IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 14-1324 Filed October 14, 2015
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
LUCAS JAMES BURBRIDGE, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Story County, Lawrence E. Jahn,
District Associate Judge.
A defendant appeals his conviction for operating while intoxicated claiming
the district court should have granted his motion to suppress. AFFIRMED.
Andrew J. Boettger of Hastings, Gartin & Boettger, L.L.P., Ames, for
appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kevin Cmelik and Heather Ann
Mapes, Assistant Attorneys General, Stephen Holmes, County Attorney, and
Ethan Anderson, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Potterfield and Mullins, JJ. 2
MULLINS, Judge.
Lucas Burbridge appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to
suppress evidence obtained following the stop of his vehicle. He argues the
arresting officer did not have probable cause or reasonable suspicion of a crime
to execute an investigatory vehicle stop. We affirm the district court’s denial.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
On April 13, 2014, at approximately 12:21 a.m., while working routine
patrol on Lincoln Way in Ames, Officers Joshua Vander Zwaag and Lane Thayer
noticed a vehicle in front of them swerving as it was traveling westbound. The
officers stayed behind the vehicle and observed the vehicle continue to swerve in
its lane, and finally it made a lane change in very close proximity to the police
car. The lane change was without signaling, and the entry into the adjacent lane
was so close as to cause Officer Vander Zwaag to apply his brakes. Officer
Vander Zwaag’s speed was forced to decrease from forty miles per hour to
twenty-seven miles per hour. After this lane change Officer Vander Zwaag
initiated a traffic stop and observed the driver showed signs of intoxication.
Officer Vander Zwaag requested that dispatch send a state trooper to the traffic
stop to conduct field sobriety tests.
The driver was Burbridge. Based on the test results, the officers arrested
Burbridge and charged him with operating while intoxicated, in violation of Iowa
Code section 321J.2 (2013). Burbridge pled not guilty and filed a motion to
suppress, alleging the stop was in violation of his state and federal constitutional
rights. Following a hearing, the district court denied the motion to suppress, 3
finding the officers had both probable cause and reasonable suspicion to stop the
vehicle.
Upon the denial of the motions to suppress, the case proceeded to a jury
trial. The jury found Burbridge guilty as charged. Burbridge filed a timely notice
of appeal, challenging the district court’s denial of his suppression motion.
II. Standard of Review
Burbridge contends his vehicle was stopped in violation of the federal and
state constitutions. “We follow an independent approach in the application of our
state constitution. However, when a party does not argue an independent
approach, ‘we ordinarily apply the substantive federal standards but reserve the
right to apply the standard in a fashion different from federal precedent.’” State v.
Mclver, 858 N.W.2d 699, 702 (Iowa 2015) (internal citations omitted) (quoting
State v. Tyler, 830 N.W.2d 288, 291–92 (Iowa 2013)). We review claims
regarding constitutional rights de novo. Id. We make “an independent evaluation
of the totality of the circumstances as shown by the entire record.” State v.
Kinkead, 570 N.W.2d 97, 99 (Iowa 1997).
III. Probable Cause
The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits
“unreasonable search and seizures.” Tyler, 830 N.W.2d at 291. “Temporary
detention of individuals during the stop of an automobile by the police, even if
only for a brief period and for a limited purpose, constitutes a ‘seizure’ of
‘persons’ within the meaning of [the Fourth Amendment].” Whren v. United
States, 517 U.S. 806, 808 (1996). An automobile stop is constitutionally 4
permissible when the officer has either (1) probable cause due to observation of
a traffic violation or (2) reasonable suspicion, supported by articulable facts that a
criminal act has occurred or is occurring. State v. Tague, 676 N.W.2d 197, 201-
04 (Iowa 2004).
“When a peace officer observes a violation of our traffic laws, however
minor, the officer has probable cause to stop a motorist.” Id. at 201. “Probable
cause exists if the totality of the circumstances as viewed by a reasonable and
prudent person would lead that person to believe that a crime has been or is
being committed and that the arrestee committed or is committing it.” State v.
Bumpus, 459 N.W.2d 619, 624 (Iowa 1990). “The existence of probable cause
for a traffic stop is evaluated ‘from the standpoint of an objectively reasonable
police officer.’” Tyler, 830 N.W.2d at 293–94 (citation omitted). “[W]e look to the
record as a whole to determine what facts were known to the deputy.” State v.
Heminover, 619 N.W.2d 353, 361 (Iowa 2000), overruled in part on other
grounds by State v. Turner, 630 N.W.2d 601, 606 n.2 (Iowa 2001).
At the suppression hearing, the State did not identify which specific traffic
law the officer thought Burbridge violated and upon which the traffic stop was
based. The district court held that “it is likely that probable cause existed to cite
Burbridge for a violation of Iowa Code section 321.314.” However, we held in
State v. Troge, No. 08-2029, 2009 WL 3064648, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 17,
2009), that section 321.314 applies to turns at intersections.
The State argues that the substance of the argument at the suppression
hearing was the safety of the lane change and that section 321.306 is the 5
appropriate code section for us to consider.1 Section 321.306(1) provides in
relevant part: “A vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practical entirely within a
single lane and shall not be moved from such lane until the driver has first
ascertained that such movement can be made with safety.” Our supreme court
has explained the “dual purpose” behind section 321.306: (1) “to promote the
integrity of the lane markings on the highway” and (2) “to ensure the safe
movement of vehicles on laned roadways.” Tague, 676 N.W.2d at 203. The
Tague court pointed out: “A violation does not occur unless the driver changes
lanes before the driver ascertains that he or she could make such movement with
safety.” Id.
Burbridge contends according to the facts in this case, the officer lacked
probable cause of a traffic violation to warrant his stop. He argues the factual
scenario in this case is similar to State v. Thomas, No. 12-2112, 2013 WL
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 14-1324 Filed October 14, 2015
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
LUCAS JAMES BURBRIDGE, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Story County, Lawrence E. Jahn,
District Associate Judge.
A defendant appeals his conviction for operating while intoxicated claiming
the district court should have granted his motion to suppress. AFFIRMED.
Andrew J. Boettger of Hastings, Gartin & Boettger, L.L.P., Ames, for
appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kevin Cmelik and Heather Ann
Mapes, Assistant Attorneys General, Stephen Holmes, County Attorney, and
Ethan Anderson, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Potterfield and Mullins, JJ. 2
MULLINS, Judge.
Lucas Burbridge appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to
suppress evidence obtained following the stop of his vehicle. He argues the
arresting officer did not have probable cause or reasonable suspicion of a crime
to execute an investigatory vehicle stop. We affirm the district court’s denial.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
On April 13, 2014, at approximately 12:21 a.m., while working routine
patrol on Lincoln Way in Ames, Officers Joshua Vander Zwaag and Lane Thayer
noticed a vehicle in front of them swerving as it was traveling westbound. The
officers stayed behind the vehicle and observed the vehicle continue to swerve in
its lane, and finally it made a lane change in very close proximity to the police
car. The lane change was without signaling, and the entry into the adjacent lane
was so close as to cause Officer Vander Zwaag to apply his brakes. Officer
Vander Zwaag’s speed was forced to decrease from forty miles per hour to
twenty-seven miles per hour. After this lane change Officer Vander Zwaag
initiated a traffic stop and observed the driver showed signs of intoxication.
Officer Vander Zwaag requested that dispatch send a state trooper to the traffic
stop to conduct field sobriety tests.
The driver was Burbridge. Based on the test results, the officers arrested
Burbridge and charged him with operating while intoxicated, in violation of Iowa
Code section 321J.2 (2013). Burbridge pled not guilty and filed a motion to
suppress, alleging the stop was in violation of his state and federal constitutional
rights. Following a hearing, the district court denied the motion to suppress, 3
finding the officers had both probable cause and reasonable suspicion to stop the
vehicle.
Upon the denial of the motions to suppress, the case proceeded to a jury
trial. The jury found Burbridge guilty as charged. Burbridge filed a timely notice
of appeal, challenging the district court’s denial of his suppression motion.
II. Standard of Review
Burbridge contends his vehicle was stopped in violation of the federal and
state constitutions. “We follow an independent approach in the application of our
state constitution. However, when a party does not argue an independent
approach, ‘we ordinarily apply the substantive federal standards but reserve the
right to apply the standard in a fashion different from federal precedent.’” State v.
Mclver, 858 N.W.2d 699, 702 (Iowa 2015) (internal citations omitted) (quoting
State v. Tyler, 830 N.W.2d 288, 291–92 (Iowa 2013)). We review claims
regarding constitutional rights de novo. Id. We make “an independent evaluation
of the totality of the circumstances as shown by the entire record.” State v.
Kinkead, 570 N.W.2d 97, 99 (Iowa 1997).
III. Probable Cause
The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits
“unreasonable search and seizures.” Tyler, 830 N.W.2d at 291. “Temporary
detention of individuals during the stop of an automobile by the police, even if
only for a brief period and for a limited purpose, constitutes a ‘seizure’ of
‘persons’ within the meaning of [the Fourth Amendment].” Whren v. United
States, 517 U.S. 806, 808 (1996). An automobile stop is constitutionally 4
permissible when the officer has either (1) probable cause due to observation of
a traffic violation or (2) reasonable suspicion, supported by articulable facts that a
criminal act has occurred or is occurring. State v. Tague, 676 N.W.2d 197, 201-
04 (Iowa 2004).
“When a peace officer observes a violation of our traffic laws, however
minor, the officer has probable cause to stop a motorist.” Id. at 201. “Probable
cause exists if the totality of the circumstances as viewed by a reasonable and
prudent person would lead that person to believe that a crime has been or is
being committed and that the arrestee committed or is committing it.” State v.
Bumpus, 459 N.W.2d 619, 624 (Iowa 1990). “The existence of probable cause
for a traffic stop is evaluated ‘from the standpoint of an objectively reasonable
police officer.’” Tyler, 830 N.W.2d at 293–94 (citation omitted). “[W]e look to the
record as a whole to determine what facts were known to the deputy.” State v.
Heminover, 619 N.W.2d 353, 361 (Iowa 2000), overruled in part on other
grounds by State v. Turner, 630 N.W.2d 601, 606 n.2 (Iowa 2001).
At the suppression hearing, the State did not identify which specific traffic
law the officer thought Burbridge violated and upon which the traffic stop was
based. The district court held that “it is likely that probable cause existed to cite
Burbridge for a violation of Iowa Code section 321.314.” However, we held in
State v. Troge, No. 08-2029, 2009 WL 3064648, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 17,
2009), that section 321.314 applies to turns at intersections.
The State argues that the substance of the argument at the suppression
hearing was the safety of the lane change and that section 321.306 is the 5
appropriate code section for us to consider.1 Section 321.306(1) provides in
relevant part: “A vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practical entirely within a
single lane and shall not be moved from such lane until the driver has first
ascertained that such movement can be made with safety.” Our supreme court
has explained the “dual purpose” behind section 321.306: (1) “to promote the
integrity of the lane markings on the highway” and (2) “to ensure the safe
movement of vehicles on laned roadways.” Tague, 676 N.W.2d at 203. The
Tague court pointed out: “A violation does not occur unless the driver changes
lanes before the driver ascertains that he or she could make such movement with
safety.” Id.
Burbridge contends according to the facts in this case, the officer lacked
probable cause of a traffic violation to warrant his stop. He argues the factual
scenario in this case is similar to State v. Thomas, No. 12-2112, 2013 WL
3871080, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. July 24, 2013), where our court held the
defendant’s lane change without signal was not a section 321.306 violation, and
therefore, it did not provide probable cause for a traffic stop.
1 In the case before us, neither the State nor the officers who made the traffic stop specified that section 321.314 was the statute on which the stop was based. They merely claimed that based on the totality of circumstances—the swerving and the sudden lane change without a signal—the officers reasonably believed that a traffic violation had been committed. Moreover, the legitimacy and propriety of Burbridge’s lane change was argued by both parties in their appellate briefs. “We are obliged to affirm an appeal where any proper basis appears for a trial court’s ruling, even though it is not one upon which the court based its holding.” See Regent Ins. Co. v. Estes Co., 564 N.W.2d 846, 848 (Iowa 1997) (restating “well-established” proposition that an appellee may seek to save a judgment on an alternative basis presented to the trial court). The issue of whether a lane change is safe is a determining factor in a section 321.306(1) violation. Therefore, we will analyze the vehicle stop under that section. 6
In Thomas, the defendant’s vehicle made several lane changes, but no
other cars were affected by the lane changes. 2013 WL 3871080, at *1. The
court found “[a] digital video recording of the incident reveals no unsafe lane
changes.” Id. at *2. In the present case, however, the video recording shows
that Burbridge not only made a lane change in close proximity to the police car
without signaling but also forced the officer to decrease his speed from
approximately forty miles per hour to twenty-seven miles per hour. If Officer
Vander Zwaag had not applied his brakes, it is very likely the police car would
have hit Burbridge’s car. When Burbridge changed lanes without signaling, and
his lane change interfered with the normal movement of the police vehicle, it was
objectively reasonable for the officer to believe the lane change had been
initiated without Burbridge having first ascertained his movement could be made
safely and that a section 321.306 violation had been committed. Officer Vander
Zwaag had probable cause to stop Burbridge’s vehicle.
Having concluded the officer had probable cause to make the vehicle
stop, we need not consider Burbridge’s claim the officer lacked reasonable
suspicion to believe criminal activity was occurring and thus had no authority to
stop the vehicle.
We affirm the district court’s suppression ruling.
AFFIRMED.