IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 20-0869 Filed August 18, 2021
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
MITCHELL ALAN KHAN, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Jasper County, Steven J. Holwerda, District
Associate Judge.
Mitchell Khan challenges the denial of his motion to dismiss the charge of
operating while intoxicated. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Scott A. Michels of Gourley, Rehkemper, & Lindholm, P.L.C., West Des Moines,
for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Bridget A. Chambers, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by May, P.J., and Greer and Schumacher, JJ. 2
MAY, Presiding Judge.
The State charged Mitchell Khan with operating while intoxicated, first offense, in
violation of Iowa Code section 321J.2 (2019). On appeal, Khan argues the district court
should have granted his motion to dismiss pursuant to Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure
2.33(2)(a). We agree and reverse.1
Rule 2.33(2)(a) requires speedy indictment. It usually permits the State only forty-
five days to file a trial information. Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.33(2)(a). The question here is:
when did the forty-five days start? Khan contends it started on November 22, 2019, when
he was pulled over for erratic driving, detained in handcuffs, placed in a patrol car,
transported to a jail, offered field and breath tests, advised he was being “placed under
arrest” for operating while intoxicated, accused in a complaint and affidavit of “operating
while under the influence 1st offense,” and ultimately released after posting bond. The
State contends the forty-five days did not start until December 2—when Khan filed his
waiver of preliminary hearing. While the parties’ proposed “start dates” are just a few
days apart, the difference is crucial. It is crucial because the State did not file its trial
information until January 7. So if the forty-five-day clock started with Khan’s arrest on
November 22, the trial information was late and the district court should have granted
Khan’s motion to dismiss. See id. Conversely, if the forty-five-day clock started with
Khan’s December 2 waiver of preliminary hearing, the trial information was timely and the
court was right to deny Khan’s motion.
1“We review speedy indictment issues for the correction of errors of law.” State v. Leachman, No. 18-1826, 2020 WL 5651282, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 23, 2020). 3
Fortunately, everyone agrees the answer to this dilemma can be found in State v.
Williams. 895 N.W.2d 856 (Iowa 2017). But that is where the agreement ends. In Khan’s
view, Williams teaches that the forty-five days began when he was taken into custody and
arrested. Conversely, the State reads Williams to mean the forty-five-day period “did not
begin to run until the date of Khan’s initial appearance before a magistrate, or [as actually
occurred] the date he waived that appearance.”
We agree with Khan. In Williams, our supreme court provided guidance on two
questions: (1) In what cases does the speedy indictment rule apply? (2) If the rule applies,
when does its forty-five-day period begin? See id. at 867. When the first question is in
dispute, Williams requires courts to consider whether a defendant was brought before a
magistrate or waived the appearance.2 Id. But here, we need not address the first
question. Everyone agrees the speedy indictment rule applies here. So everyone agrees
there were only forty-five days for the State to file its trial information. The only question
is: From what event did the forty-five days run?
On this point, Williams seems clear. It states “the time for bringing the indictment
[or filing a trial information] runs from the initial arrest.” Id. at 865; see also id. at 858 (“We
conclude the speedy-indictment rule is properly interpreted to commence upon arrest
. . . . (emphasis added)); id. at 867 (“The rule is triggered from the time a person is taken
into custody . . . .” (emphasis added)). The main caveat, we believe, is that a brief
2 Under Williams, the speedy indictment rule applies if: (1) a person is lawfully arrested, that is, “taken into custody in the manner authorized by law” and (2) “the arrest is completed” because the person is “tak[en] . . . before a magistrate for an initial appearance” or the person waives initial appearance. 895 N.W.2d at 867; see also id. at 865 (“A speedy indictment is only needed when a defendant is arrested and subsequently held to answer by the magistrate following the arrest.” (emphasis added)). 4
investigative detention or similar “seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes” is not
sufficient alone. Id. at 867 (Mansfield, J., specially concurring); see also id. at 868.
Rather, an “[a]rrest for purposes of the speedy indictment rule requires the person to be
taken into custody in the manner authorized by law.” Id. at 867 (emphasis added). This
means the arrest must meet the requirements of Iowa Code sections 804.5 and
804.14(1). Id. at 865. Those provisions require:
[T]he person making the arrest to inform the person being arrested of the intention to arrest, the reason for the arrest, the identity of the person making the arrest as a peace officer, and the requirement for the person to submit to custody. See Iowa Code § 804.14. If the arrest is by warrant, the person making the arrest may also be required to show the person the warrant. See id. These procedures describe the “manner authorized by law” in taking a person into custody. See id. §§ 804.5, .14.
Id. at 865.
Applying Williams here: On November 22, Khan was arrested for operating while
intoxicated. The November 22 arrest met the requirements of sections 804.5 and
804.14(1) because Khan was required to submit to custody, advised he was being
arrested, told the reason for the arrest, and so on. So the November 22 arrest began the
forty-five-day period. As a result, the January 7 trial information was late.
We reverse and remand for entry of an order of dismissal.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Schumacher, J., concurs; Greer, J., dissents. 5
GREER, Judge (dissenting).
Because I believe the trial court followed the guidance of State v. Williams, 895
N.W.2d 856 (Iowa 2017), I must dissent from the majority opinion. See State v. Smith,
957 N.W.2d 669, 675 (Iowa 2021) (noting Williams “provides the most recent definition of
how courts are to apply the speedy indictment rule”). And because Williams sought to
avoid any debates about what might constitute an arrest, I think we are not to go down
that road.3 At the outset, I would frame the question as “What is an arrest for purposes
of a speedy indictment?” Mitchell Khan’s case resolution depends on the answer. After
his arrest for operating while intoxicated (OWI), Khan faced a forty-five day clock for the
State to file its trial information. Khan says the State blew the deadline; the State says it
did not. Khan waived his right to a jury trial and, after a trial to the bench, was found guilty
of OWI. He appealed after his sentencing.
The sole issue on appeal relates to Khan’s right to a speedy indictment. To raise
the issue with the trial court, Khan moved to dismiss the charge, alleging his right to a
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 20-0869 Filed August 18, 2021
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
MITCHELL ALAN KHAN, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Jasper County, Steven J. Holwerda, District
Associate Judge.
Mitchell Khan challenges the denial of his motion to dismiss the charge of
operating while intoxicated. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Scott A. Michels of Gourley, Rehkemper, & Lindholm, P.L.C., West Des Moines,
for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Bridget A. Chambers, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by May, P.J., and Greer and Schumacher, JJ. 2
MAY, Presiding Judge.
The State charged Mitchell Khan with operating while intoxicated, first offense, in
violation of Iowa Code section 321J.2 (2019). On appeal, Khan argues the district court
should have granted his motion to dismiss pursuant to Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure
2.33(2)(a). We agree and reverse.1
Rule 2.33(2)(a) requires speedy indictment. It usually permits the State only forty-
five days to file a trial information. Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.33(2)(a). The question here is:
when did the forty-five days start? Khan contends it started on November 22, 2019, when
he was pulled over for erratic driving, detained in handcuffs, placed in a patrol car,
transported to a jail, offered field and breath tests, advised he was being “placed under
arrest” for operating while intoxicated, accused in a complaint and affidavit of “operating
while under the influence 1st offense,” and ultimately released after posting bond. The
State contends the forty-five days did not start until December 2—when Khan filed his
waiver of preliminary hearing. While the parties’ proposed “start dates” are just a few
days apart, the difference is crucial. It is crucial because the State did not file its trial
information until January 7. So if the forty-five-day clock started with Khan’s arrest on
November 22, the trial information was late and the district court should have granted
Khan’s motion to dismiss. See id. Conversely, if the forty-five-day clock started with
Khan’s December 2 waiver of preliminary hearing, the trial information was timely and the
court was right to deny Khan’s motion.
1“We review speedy indictment issues for the correction of errors of law.” State v. Leachman, No. 18-1826, 2020 WL 5651282, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 23, 2020). 3
Fortunately, everyone agrees the answer to this dilemma can be found in State v.
Williams. 895 N.W.2d 856 (Iowa 2017). But that is where the agreement ends. In Khan’s
view, Williams teaches that the forty-five days began when he was taken into custody and
arrested. Conversely, the State reads Williams to mean the forty-five-day period “did not
begin to run until the date of Khan’s initial appearance before a magistrate, or [as actually
occurred] the date he waived that appearance.”
We agree with Khan. In Williams, our supreme court provided guidance on two
questions: (1) In what cases does the speedy indictment rule apply? (2) If the rule applies,
when does its forty-five-day period begin? See id. at 867. When the first question is in
dispute, Williams requires courts to consider whether a defendant was brought before a
magistrate or waived the appearance.2 Id. But here, we need not address the first
question. Everyone agrees the speedy indictment rule applies here. So everyone agrees
there were only forty-five days for the State to file its trial information. The only question
is: From what event did the forty-five days run?
On this point, Williams seems clear. It states “the time for bringing the indictment
[or filing a trial information] runs from the initial arrest.” Id. at 865; see also id. at 858 (“We
conclude the speedy-indictment rule is properly interpreted to commence upon arrest
. . . . (emphasis added)); id. at 867 (“The rule is triggered from the time a person is taken
into custody . . . .” (emphasis added)). The main caveat, we believe, is that a brief
2 Under Williams, the speedy indictment rule applies if: (1) a person is lawfully arrested, that is, “taken into custody in the manner authorized by law” and (2) “the arrest is completed” because the person is “tak[en] . . . before a magistrate for an initial appearance” or the person waives initial appearance. 895 N.W.2d at 867; see also id. at 865 (“A speedy indictment is only needed when a defendant is arrested and subsequently held to answer by the magistrate following the arrest.” (emphasis added)). 4
investigative detention or similar “seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes” is not
sufficient alone. Id. at 867 (Mansfield, J., specially concurring); see also id. at 868.
Rather, an “[a]rrest for purposes of the speedy indictment rule requires the person to be
taken into custody in the manner authorized by law.” Id. at 867 (emphasis added). This
means the arrest must meet the requirements of Iowa Code sections 804.5 and
804.14(1). Id. at 865. Those provisions require:
[T]he person making the arrest to inform the person being arrested of the intention to arrest, the reason for the arrest, the identity of the person making the arrest as a peace officer, and the requirement for the person to submit to custody. See Iowa Code § 804.14. If the arrest is by warrant, the person making the arrest may also be required to show the person the warrant. See id. These procedures describe the “manner authorized by law” in taking a person into custody. See id. §§ 804.5, .14.
Id. at 865.
Applying Williams here: On November 22, Khan was arrested for operating while
intoxicated. The November 22 arrest met the requirements of sections 804.5 and
804.14(1) because Khan was required to submit to custody, advised he was being
arrested, told the reason for the arrest, and so on. So the November 22 arrest began the
forty-five-day period. As a result, the January 7 trial information was late.
We reverse and remand for entry of an order of dismissal.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Schumacher, J., concurs; Greer, J., dissents. 5
GREER, Judge (dissenting).
Because I believe the trial court followed the guidance of State v. Williams, 895
N.W.2d 856 (Iowa 2017), I must dissent from the majority opinion. See State v. Smith,
957 N.W.2d 669, 675 (Iowa 2021) (noting Williams “provides the most recent definition of
how courts are to apply the speedy indictment rule”). And because Williams sought to
avoid any debates about what might constitute an arrest, I think we are not to go down
that road.3 At the outset, I would frame the question as “What is an arrest for purposes
of a speedy indictment?” Mitchell Khan’s case resolution depends on the answer. After
his arrest for operating while intoxicated (OWI), Khan faced a forty-five day clock for the
State to file its trial information. Khan says the State blew the deadline; the State says it
did not. Khan waived his right to a jury trial and, after a trial to the bench, was found guilty
of OWI. He appealed after his sentencing.
The sole issue on appeal relates to Khan’s right to a speedy indictment. To raise
the issue with the trial court, Khan moved to dismiss the charge, alleging his right to a
speedy indictment under Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.33(2)(a) was violated. That
section, in relevant part, provides:
When an adult is arrested for the commission of a public offense . . . and an indictment is not found against the defendant within 45 days, the court must order the prosecution to be dismissed, unless good cause to the contrary is shown or the defendant waives the defendant’s right thereto.
3 Williams states that “[a]t times we did rely on the statutory manner of making an arrest under section 804.14 to determine if the speedy indictment rule was triggered,” yet criticizes Iowa as the only jurisdiction in the country to interpret its speedy indictment rule to rely solely on the moment of arrest. 895 N.W.2d at 863. 6
Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.33(2)(a). This rule originates from the “more comprehensive right to
speedy trial guaranteed under the United States and Iowa Constitutions.” Williams, 895
N.W.2d at 867 (referencing U.S. Const. amend. VI; Iowa Const. art. I, § 10).
Here, the key facts are: (1) date of detainment: November 22, 2019, 4 (2) date of
filing the written appearance waiving personal appearance and preliminary hearing:
December 2, 2020,5 and (3) date of filing the trial information: January 7, 2020. Khan
calculates the filing of the trial information to be forty-six days after the date of the arrest.
Khan urges that “arrest” should mean at the time of his detainment on November 22. He
points to the criminal complaint that notes the arrest date as November 22. In contrast,
the State argues the forty-five day clock started with the filing of the written initial
appearance, which the State argues is the date of the arrest as defined under Williams.
See id. at 867. Thus, the State calculates the deadline to file the trial information as
January 20, 2020, making the filing timely. The trial court agreed with the State.
We return to our question. When was Khan arrested for purposes of the speedy
indictment rule? After an extensive discussion of the history of the “speedy trial
landscape,” Williams teaches what “arrest” means in that context:
Arrest for the purposes of the speedy indictment rule requires the person to be taken into custody in the manner authorized by law. The manner of arrest includes taking the arrested person to a magistrate. The rule is triggered from the time a person is taken into custody, but only when the arrest is completed by taking the person before a magistrate for an initial appearance.
4 Deputy Brandon Bruxvoort filed a preliminary complaint with the court three days later. 5 The ruling on the motion to dismiss incorrectly refers to December 6 as the date of filing the appearance and waiver. 7
Id. at 867. Khan bonded out before making his initial appearance in front of the
magistrate. He instead filed a written initial appearance and waiver of preliminary hearing
on December 2, 2019. In the history developed in Williams, the court noted the speedy
indictment time-period was tied to the fundamental probable-cause determination
required for the State to prosecute a person arrested and accused of a crime. Id. at 860.
But criminal trial practice evolved through the years so that fewer and fewer preliminary
examinations to establish probable cause occur. Id. at 861. Instead, prosecutors now
routinely file a trial information to avoid the necessity of the preliminary hearing. See
State v. Clark, 138 N.W.2d 120, 122 (Iowa 1965) (“As to the complaint that no preliminary
hearing was provided, none was necessary. A county attorney’s information had been
filed. . . . The procedure does not contemplate a preliminary hearing.”). The State
employed that procedure here.
With that procedure in mind, the endorsement by a judge of the trial information
establishes a finding of probable cause, obviating the need for a preliminary hearing. See
State v. Shank, 296 N.W.2d 791, 792 (Iowa 1980). The purpose of a trial “information is
to apprise the defendant of the crime charged so that the defendant may have the
opportunity to prepare a defense.” State v. Grice, 515 N.W.2d 20, 22 (Iowa 1994). “When
the court approves the trial information, it determines whether there is probable cause to
detain the defendant to answer the charge.” State v. Petersen, 678 N.W.2d 611, 614
(Iowa 2004). And, here, the trial court examined the trial information and stated:
On this date, I have reviewed the attached Trial Information and the accompanying Minutes of Testimony and find that they contain evidence which, if unexplained, is sufficient to warrant a conviction by a trial jury. Being satisfied from the showing made that the case should be prosecuted, I approve the Trial Information. 8
Notably the Williams facts are different from what we find here. In Williams, the
police took the defendant into custody, transported him to the police station, and read his
rights and questioned him, but he was not booked or told he was arrested. 895 N.W.2d
at 858. No criminal citations were filed. Id. With Khan, most would agree a statutory
arrest occurred under Iowa Code sections 804.56 and 804.14(1)7 (2019). The deputy
took Khan to the jail, booked him, and filed a citation, yet Khan did not make an initial
appearance before a magistrate because he bonded out. Rather than return to the
debate of what constitutes an “arrest,” we should heed Williams and avoid that exercise.
Instead, we should use the “bright line” approach for purposes of triggering the speedy
indictment rule so we do not return to the inconsistent application noted in the case law
history Williams described. See 895 N.W.2d at 863-67, accord 895 N.W.2d at 869
(Mansfield, J., concurring specially) (discussing that the court had drawn a “bright line”
for when statutory arrest occurs for speedy indictment purposes). We should follow the
trial court’s lead and account for the entire process of an arrest, with consideration that
the “manner of arrest includes taking the arrested person to a magistrate” for an initial
appearance.” Id. at 867.
6 “Arrest is the taking of a person into custody when and in the manner authorized by law, including restraint of the person or the person's submission to custody.” Iowa Code § 804.5. 7 Iowa Code section 804.14(1) states:
A person making an arrest must inform the person to be arrested of the intention to arrest the person, the reason for arrest, and that the person making the arrest is a peace officer, if such be the case, and require the person being arrested to submit to the person's custody, except when the person to be arrested is actually engaged in the commission of or attempt to commit an offense, or escapes, so that there is no time or opportunity to do so. 9
Consequently, I would affirm the ruling that the filing of the written appearance on
December 2, 2019, triggered the speedy indictment rule, as that is when the arrest for
purposes of that rule was complete. The trial court correctly denied Khan’s motion to
dismiss.