005, the Marshalltown police department served
Finders with written notice that residing at 406 West Boone Street was in
violation of residency restrictions found in Iowa Code section 692A.2A
(prohibiting a person who has committed a criminal offense against a minor
from residing within two thousand feet of child care facilities and schools). 3
In April 2006, Finders was charged with the crime of violating the sex
offender residency restrictions. See Iowa Code § 692A.2A(2), (3). He filed a
motion to dismiss the trial information arguing the grandfather provision of
the two thousand foot rule allowed him to move within a restricted zone
without penalty. See id. § 692A.2A(4)(c). The district court overruled the
motion. Finders waived his right to a jury. He was found guilty after a trial
on the minutes of testimony. The district court sentenced him to a
suspended prison term of two years.
Finders appealed, arguing the district court should have granted his
motion to dismiss. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the district court.
II. Scope of Review.
We review a district court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for errors at
law. State v. Gonzalez, 718 N.W.2d 304, 307 (Iowa 2006). We accept as
true the facts alleged by the State in the trial information and minutes of
testimony. Id. We will reverse the district court’s denial of the motion to
dismiss if the facts the State has alleged do not constitute a crime as a
matter of law. See id.
III. Merits.
Finders was convicted of a crime which requires him to comply with
Iowa’s sex offender registry. See Iowa Code § 692A.3. Additionally, Finders
is subject to the residency restrictions found in Iowa Code section 692A.2A
because his victim was a minor. Iowa Code section 692A.2A(2) states “[a]
person shall not reside within two thousand feet of the real property
comprising a public or nonpublic elementary or secondary school or a child
care facility.” However, a person residing within two thousand feet of a
school or child care facility does not violate this section if “[t]he person has
established a residence prior to July 1, 2002.” Id. § 692A.2A(4)(c). 4
According to the parties, the crux of this case is whether it is the person or
the address that is “grandfathered” in a restricted zone.
When we interpret a criminal statute, our goal “is to ascertain
legislative intent in order, if possible, to give it effect.” State v. Conley, 222
N.W.2d 501, 502 (Iowa 1974). “We consider the object sought to be
accomplished and the evil sought to be remedied, and seek a reasonable
interpretation that will best affect the legislative purpose and avoid absurd
results.” State v. Byers, 456 N.W.2d 917, 919 (Iowa 1990) (citing State v.
Bessenecker, 404 N.W.2d 134, 137 (Iowa 1987)). “ ‘When a statute’s
language is clear, we look no further for meaning than its express terms.’ ”
State v. Kamber, 737 N.W.2d 297, 298–99 (Iowa 2007) (quoting State v.
Beach, 630 N.W.2d 598, 600 (Iowa 2001)). If a criminal statute is
ambiguous, we resolve any doubt in favor of the accused. State v. Welton,
300 N.W.2d 157, 160 (Iowa 1981). Nevertheless, criminal statutes “ ‘are not
to be construed so strictly as to defeat the obvious intention of the
Legislature.’ ” State v. Nelson, 178 N.W.2d 434, 437 (Iowa 1970) (quoting
United States v. Wiltberger, 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 76, 95, 5 L. Ed. 37, 42
(1820)); accord State v. Hagedorn, 679 N.W.2d 666, 669 (Iowa 2004)
(“[A]lthough criminal statutes are to be strictly construed in favor of the
accused, ‘they must be construed reasonably and in such a way as to not
defeat their plain purpose.’ ” (quoting State v. Peck, 539 N.W.2d 170, 173
(Iowa 1995))).
Both parties contend the grandfather provision, section 692A.2A(4)(c),
is ambiguous. A statute is ambiguous if it is “capable of being understood
in two or more possible . . . ways.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary
36 (10th ed. 2002). Section 692A.2A(4)(c) states a person does not violate
the two thousand foot rule if “[t]he person has established a residence prior 5
to July 1, 2002.” Finders argues the statute emphasizes the “person” rather
than the “residence” and thus should be interpreted to allow a person who
established a residence in a restricted zone before July 1, 2002 to move
within the restricted zone without penalty. The State, on the other hand,
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA No. 124 / 06-1080
Filed January 11, 2008
STATE OF IOWA,
Appellee,
vs.
JOHN THOMAS FINDERS,
Appellant.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Marshall County, Kim M.
Riley, District Associate Judge.
Sex offender challenges his conviction for violating Iowa’s two
thousand foot rule arguing the “grandfather” provision of the statute allows
him to move within the restricted zone. AFFIRMED.
Darrell G. Meyer, Marshalltown, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Robert P. Ewald, Assistant
Attorney General, and Jennifer Miller, County Attorney, for appellee. 2
STREIT, Justice.
John Finders was convicted of a sexual offense against a minor.
Subsequently, the Iowa legislature enacted a law prohibiting convicted sex
offenders, whose victims were minors, from living within two thousand feet
of a school or child care facility. Initially, Finders was exempt from the law
under the “grandfather” provision of the statute. After he moved to a new
home, he was convicted of violating the two thousand foot rule. Finders
appealed, arguing the grandfather provision should be interpreted to allow
convicted sex offenders to move within a restricted zone. Because we find
the grandfather provision exempts an individual from the two thousand foot
rule only as long as he maintains the residence he had prior to the
enactment of the law, we affirm.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings.
In 1999, John Finders was convicted of sexual exploitation by a
counselor in violation of Iowa Code section 709.15 (2005). His victim was
under the age of eighteen years. As a result of the conviction, Finders was
subject to the registration requirements found in Iowa Code chapter 692A.
Prior to July 1, 2002, Finders established a residence at 405 South Sixth
Street in Marshalltown, Iowa, and properly registered with the sheriff in
Marshall County. In 2005, Finders moved to 406 West Boone Street, which
is also in Marshalltown. He registered his change of address with the
sheriff.
In September 2005, the Marshalltown police department served
Finders with written notice that residing at 406 West Boone Street was in
violation of residency restrictions found in Iowa Code section 692A.2A
(prohibiting a person who has committed a criminal offense against a minor
from residing within two thousand feet of child care facilities and schools). 3
In April 2006, Finders was charged with the crime of violating the sex
offender residency restrictions. See Iowa Code § 692A.2A(2), (3). He filed a
motion to dismiss the trial information arguing the grandfather provision of
the two thousand foot rule allowed him to move within a restricted zone
without penalty. See id. § 692A.2A(4)(c). The district court overruled the
motion. Finders waived his right to a jury. He was found guilty after a trial
on the minutes of testimony. The district court sentenced him to a
suspended prison term of two years.
Finders appealed, arguing the district court should have granted his
motion to dismiss. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the district court.
II. Scope of Review.
We review a district court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for errors at
law. State v. Gonzalez, 718 N.W.2d 304, 307 (Iowa 2006). We accept as
true the facts alleged by the State in the trial information and minutes of
testimony. Id. We will reverse the district court’s denial of the motion to
dismiss if the facts the State has alleged do not constitute a crime as a
matter of law. See id.
III. Merits.
Finders was convicted of a crime which requires him to comply with
Iowa’s sex offender registry. See Iowa Code § 692A.3. Additionally, Finders
is subject to the residency restrictions found in Iowa Code section 692A.2A
because his victim was a minor. Iowa Code section 692A.2A(2) states “[a]
person shall not reside within two thousand feet of the real property
comprising a public or nonpublic elementary or secondary school or a child
care facility.” However, a person residing within two thousand feet of a
school or child care facility does not violate this section if “[t]he person has
established a residence prior to July 1, 2002.” Id. § 692A.2A(4)(c). 4
According to the parties, the crux of this case is whether it is the person or
the address that is “grandfathered” in a restricted zone.
When we interpret a criminal statute, our goal “is to ascertain
legislative intent in order, if possible, to give it effect.” State v. Conley, 222
N.W.2d 501, 502 (Iowa 1974). “We consider the object sought to be
accomplished and the evil sought to be remedied, and seek a reasonable
interpretation that will best affect the legislative purpose and avoid absurd
results.” State v. Byers, 456 N.W.2d 917, 919 (Iowa 1990) (citing State v.
Bessenecker, 404 N.W.2d 134, 137 (Iowa 1987)). “ ‘When a statute’s
language is clear, we look no further for meaning than its express terms.’ ”
State v. Kamber, 737 N.W.2d 297, 298–99 (Iowa 2007) (quoting State v.
Beach, 630 N.W.2d 598, 600 (Iowa 2001)). If a criminal statute is
ambiguous, we resolve any doubt in favor of the accused. State v. Welton,
300 N.W.2d 157, 160 (Iowa 1981). Nevertheless, criminal statutes “ ‘are not
to be construed so strictly as to defeat the obvious intention of the
Legislature.’ ” State v. Nelson, 178 N.W.2d 434, 437 (Iowa 1970) (quoting
United States v. Wiltberger, 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 76, 95, 5 L. Ed. 37, 42
(1820)); accord State v. Hagedorn, 679 N.W.2d 666, 669 (Iowa 2004)
(“[A]lthough criminal statutes are to be strictly construed in favor of the
accused, ‘they must be construed reasonably and in such a way as to not
defeat their plain purpose.’ ” (quoting State v. Peck, 539 N.W.2d 170, 173
(Iowa 1995))).
Both parties contend the grandfather provision, section 692A.2A(4)(c),
is ambiguous. A statute is ambiguous if it is “capable of being understood
in two or more possible . . . ways.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary
36 (10th ed. 2002). Section 692A.2A(4)(c) states a person does not violate
the two thousand foot rule if “[t]he person has established a residence prior 5
to July 1, 2002.” Finders argues the statute emphasizes the “person” rather
than the “residence” and thus should be interpreted to allow a person who
established a residence in a restricted zone before July 1, 2002 to move
within the restricted zone without penalty. The State, on the other hand,
argues the statute should be interpreted to mean a person loses his
exemption under Iowa Code section 692A.2A(4)(c) when he moves to a
different residence.
While the grandfather provision is not a model of clarity, we do not
find it ambiguous. The provision refers to “a residence,” which is a specific
place. If the legislature wanted to give a sex offender the discretion to move
within a zone, it would have simply required the sex offender to establish
“residency” or “any residence” in the zone prior to the law’s effective date.
Instead, the grandfather provision only applies to a sex offender living in a
residence established prior to July 1, 2002. If a sex offender moves to a
new residence after July 1, 2002, the grandfather provision plainly does not
apply.
Even if we were to accept the parties’ premise that the statute is
ambiguous, we would not interpret the grandfather clause in contradiction
to the legislature’s obvious intent. We have previously said the clear
purpose of chapter 692A is to reduce the high risk of recidivism posed by
sex offenders. State v. Seering, 701 N.W.2d 655, 665 (Iowa 2005); see also
Doe v. Miller, 405 F.3d 700, 716 (8th Cir. 2005) (recognizing the purpose of
the two thousand foot rule is to limit the frequency of contact between sex
offenders and areas where children are located in order to minimize the risk
of reoffense).
Finders argues the legislature created the grandfather provision in
order to cap the population of sex offenders living within two thousand feet 6
of a school or day care facility. According to Finders, interpreting section
692A.2A(4)(c) to allow a sex offender who had established a residence prior
to July 1, 2002 to move within the restricted zone is consistent with this
intent. The fallacy of this argument stems from Finders’ misunderstanding
of the legislature’s intent. With respect to the grandfather clause, we
believe the chief concern of the legislature was to avoid the harsh effect of
the retroactive application of the two thousand foot rule. As the district
court said, “[t]he Iowa General Assembly, in enacting the grandfather
provision at issue here apparently recognized the inequity in forcing a
registered sex offender who had established a residence prior to the
enactment of the residency restriction law to relocate when, prior to the
enactment of the law, he was considered to be in compliance with the law.”
In interpreting section 692A.2A(4)(c) we try to effectuate the purposes
of both the two thousand foot rule and the grandfather provision. The two
thousand foot rule was intended to prevent sex offenders from living near
schools and child care facilities. Although the grandfather provision allows
some sex offenders to live in restricted zones, their numbers will reduce by
attrition (as the sex offenders die or move out of the zone) until there are no
sex offenders living within these areas. We cannot imagine the legislature
intended to slow the rate of attrition by allowing sex offenders to move
within a restricted zone. Moreover, due to the overlapping of zones, Finders’
interpretation of the statute would presumably allow a sex offender to move
almost anywhere within some communities. See Doe, 405 F.3d at 724
(Melloy, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (“In larger cities such
as Des Moines and Iowa City, the maps show that the two thousand foot
circles cover virtually the entire city area. . . . In smaller towns that have a
school or child care facility, the entire town is often engulfed by the 7
excluded area.”). If the exemption applies to the person rather than the
address, a sex offender could move out of a zone and then return with
impunity. We will not interpret section 692A.2A(4)(c) to allow such an
absurd result. All sex offenders are presumed to be on notice of the two
thousand foot rule. Iowa Code § 701.6. Thus, it is not unfair to require a
registered sex offender to comply with the rule once he establishes a new
residence.
IV. Conclusion.
Section 692A.2A(4)(c) allows a sex offender who established a
residence in a restricted zone prior to July 1, 2002 to remain in that
residence in perpetuity. It does not allow that person to establish a new
residence within the restricted zone without violating the statute. The
district court properly denied Finders’ motion to dismiss.
AFFIRMED.